水稻中抑制衰老的嵌合基因的基因枪转化和表达分析

利用基因枪法把抑制衰老的嵌合基因导入水稻恢复系HP121和偏籼型品系8706,经PCR、点杂交以及Southern杂交分析, 证明外源基因已整合到水稻基因组中.通过叶片细胞分裂素含量和叶绿素含量的测定以及形态观察,表明抑制衰老的嵌合基因在部分转基因水稻中表达,叶片衰老得到延迟.转基因植株后代符合3:1遗传规律.     

转玉米ZmMPK7基因烟草响应高盐胁迫的光合特性和抗氧化酶系统分析

以烟草NC89品种野生株系(WT)和转玉米ZmMPK7基因株系为材料,在NaCl胁迫条件下,对其光合特性和抗氧化酶活性进行分析,以探讨转ZmMPK7基因烟草的耐盐性。结果表明,随盐胁迫加重,转基因烟草植株比野生型具有更高的净光合速率(Pn)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）和叶绿素含量（Chl）,并且转ZmMPK7基因株系能提高烟草叶片抗氧化酶活性,诱导抗氧化酶 (SOD、APX、CAT和POD)活性之间协调变化。与野生型相比,转基因烟草植株MDA含量及电解质外渗量较低,膜脂过氧化较轻,其耐盐性得到改善。     

抑制叶片衰老自动调控元件在油菜中的表达

将抑制衰老的自动调控元件SAG12－ipt-NOS构建成植物表达载体pBSG7。通过根癌农杆菌LBA4404介导法将其转化到甘蓝型油菜（Brassica napus)中，经PCR扩增验证，获得了含抑制衰老自动调节元件的转基因植株，转化频率10％－20％，对转基因植株后代的相关性状进行了考察与分析，结果表明：转基因植株后代下部叶片的叶绿素a,b和类胡萝卜素含量明显高于对照。6个转基因株系单株产量均比对照高，其中有2个株系达显著水平、1个株系达极水平，其中转基因株系65单株产量最高达45．83g，高于对照（33．28g），单株产量增产为32．9％，表明该元件在油菜中的表达能延缓叶片衰老，延长其持绿期，增加光合产物，提高油菜的产量。     

马铃薯StSnRK1基因过表达提高烟草耐盐性研究

为研究马铃薯蔗糖非发酵-1-型相关蛋白激酶-1基因StSnRK1对于调控植物耐盐性的促进作用,以过表达StSnRK1的烟草株系及野生型为试验材料,研究盐胁迫下StSnRK1对植株生长的影响。耐盐性鉴定结果表明,过表达StSnRK1基因显著提高烟草植株的耐盐性。实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)分析显示,StSnRK1基因显著上调脯氨酸生物合成相关基因(吡咯琳-5-羧酸合酶NtP5CS)、胚胎发育后期丰富蛋白基因(NtLEA5)和活性氧清除系统相关基因(超氧化物歧化酶NtSOD和过氧化物酶NtPOD)。同时,转基因烟草植株的SOD活性、POD活性和脯氨酸含量显著高于野生型烟草植株,丙二醛(MDA)含量和过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量显著低于野生型植株。由此可见,StSnRK1基因在改良植物耐盐性方面具有重要作用,为耐盐马铃薯生物技术育种提供了理论基础。     

利用拟南芥rd29A启动子驱动AtNHX1基因提高烟草耐盐性

拟南芥液泡膜Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白基因(AtNHXl)在植物耐盐机制中有重要作用.为了鉴定AtNHX1基因功能和创制耐盐烟草新种质,本研究用农杆菌介导法将rd29A启动子驱动的AtNHX1基因导入烟草(Nicotiana tabacum L.),获得72株卡那霉素抗性再生植株,17株在MS+85.5 mmol/L NaC1培养基上生长良好.对其进行PCR、Southern杂交和Northern杂交检测,证实AtNHX1基因已整合到烟草基因组中,并进行正常转录,且其转录受盐逆境的诱导.在含盐(85.5、171、256和342 mmol/L NaCl)培养基上进行对照植株和转基因植株生长及叶片丙二醛含量的分析,结果显示,转基因株系的生长势和根发生能力明显优于对照,且叶片丙二醛含量显著低于对照,表明rd29A启动子驱动AtNHX1基因的导入和表达可显著提高转基因烟草植株的耐盐性.结果提示rd29A启动子驱动的AtNHX1基因表达单元可在异源植物中正常转录和表达,可用于植物耐盐基因工程育种.     

大叶落地生根SAHH基因功能鉴定

S-腺苷-L-高半胱氨酸水解酶(S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase,SAHH)是已知的唯一能够水解S-腺苷高半胱氨酸(S-adenosylhomocysteine,SAH)成半胱氨酸和腺苷的酶.SAH作为转甲基反应的抑制剂,与S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(S-adenosyl-L-methionine,SAM,体内甲基供体)的比值常用来作为衡量植物整体甲基化水平的重要指标.为鉴定大叶落地生根(Kalanchoe daigremontiana) SAHH的功能,本研究根据已知的大叶落地生根SAHH基因(KdSAHH)序列(GenBank登录号:KF953475)设计引物,对其进行干旱胁迫下的表达分析、亚细胞定位分析以及烟草(Nicotiana tobacum)转化,并对T1代苗用20％ PEG6000模拟干旱处理,测定0、12和24 h的相对含水量(relative water content,RWC)、叶绿素(chlorophyll,Chl)含量、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)含量等与抗旱相关的生理指标.结果表明,KdSAHH基因在轻度(20 d)、中度(35 d)、重度(50 d)干旱胁迫下表达量依次升高,表明该基因与抗旱性相关;亚细胞定位结果显示,该蛋白定位于细胞质与细胞核;对转基因烟草进行PCR检测,获得9株阳性植株;测定干旱胁迫下的相关生理指标,结果显示,与野生型烟草相比,转KdSAHH烟草在干旱胁迫下能够保持相对稳定的RWC、Chl含量以及相对较低的MDA、POD含量.与野生型相比,转KdSAHH烟草受伤害轻,抗旱性增强,表明KdSAHH基因能够提高烟草植株的抗旱性.研究结果丰富了KdSAHH基因的功能,为后续研究该基因提供了借鉴和参考.     

水稻中抑制衰老的嵌合基因的基因枪转和表达分析

利用基因枪法把抑制衰老的嵌合基因导入水稻恢复系ＨＰ１２１和偏籼型品系８７０６，经ＰＣＲ，点杂交以及Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交分析，证明外源基因已整合到水稻基因中。通过叶片细胞分素含量和叶绿素含量的测定以及形观察，表明抑制衰老的嵌合基因 部分转基因水稻中表达，叶片衰老得到延迟。转基因植标后代符合３：１遗传规律。     

马铃薯光诱导型茎叶特异表达启动子ST-LS1的克隆与功能分析

叶片是植物光合作用器官,在能量固定和利用中具有重要作用,研究光诱导型茎叶特异表达启动子的作用元件及其功能对于其调控基因的表达研究具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。本研究用PCR技术从马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)基因组中分离了光诱导型茎叶特异表达启动子ST-LS1的1556bp序列,序列分析表明,该片段与已报道的ST-LS1启动子(Gen Bank accession No.X04753.1)有99.68%的同源性,包括参与芽的特定表达和光反应顺式作用元件as-2-box、光效应顺式作用元件G-box等。将该片段与GUS基因融合,构建了植物表达载体pBⅠ121-ST-LS1,应用根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导法转化烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)获得了转基因植株。用qRT-PCR和GUS活性组织染色检测转基因烟草植株,结果表明,在ST-LS1启动子驱动的GUS转基因烟草植株的叶和茎中能够检测到GUS基因的表达,根中则检测不到;对黑暗、恒温光照培养、自然光条件处理20d后的转基因植株分析表明,在黑暗处理的转基因植株中GUS基因无表达,而在自然光条件处理转基因植株的叶和茎中GUS基因的表达高于恒温光照培养的转基因植株。结果可为应用基因工程改良农作物品种提供理论和应用依据。     

氮素营养水平对棉花不同部位叶片衰老的生理效应

通过3个氮素(N)水平(低氮0.kg/hm2、中氮189.50.kg/hm2、高氮395.0.kg/hm2)处理,研究棉花主茎功能叶和不同部位果枝叶衰老过程中的生理生化变化特征。以转基因抗虫棉33B为材料,采用随机区组设计,研究棉花生育期内不同施氮水平下棉花叶面积指数和叶片(主茎功能叶和果枝叶)生理指标(叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白质含量和丙二醛含量)的差异,分析氮素影响不同部位叶片衰老的效应。结果表明:1)在本试验条件下,盛铃末期为各指标变化的转折点,表明这个时期是叶片生理功能衰老的起始期;2)氮素营养缺乏会引起整体叶片的叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质含量大幅度下降,丙二醛含量升高,加速了叶片的衰老进程;3)当氮素过多时,会加速下部叶片的衰老,上部果枝叶对氮素的缺乏最敏感,因此,施入适量的氮肥,可获得延缓整株叶片衰老的效果。     

罗布麻叶总黄酮提取物促进小鼠抗抑郁基因CREB、BDNF的表达

罗布麻是中国药典收录的传统中药,本研究提取它的主要有效成分罗布麻总黄酮,采用经典抗抑郁评价模型小鼠强迫游泳实验对罗布麻叶总黄酮进行抗抑郁活性评价。试验中给小鼠罗布麻叶总黄酮提取物25mg/kg、50mg/kg和100mg/kg后,观察罗布麻叶总黄酮对小鼠强迫游泳不动时间的影响,结果显示罗布麻总黄酮提取物能显著缩短小鼠强迫游泳不动时间（P〈0.05）,药效与氟西汀相似,表明罗布麻具有明显的抗抑郁活性。在此基础上,应用皮质酮损伤的PC12细胞模型,采用荧光相对定量RT-PCR法检测罗布麻对皮质酮损伤的PC12细胞中脑内脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）和环磷酸腺苷反应元件结合蛋白（CREB）表达水平的影响。结果表明,皮质酮处理后PC12细胞中BDNF、CREB基因的表达量最低,罗布麻处理后,表达量显著增加,较处理前增加了近十倍,且呈剂量依赖性。本研究结果提示罗布麻抗抑郁机制可能是通过（AC-cAMP-CREB）信号通路促进BDNF、CREB的基因表达而发挥的。     

温室环境信息采集系统的USB接口设计

通用串行总线USB(Universal Serial Bus)具有支持热插拔、传输速度快、可靠性高、可扩展性强等优点，作为一种通信接口规范，它被广泛地应用于PC机和外围设备的通信系统中。设计了以AT89C52为MCU，基于USB芯片PDIUSBD12的温室环境信息采集系统，实现了对温室环境的温度、湿度、光照和二氧化碳浓度等各项参数的测定，并设计开发了该接口芯片的固件程序，操作系统驱动程序和主机应用程序。驱动程序采用WDM驱动程序模型，实现了USB设备的热插拔和访问操作。应用程序采用VC++ 6.0为开发环境，把USB设备当作文件来操作，实现了数据的批量传输，大大提高了传输速度。     

Can the invasive earthworm,Amynthas agrestis,be controlled with prescribed fire?

Biological invasions are one of the most significant global-scale problems caused by human activities. Earthworms function as ecosystem engineers in soil ecosystems because their feeding and burrowing activities fundamentally change the physical and biological characteristics of the soils they inhabit. As a result of this “engineering,” earthworm invasions can have significant effects on soil physical, chemical and biological properties. The species Amynthas agrestis (family Megascolecidae) was introduced to the United States from Asia, and has expanded its distribution range to include relatively undisturbed forests. Here, to clarify life history traits, we reared individuals under seven different conditions of food provision using litter, fragmented litter and soil, and also analyzed the stable isotope ratios of field-collected specimens to investigate their food resources in the field. Second, we examined whether prescribed fire can be used to manage invasive earthworms. We constructed eight experimental plots, each with 100 individuals of A. agrestis each, and burned half of the plots. The feeding experiment showed that the earthworms in units containing soil and some form of organic matter (litter and/or fragmented litter) produced many cocoons, indicating that litter and fragmented litter are important food resources for them. Stable isotope analyses also supported this result. During the experimental fires, average soil temperature at 5 cm depth increased by only 7.7 °C (average maximum of 32.2 °C). Litter mass was significantly reduced by the fires. Although numbers of A. agrestis and cocoons recovered from burned and unburned plots were not different, the viability of cocoons was significantly lower in burned plots. Fire may also reduce the survival rate of juveniles in the next year by depriving them of their preferred food resource. Most native earthworms in the United States live in the soil, while many invasive ones live in the litter layer and soil surface. Therefore, prescribed fire could be a viable tool for control of invasive earthworms without negatively impacting native earthworm populations.     

土壤持水特性参数与土壤质地尺度关系的联合多重分形分析

Soil water-retention characteristics at measurement scales are generally different from those at application scales, and there is scale disparity between them and soil physical properties. The relationships between two water-retention parameters, the scaling parameter related to the inverse of the air-entry pressure (αvG, cm-1) and the curve shape factor related to soil pore-size distribution (n) of the van Genuchten water-retention equation, and soil texture (sand, silt, and clay contents) were examined at multiple scales. One hundred twenty-eight undisturbed soil samples were collected from a 640-m transect located in Fuxin, China. Soil water-retention curves were measured and the van Genuchten parameters were obtained by curve fitting. The relationships between the two parameters and soil texture at the observed scale and at multiple scales were evaluated using Pearson correlation and joint multifractal analyses, respectively. The results of Pearson correlation analysis showed that the parameter αvG was significantly correlated with sand, silt, and clay contents at the observed scale. Joint multifractal analyses, however, indicated that the parameter αvG was not correlated with silt and sand contents at multiple scales. The parameter n was positively correlated with clay content at multiple scales. Sand content was significantly correlated with the parameter n at the observed scale but not at multiple scales. Clay contents were strongly correlated to both water-retention parameters because clay content was relatively low in the soil studied, indicating that water retention was dominated by clay content in the field of this study at all scales. These suggested that multiple-scale analyses were necessary to fully grasp the spatial variability of soil water-retention characteristics.     

Discrimination between Japanese and Chinese Products using trace elements concentration of kernel in pickled Japanese apricot

pp. 881–889
In order to understand the influences of nitrogen and silicate fertilizer application on anther length and percentage of the sterility of the rice plant, we investigated by field experiment in Hokkaido Kamikawa Agric. Exp. Stn. (Brown Lowland soil) and by air-conditioned room experiment.
  The results are summarized as follows.
1) Application of silicate fertilizer decreased percentage of sterility. Compared with basal application, topdressing of silicate fertilizer was more effective in increasing carbohydrate content and anther length, decreasing percentage of sterility.
2) The anther length was negatively correlated to percentage of sterility and was positively correlated to carbohydrate content in the rice plant. Similar regression curves were plotted between the field experiment and the air-conditioned room experiment.
3) Silicate content in rice plants was increased at the flag leaf stage by applying both basal and topdressing silicate fertilizer. Furthermore, silicate content was correlated to carbohydrate content. Nitrogen content was negatively correlated to carbohydrate content.
4) Protein content in polished rice was decreased by silicate fertilizer application.     

The effect of nitrogen and silica nutrition on percentage of sterility by rice plant

pp. 881–889

In order to understand the influences of nitrogen and silicate fertilizer application on anther length and percentage of the sterility of the rice plant, we investigated by field experiment in Hokkaido Kamikawa Agric. Exp. Stn. (Brown Lowland soil) and by air-conditioned room experiment.

The results are summarized as follows.

1) Application of silicate fertilizer decreased percentage of sterility. Compared with basal application, topdressing of silicate fertilizer was more effective in increasing carbohydrate content and anther length, decreasing percentage of sterility.

2) The anther length was negatively correlated to percentage of sterility and was positively correlated to carbohydrate content in the rice plant. Similar regression curves were plotted between the field experiment and the air-conditioned room experiment.

3) Silicate content in rice plants was increased at the flag leaf stage by applying both basal and topdressing silicate fertilizer. Furthermore, silicate content was correlated to carbohydrate content. Nitrogen content was negatively correlated to carbohydrate content.

4) Protein content in polished rice was decreased by silicate fertilizer application.     

Nitrate and bromide contents of glasshouse radish as affected by soil content and global radiation

Abstract

Samples (208) of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) foliage and root were collected from commercial glasshouses. Simultaneously corresponding soil samples were taken. Both plant and soil samples were analysed for nitrate and bromide.

The nitrate contents of foliage and root are affected by global radiation and by nitrate content of the soil. An interaction between the two factors was found; It indicated that soil nitrate content had a considerable effect in summer, but much less so in winter under poor light conditions, when the level of nitrate in the crop is high regardless of the nitrogen status of the soil. To study the effect of radiation on nitrate content of radish in summer it was found best to consider the cumulative amount of radiation during 10 days before harvest; in winter, a period of 20–30 days was more suitable.

The bromide content of foliage and root (highest values being resp. 390 and 73 mg Br per kg fresh product) was correlated with the concentration of bromide in the 1:2 volume soil extract. An increase of 1 mmol NO₃ per 1 soil extract lowered the Br content of fresh radish roots by 5.8 mg Br per kg.     

天津市滨海盐碱地刺槐种植区水盐动态变化规律

[目的]通过对滨海地区盐碱土水盐动态变化规律的研究,为该地区的土壤利用以及植树造林提供科学依据。[方法]以天津大港地区刺槐林土壤为研究对象,研究不同土层的土壤水盐年份变化和盐分离子分布特征。[结果]试验地土壤全年含水量变化范围在11.9%~28.8%;含盐量变化范围在4.2%~18.4%。春(3—5月)秋(9—11月)季节土壤含水量低,含盐量高,土壤盐分含量随土层深度增加逐渐降低;夏季(6—8月),土壤含水量高,含盐量低,土壤盐分含量随土层深度的增加逐渐升高。pH值在7.37~8.39之间,土壤中K+,Na+,Ca2+,Mg2+和Cl-春季表层土壤(0—10cm)含量最高,分别为0.04,4.27,2.69,1.04和10.03g/kg。除SO2-4和HCO-3外,其他盐分离子在春季变异系数(29.99~162.98)明显大于夏秋季节(2.87~88.13)。[结论]不同土层的土壤含水量和含盐量随当地降雨量呈明显的季节性变化;试验地区土壤属于碱性土壤,随季节变化不明显;K+,Na+,Ca2+,Mg2+和Cl-与含盐量变化趋势保持一致,SO2-4和HCO-3随季节变化没有明显的规律性;春季各盐分离子在土壤中分布极为不均。     

太湖地区温室土壤重金属污染状况调查及评价

本文调查了太湖地区温室蔬菜土壤中重金属Cr、Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb的全量和有效态含量,并参照相关标准对其进行污染程度评价.结果表明:不论是0～20 cm还是20～30 cm土层,各种重金属(Cr除外)全量含量均高于背景值.不论是全量还是有效态,在0～20 cm土层中含量基本上高于20～30 cm土层中含量.采用单因子指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对测定结果进行评价.以江苏省土壤背景值为评价标准,该地区土壤属轻污染:以国家二级标准为评价标准,该地区土壤未被污染.     

太原市污灌区土壤有效态铜锌和锰含量评价

为了研究太原市污水灌溉对土壤有效态元素铜、锌和锰含量的影响,对太原市污水灌溉区（小店区、尖草坪区、晋源区和清徐县）150个土壤样品有效态微量元素铜、锌和锰的含量和分布进行了测定和分析。结果表明,长期污水灌溉导致该区土壤铜、锌和锰的含量均高于文献测定值。有效铜含量晋源区〉小店区〉清徐县〉尖草坪区,分级评价结果均以中等级含量为主;有效锌含量小店区〉晋源区〉清徐县〉尖草坪区,除小店区以低、中级含量为主外,其他3个污灌区均以低等级含量为主;有效锰含量晋源区〉清徐县〉尖草坪区〉小店区,其分级分布情况变异最大,除小店区以低等级含量为主外,其他研究区域有效态锰均以高等级和极高等级含量为主。整体来看,研究区整体缺锌,有效铜含量适中,有效锰含量较高。