绿色食品农药准入下的葡萄霜霉病防治药剂筛选

为筛选对葡萄霜霉病高效且符合绿色食品生产要求的新型杀菌剂,开展田间试验调查了不同作用机理的5种药剂对露地栽培葡萄霜霉病的防治效果。结果表明,当田间病情指数为34.0～49.5时进行一次性施药,以60%唑醚·代森联水分散粒剂1 500倍液处理的防效最为稳定,药后3～14 d防效为51.9%～67.6%;35%氟菌·戊唑醇悬浮剂2 000倍液与对照药剂80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂800倍液处理药后14 d防效均在68%以上,持效性较好;生物农药5%D-柠檬烯可溶液剂300倍液处理药后3～14 d防效51.3%～62.0%,与唑醚·代森联较为接近,也有较好的控病效果。推荐在绿色食品生产基地中使用5%D-柠檬烯可溶液剂、35%氟菌·戊唑醇悬浮剂、60%唑醚·代森联水分散粒剂或80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂防治葡萄霜霉病,注意按照药剂推荐浓度交替轮换使用。     

几种杀菌剂防治黄瓜白粉病田间药效试验分析

试验表明,50%醚菊酯水分散粒剂(翠贝)3000倍液与400g/升氟硅唑乳油(福星)3000倍液、430g/升戊唑醇悬浮剂(好力克)3000倍液、12.5%烯唑醇可湿性粉剂3000倍液和20%粉锈宁可湿性粉剂800倍液均为防治黄瓜白粉病较好的药剂。其中,以50%醚菌酯水分散粒剂(翠贝)3000倍液的药效表现最好,3次药后10d的防效达到97.89%,显著优于同剂量的其他药剂;而43%戊唑醇悬浮剂(好力克)3000倍液、40%氟硅唑乳油(福星)3000倍液、12.5%烯唑醇可湿性粉剂3000倍液和25%粉锈宁可湿性粉剂800倍液的防效分别为89.09%、86.7%、84.42%和83.79%,4种药剂之间的药效没有显著差异。     

不同种类杀菌剂对辣椒炭疽病的田间防效

为筛选出对辣椒炭疽病具有较好防效的杀菌剂,选用10种不同杀菌剂于2021年进行田间药效试验。结果表明：3次药后7 d, 32.5%苯醚甲环唑·嘧菌酯悬浮剂、50%咪鲜胺锰盐可湿性粉剂和43%氟吡菌酰胺·肟菌酯悬浮剂的防效分别为85.1%、82.7%和81.9%;25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油、24%烯肟菌胺·苯醚甲环唑悬浮剂和10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂三者的防效在75.8%～77.8%之间;80%甲基硫菌灵水分散粒剂、22.5%啶氧菌酯悬浮剂和25%溴菌腈乳油等处理的防效在69.2%～74.6%之间;50%克菌丹可湿性粉剂的防效相对较差。32.5%苯醚甲环唑·嘧菌酯悬浮剂、50%咪鲜胺锰盐可湿性粉剂及43%氟吡菌酰胺·肟菌酯悬浮剂可作为福建地区防治辣椒炭疽病的较优选择。     

6种杀菌剂对芦笋茎枯病的防治效果

芦笋茎枯病是芦笋生产上的毁灭性病害,近年来其发生程度有加重的趋势。为有效地防治该病,对6种杀菌剂进行了田间药效试验。结果表明:25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油的防效最好,对芦笋茎枯病防效为64.30%~74.85%;30%苯醚甲环唑乳油和20%嘧菌酯水分散粒剂次之,其防效分别为61.90%~72.66%和61.12~71.25%;30%醚菌酯悬浮剂的防治效果相对较好,防效为57.07%~67.37%。70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂和50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂的防效较差,其防效分别为24.48%~34.99%和22.37%~29.85%。25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油的增产率最高,有效成分用量300、400、500g/hm2的增产率分别为19.84%、22.08%、23.66%。30%苯醚甲环唑乳油次之,有效成分用量300、400、500g/hm2的增产率分别为19.32%、20.77%、22.14%。20%嘧菌酯水分散粒剂和30%醚菌酯悬浮剂的增产率相对较高,为15%~20%。对照药剂70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂和50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂的增产率均在10%左右。     

苯醚甲环唑等药剂防治太子参叶斑病药效试验

试验结果表明,10％苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂6000倍液、40％氟硅唑乳油8000倍液、30％奥疫霉可湿性粉剂900倍液、10％地菌净可湿性粉剂700倍液、3％多抗霉素可湿性粉剂400倍液、80％波尔多液可湿性粉剂400倍液、53．8％氢氧化铜可湿性粉剂900倍液对太子参叶班病均有一定的防治效果．其中10％苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂6000倍液和40％氟硅唑乳油8000倍液防治效果分别达90．34％和81．55％。     

多种杀菌剂对葡萄霜霉病的田间防效

为筛选有效防控葡萄霜霉病的杀菌剂,选择了46%氢氧化铜水分散粒剂、77%硫酸铜钙可湿性粉剂、20%松脂酸铜水乳剂等13种杀菌剂开展田间药效试验。通过比较各处理防效,发现10%氟噻唑吡乙酮可分散油悬浮剂、80%烯酰吗啉水分散粒剂、30%烯酰·甲霜灵水分散粒剂、70%烯酰吗啉·霜脲氰水分散粒剂、47%烯酰吗啉·唑嘧菌胺悬浮剂、60%代森联·吡唑醚菌酯水分散粒剂对葡萄霜霉病的防效较高,相对病指防效在86.98%～93.01%之间,可用于生产中葡萄霜霉病的防治。     

新疆焉耆垦区辣椒白粉病药剂防治研究

用10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂、50%醚菌酯水分散粒剂、2%武夷菌素水剂、25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油、30%醚菌·啶酰菌悬浮剂、枯草芽孢杆菌S44菌株悬浮液等6种药剂对新疆焉耆垦区加工辣椒白粉病进行防治试验。结果表明,10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂1 000倍液、2 000倍液和50%醚菌酯水分散粒剂2 000倍液对辣椒白粉病的防治效果分别为95.65%、89.54%和88.23%。10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂2 000倍液可作为焉耆垦区辣椒白粉病的首选药剂,可与50%醚菌酯水分散粒剂2 000倍液交替使用。     

60%唑醚·代森联水分散粒剂防治杨梅褐斑病效果及应用技术

田间试验结果表明,60%唑醚·代森联水分散粒剂对杨梅褐斑病有较好的防治效果,其药效随用药量的增加而上升,其中1125倍第3次用药后75d的防效达87.46%,分别比对照药剂250g/L吡唑醚菌酯乳油1875倍、70%代森联水分散粒剂500倍的防效高出1.84、3.18个百分点,极显著优于对照药剂25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂1 000倍的防效,且对杨梅安全,在生产上有较好的推广应用前景。     

不同杀菌剂对花生褐斑病的防效及对产量的影响

为解决生产中缺少防治花生褐斑病高效药剂的问题,进行了14种杀菌剂防治花生褐斑病的田间试验。发现在14种杀菌剂中,5%己唑醇悬浮剂1 000倍液处理对花生褐斑病病指防效最高,达91.24%;43%戊唑醇悬浮剂5 000倍液、25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油1 000倍液、25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂1 000倍液和70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂700倍液4个处理也起到较好的防病作用,病指防效分别达84.49%、82.34%、78.93%和76.35%。不同药剂处理小区测产结果表明,与空白对照区相比,5%己唑醇悬浮剂1 000倍液处理小区平均产量增产率最高,达23.40%;43%戊唑醇悬浮剂5 000倍液、25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油1 000倍液、25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂1 000倍液和70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂700倍液4个处理也表现出较好的增产作用,增产率分别达到14.93%、10.45%、8.83%和7.84%。     

防治山东省特色小宗作物樱桃褐斑病试验研究

为解决樱桃特色小宗作物无药可用的现状,组织开展了10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂和80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂防治樱桃褐斑病的室内活性、安全性以及田间防效试验。室内活性试验结果表明,苯醚甲环唑和代森锰锌对樱桃褐斑病菌均具有较高的活性,21d的EC_(50)值分别为0.019 65mg/L和6.41mg/L,对照药剂多菌灵在试验浓度范围内无抑制作用。安全性试验结果表明,10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂和80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂在田间推荐剂量下对樱桃树安全,安全系数分别为400%和200%。田间药效试验结果表明,10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂和80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂在田间使用剂量下防效较高,均为80%左右,且持效性较好。综合以上结果,10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂和80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂可以做为防治樱桃褐斑病的安全、有效药剂,根据病害发生情况田间推荐使用10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂的制剂量为1 000～2 500倍液,80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂的制剂量为600～1 200倍液。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.