侧孢短芽孢杆菌(Brevibacillus laterosporus)溶藻活性代谢产物对虾池颤藻(Oscillatoria sp.)溶藻效果研究

颤藻(Oscillatoria sp.)为对虾养殖池塘中的一种常见的有害蓝藻。本实验以侧孢短芽孢杆菌(Brevibacillus laterosporus)的除菌体滤液和颤藻为基础,研究各自在不同阶段的溶藻效果,通过测定藻体干重、叶绿素a含量以及藻蓝蛋白含量,探究溶藻效果的最佳作用阶段及其作用机理,为改善对虾养殖水环境提供一定的理论基础。实验结果表明：稳定期和衰亡期的除菌体滤液对颤藻的溶藻效果均影响极显著(P<0.01)：7天后颤藻干重分别减少了51.77%、47.04%,叶绿素a含量分别降低了67.60%、59.13%,藻蓝蛋白含量分别增加了33.51%、30.97%;溶藻细菌除菌体滤液对延滞期的颤藻溶藻效果影响极显著(P<0.01)：7天后颤藻干重减少了63.90%,叶绿素a含量下降了69.72%,藻蓝蛋白含量升高了54.17%。因此,本研究显示侧孢短芽孢杆菌培养至稳定期的除菌体滤液对延滞期颤藻的溶藻效果最好。     

光合细菌在斑节对虾育苗生产中的应用研究

光合细菌菌体含有多种营养成份，粗蛋白含量约为60％左右，蛋白中含有丰富的氨基酸及生理活性物质。光合细菌还能有效地转化水体中的有害物质，净化水质。有关光合细菌在水产养殖中应用有许多报道。为探讨提高对虾育苗成活率，我们在南海水产研究所深圳盐田试验基地育苗场用光合细菌在斑节对虾生产性育苗中进行试验，取得明显效果。现将试验情况报告如下。     

对虾育苗期间幼体真菌感染的调查与初步分析

2001年，营口地区对虾育苗期间幼体发生了严重的真菌病害，为了掌握和了解本地区对虾育间苗体真菌感染流行的规律，给今后对虾育苗防治真菌病提供参考，对3家对虾育苗场的发病情况进行了真菌感染的调查与菌体分离培养，认为此次感染流行为垂直传播病源来自种虾及其卵块。     

饲料中水解鱼蛋白对中国对虾非特异免疫的影响

在中国对虾基础饲料中用水解鱼蛋白替代0%、5%、10%和15%鱼粉蛋白,制成饲料投喂中国对虾30d,实验结束取样测定对虾生长指标并进行血细胞记数,以肝胰脏中的酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶、溶菌酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性和血清中的酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶、溶菌酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、一氧化氮合酶活性为非特异免疫指标,探讨水解鱼蛋白作为免疫增强剂对中国对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响。结果表明,5%水解鱼蛋白替代鱼粉蛋白组对虾肝胰脏中酸性磷酸酶活性为0.54U/gprot,显著高于对照组和其他替代组(P<0.05);血液中总的血细胞数量最多,血清的酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶和溶菌酶活性均显著高于对照组和其他替代组(P<0.05),并且特定生长率最高。说明水解鱼蛋白作为免疫增强剂对中国对虾的非特异性免疫功能具有明显的增强作用。     

酶解豆粕蛋白替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾生长、饲料利用和消化酶的影响

试验旨在研究酶解豆粕蛋白替代部分鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长、饲料利用及消化酶的影响。选用初始体质量为(1.10±0.02)g的健康对虾,随机分成5组,饲养在0.5 m~3的玻璃纤维钢桶中,分别投喂酶解豆粕蛋白(0、7.40%、14.80%、22.20%和30.20%)替代基础配方中鱼粉(0、25%、50%、75%和100%)制成5组等氮等脂的饲料,试验时间为56 d。试验结果显示投喂25%和50%的酶解豆粕蛋白替代鱼粉的凡纳滨对虾增重率、特定生长率、饲料系数和蛋白质效率等无差异统计学意义(P0.05),替代25%组和替代50%组凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺的蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05)。研究结果表明,凡纳滨对虾饲料中酶解豆粕蛋白替代鱼粉的比例不宜超过50%。     

饲料中不同蛋白含量对斑节对虾幼虾生长及消化酶的影响

选用鱼粉、豆粕和大豆浓缩蛋白为主要蛋白源,配置6个蛋白质水平梯度(36%、38%、40%、42%、44%、46%)的饲料,对斑节对虾幼虾(1.03±0.02 g)进行56 d养殖实验,研究饲料中不同蛋白含量对斑节对虾幼虾生长及消化酶活性的影响。结果表明,(1)摄食40%蛋白饲料的斑节对虾的增重率(417.35%)和特定生长率(2.93%·d-1)获得最大值并显著高于36%蛋白饲料组(P<0.05),但与其它各组无显著差异。饲料蛋白水平在38%时的饲料系数(1.88)最低且与44%和46%蛋白饲料组存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。(2)虾体蛋白含量在44%饲料蛋白组最高,且显著高于36%、38%和42%组(P<0.05)。(3)斑节对虾的蛋白质表观消化率在42%蛋白组最高,44%和46%蛋白饲料组的蛋白质效率显著低于36%～42%蛋白饲料组(P<0.05)。(4)随着蛋白水平的提高,斑节对虾的蛋白酶活性呈现由高到低波动的趋势;淀粉酶活性随着饲料蛋白含量的升高而呈下降趋势,胃淀粉酶活性在38%～42%蛋白饲料组显著高于36%蛋白饲料组(P<0.05),肠淀粉酶活性在42%蛋白饲料组显著高于其它各组(P<0.05)。通过饲料中蛋白质含量与增重率的回归分析,斑节对虾幼虾饲料蛋白的适宜含量为39.70%。     

蝇蛆蛋白对凡纳滨对虾生长、免疫及肌肉成分的影响

在5000m~2、密度为9.0×10~9尾/hm~2的凡纳滨对虾池塘中,投喂基础饲料和20%蝇蛆蛋白+基础饲料饲养体质量(0.18±1.10~)g的凡纳滨对虾,研究了蝇蛆蛋白对生长性能、非特异性免疫及肌肉成分的影响。150d的饲养结果表明,投喂添加蝇蛆蛋白的饲料时,凡纳滨对虾的增长率(310~.51±11.39)%、相对体质量增加率(6383.33±20.54)%和存活率(64.61±3.47)%显著高于对照组的增长率(287.80±15.6)%、相对体质量增加率(5161.11±32.82)%和存活率(52.89±4.22)%(P0.05),而饲料系数显著低于对照组(P0.05)。饲料中添加20%蝇蛆蛋白显著提高了对虾血清超氧化物歧化酶、碱性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶、酚氧化物酶和溶菌酶的活性(P0.05)。饲料中添加20%蝇蛆蛋白显著提高了凡纳滨对虾肌肉中粗蛋白含量、必需氨基酸总量、鲜味氨基酸总量以及必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比值,而其他体成分差异不明显。     

糖和蛋白质水平对饲养于咸淡水中的凡纳滨对虾生长、体营养成分组成和消化率的影响

试验制作了蛋白梯度为35%,40%,45%的6种饲料,在每种蛋白水平下设计两种糖水平（15%和20%）,饲养初始体重为(1.10±0.02) g的凡纳滨对虾,经过56 d的生长试验,观察不同糖和蛋白质水平对于凡纳滨对虾的生长、成活率、机体营养组成和消化率的影响。实验结果表明,凡纳滨对虾对不同水平的糖和蛋白质的利用表现出差异性。各组的成活率没有表现出显著差异,糖水平为20%且蛋白水平为35%组的成活率要高于其它各组,糖水平为20%且蛋白水平为45%组最低,它们分别为93.3%和61.1%。糖水平为20%且蛋白水平为35%组的凡纳滨对虾体增重在各组间最高(269.4%),而且明显高于糖水平为20%且蛋白水平为45%组(117%)（P<0.05)。糖和蛋白质水平对全虾脂肪含量影响较大,在同一糖水平下,体脂肪含量随饲料蛋白含量的升高而升高;同样,在同一蛋白水平下,20%糖组的体脂肪含量要高于15%糖组。糖和蛋白质的水平对凡纳滨对虾对干物质和蛋白质的消化率影响不显著;糖的消化率在蛋白水平为35%且糖水平为20%组最高（P<0.05)。表4参21     

中国对虾养殖前期4种饲料配方的对比实验

随着中国圣虾养殖成本的不断提高，饲料蛋白源的开发已成为岖待解决的问题。为了降低饲料成本，而义避免对对虾的生长产生不良影响，我们对中国对虾养殖前期的传统配方作了适当的修改，在饲料蛋白质大体保持一致的前提下，调整了动植物蛋白的比例，并尝试利用新的动物蛋白源(卤虫粉、扇贝边)代替部分鱼粉，对中国对虾进行了30天的饲喂实验，通过增长率、增重率、存活率3项生物学指标对4种配方进行评价，初步确定了中国对虾养殖前期的适宜饲料配方，以期更好地为对虾饲料的生产提供依据。     

低鱼粉饲料中添加低分子水解鱼蛋白对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫力和抗氧化能力的影响

以鱼粉水平为30%的饲料为高鱼粉饲料对照组,以豆粕替代高鱼粉饲料中50%鱼粉形成低鱼粉基础饲料,低鱼粉基础饲料添加0、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%和2.0%低分子水解鱼蛋白,配制 6种实验饲料,对初始体重为(0.44±0.02) g的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)幼虾进行48 d的养殖实验。实验结束后采集样品,测定肝胰腺酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活力和丙二醛(MDA)含量,并分析肠道先天免疫缺陷基因(IMD)、对虾素3a分子(Penaiedin 3a)、溶菌酶(LZM)和Crustin相关免疫基因的表达量,以探讨低分子水解鱼蛋白对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫力和抗氧化能力的影响。结果显示,在低鱼粉饲料中添加适宜水平的低分子水解鱼蛋白能够显著提高对虾肝胰腺T-SOD、AKP和ACP的活力,降低MDA的含量;且1.5%低分子水解鱼蛋白能增加IMD、Penaiedin 3a、LZM和Crustin基因表达量。综上,凡纳滨对虾非特异免疫力和抗氧化能力的降低可能是影响植物蛋白源替代鱼粉的关键原因之一,而在饲料中补充1.0%–1.5%的低分子水解鱼蛋白可有效提高凡纳滨对虾抗病相关基因的表达量,增强其非特异免疫力和抗氧化能力。     

病原菌感染对虾体血淋巴组分影响的初步研究

本项实验通过虾体肌肉注射病原菌和人工创伤后用病原菌浸浴虾体后,用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法测定其对虾体血淋巴蛋白组分的影响。结果表明:病原菌可使血淋巴蛋白组分的分子量和含量增大或减小,从而使虾体表现出活力下降或死亡。     

Nutritional studies on penaeid prawns: Protein requirements in compounded diets for juvenile Penaeus indicus (Milne Edwards)

The use of dried prawn meal as a high quality reference protein in the nutrition of juvenile Penaeus indicus was investigated through short term growth and feed efficiency trials. Complete substitution at the same level of crude protein gave significantly improved growth rates relative to a control fish meal ration. Live-weight gain at levels ranging from 21–53% crude protein was greatest with a 43% protein diet, although efficiencies of protein utilisation (recorded as P.E.R. values) declined with successive increases in dietary protein. A second experiment to assess the effect of partially replacing prawn meal with fish meal showed that isonitrogenous substitution could be effected to an apparent optimal ratio of 60% fish meal: 40% prawn meal protein. In terms of short term growth and feed efficiency results, this particular meal combination was superior to either prawn or fish meal alone.     

健康养殖南美白对虾肠道细菌的抗菌活性

用双层琼脂扩散法检测从健康养殖南美白对虾肠道内分离出的111株菌对8株病原菌的抗菌活性。结果表明:111株菌对白假丝酵母菌,非01群霍乱弧菌,嗜水气单胞菌指示菌无抗菌活性,48.6%的菌株对余下的5株指示菌有抗菌活性,其中气单胞菌属和发光杆菌属对荧光假单胞菌与金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制性最强。各菌属中以气单胞菌属,发光杆菌属的抗菌谱最广,弧菌属、肠杆菌科、黄单胞菌属、芽孢杆菌属、小球菌属次之。土壤杆菌属、棒状杆菌属、黄杆菌属、产碱杆菌属、假单胞菌属和色杆菌属则没有抗菌活性。     

Assessment of requirement values for essential amino acids in the prawn, Marsupenaeus japonicus (Bate)

The requirements of juvenile prawn, Marsupenaeus japonicus (Bate), 0.79 g initial body weight, for essential amino acids (EAA) were evaluated based on the daily increase of each EAA in the whole body when the prawn was maintained on a diet with a high nutritive value (a casein‐squid protein‐based diet). The quantities of each EAA needed daily for growth and maintenance of prawn are conceived to correspond to the daily requirements of this prawn species for EAA. Therefore, these requirement values of respective EAA should be supplied from dietary proteins. To determine these values, protein and amino acids of the whole body of the prawn were quantified before and after feeding experiments, and the quantities of respective EAA needed to meet the requirements were estimated based on the EAA profile of the whole body protein of prawn. As a result, the contents of EAA in dietary proteins (%) needed to meet the requirements of the prawn for EAA were assessed to be: threonine (2.3), methionine (1.3), valine (2.4), isoleucine (2.3), leucine (3.4), phenylalanine (2.6), lysine (3.2), histidine (1.1), arginine (2.9) and tryptophan (0.6), respectively, when the prawn are fed 50% protein diet with 90% protein digestibility at a ration size of 2% (% of body weight).     

泼洒糖蜜对池塘养殖罗氏沼虾生长和水质的影响

将单口面积1.33~2.33hm~2、环境相似的6口罗氏沼虾养殖池塘分为2组,3口池塘投喂蛋白质水平为35.4%的饲料,且每日适量泼洒糖蜜(试验组),3口池塘投喂蛋白质水平为41.9%的饲料,不泼洒糖蜜(对照组),常规管理。养殖期间,每隔15d取水样检测氨氮和亚硝态氮含量。156d的饲养结果表明,对照组和试验组罗氏沼虾的产量分别为6600kg/hm~2和6427.5kg/hm~2,降低饲料中的蛋白水平结合泼洒糖蜜不影响罗氏沼虾的生长(P0.05),养殖效益亦无显著差异(P0.05)。但试验组池塘水中氨氮较对照组低54.0%,亚硝态氮低21.0%,泼洒糖蜜显著降低了池塘氨氮和亚硝态氮含量(P0.05)。     

Effects of pond preparation and feeding rate on production of Penaeus monodon Fabricius, water quality, bacteria and benthos in model farming ponds

Fibreglass pools with sediment were used as model farming ponds to investigate the interactive effects of pond preparation and feeding rate on prawn production, water quality, bacterial dynamics, abundance of benthos and prawn feeding behaviour. Pools were either fertilised 1 month (prepared) or 2 days (unprepared) prior to stocking and either ‘high’ or ‘low’ feeding rates were used. The ‘high’ rate was 5.0% (range 4–8%) wet prawn biomass/day and was similar to that recommended for commercial farms. The ‘low’ rate was 2.5% (range 2–4%) wet prawn biomass/day. Juvenile Penaeus monodon (2.0–7.5 g) were stocked at 15 prawns/m² and were cultured for 71 days. With the exception of one prepared, high feeding-rate pool where mass mortality (> 80%) of prawns occurred following an interruption to aeration, prawn survival was high (> 86%) and was unaffected by preparation, feeding rate or their interaction. Pond preparation improved growth and biomass gain by about 20%. Growth was 4% higher with the higher feeding rate but biomass gain was not affected and, as food conversion ratio was much worse, use of the lower feeding rate offers considerable scope to reduce production costs, especially during cooler periods. There was no interaction in relation to growth between pond preparation and feeding rate. Meiofauna were more abundant, and prawns grew faster, in prepared pools than unprepared pools at the start of the experiment. However, changes in bacterial dynamics or meiofauna abundance over time did not explain reductions in prawn growth over time. In general, water quality was reduced in pools receiving the high feeding rate compared with low feeding rate pools. Other interactive effects of pond preparation and feeding rate on water quality, bacteria, benthos and prawn feeding behaviour are discussed.     

Bacterial microflora associated with farmed freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) and the aquaculture environment

The initial counts of bacteria associated with farmed giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man) as well as with the water and sediment from two farms located at Kottayam district in Kerala (India) were determined. A total of 367 randomly selected isolates were characterized and identified. Prawn samples yielded mean microbiological counts of 4.92 log CFU g^?1 of shell with muscle and 7.78 log CFU g^?1 of intestine at 30°C. Bacterial numbers in the intestine of prawn were much higher than those in the pond water. Motile and non‐motile aerobic Gram‐negative bacteria together with Enterobacteriaceae accounted for 60–70% of the mesophiles isolated from water and prawn. However, the microorganisms isolated in significant numbers from shell with muscle and intestine of prawn were not recovered from the growing waters. Among Gram‐positive bacteria, Micrococcus, Bacillus, coryneforms, and Arthrobacter were found. Faecal coliforms and enterococci were found in significant numbers in M. rosenbergii. The rearing practices such as feeding and pond fertilization could have influenced the microflora in prawn. The commensal microflora of freshwater prawn included opportunistic pathogens such as Aeromonas spp. and Streptococcus spp. Storage of prawn at elevated temperatures can permit their survival and growth leading to quality loss. Care should be exercised during handling and processing to prevent contamination of edible meat.     

４种微生态制剂对虾池水质及青虾生长性能的影响

在测定养殖水体pH值、溶解氧、氨态氮、亚硝态氮等水质指标和养殖青虾肥满度、平均规格、饲料系数等生长性能指标的基础上,比较研究了全池泼洒复合芽孢杆菌、EM菌、类球红细菌、超浓缩光合细菌微生态制剂对养殖水质的改善情况及提高杂交青虾"太湖1号"生长性能的效果。结果表明,4种微生态制剂均可改善水质;其中,芽孢杆菌与EM菌具有较强的降亚硝态氮功能,类球红细菌和EM菌具有较强的降氨态氮作用。4种试验菌剂的调水效果排序为:类球红细菌>EM菌>复合芽孢杆菌>超浓缩光合细菌。4种菌剂不同程度提高了青虾的生长性能;其中,类球红细菌效果最为显著,其次为EM菌、复合芽孢杆菌,而光合细菌的效果不显著。     

中国对虾对维生素B2、B5、B6营养需要的研究

研究了三种水溶性维生素Ｂ２，Ｂ５和Ｂ６在以酪蛋白为蛋白源的饲料中的不同含量对中国对虾的存活率，体重增重率，体长增长率，蛋白质消化率及实验维生素在体内的累积量等方面的影响。结果表明，在每１００ｇ饲料中维生素Ｂ２、Ｂ５和Ｂ６的含量分别在１０（体重１．５３ｇ）－２０ｍｇ（体重６．００ｇ）、４０ｍｇ、１４ｍｇ时，上述指标均达最佳，维生素缺乏或过量都会阻碍对虾生长，在适宜添加量范围中，随着饲料中维生素Ｂ６的     

Effect of dietary protein content on growth rate,survival and body composition of juvenile cauque river prawn,Macrobrachium americanum (Bate 1868)

We determined the effect of four concentrations of dietary crude protein, 30.7, 37.2, 41.8 and 46.8% on growth rate, survival and body composition of the juvenile cauque river prawn (Macrobrachium americanum). The prawns were hatched in the laboratory from the spawn of one wild ovigerous female. Prawns consuming 37.2% crude protein reached a final weight of 0.58 g (feed conversion ratio of 2.15), which was significantly better than the other treatments. Survival was 100% in all treatments. Protein content in the diets had no significant effect on whole body proximate composition and amino acid profile. Juveniles consuming the 37.2% crude protein diet grew faster than those fed the other diets. Specific growth rate was adjusted to the two‐slope broken‐line regression analysis model to estimate the optimal protein requirement. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that the 37.2% protein level diet is optimal for juvenile cauque river prawn M. americanum in the experimental conditions of this study.