不同马尾松群落类型结构及物种多样性特征

以马尾松人工纯林(A)、马尾松天然次生纯林(B)、马尾松-油茶混交林(C)、马尾松-枫香混交林(D)、马尾松-白栎混交林(E)、马尾松-杉木混交林(F)6种群落类型为研究对象,采用典型样地调查法,对6种群落类型进行观测。结果表明:混交林灌木层物种明显比纯林丰富,其物种数由高到低的排序为群落F(37种)群落D(23种)群落E(19种)群落B(13种)群落C(10种)群落A(6种);草本层物种数分布为群落F(18种)群落C(15种)群落B(10种)群落D(8种)群落E(4种)群落A(3种)。群落A中的优势种群明显,物种间的重要值差异较大,群落B灌木层重要值大于10的物种有4种,群落C灌木层重要值大于10的物种有5种,群落D和群落E灌木层重要值大于10的物种均为3种,群落F灌木层重要值大于10的物种只有2种。灌木层的Simpson指数(D)、Shannon-Winner指数(H)、物种丰富度Margalef指数(Ma)的变化趋势均为群落F群落D群落E群落B群落C群落A,Pielou指数呈群落E群落D群落F群落B群落C群落A的变化趋势,而生态优势度则与Shannon-Winner指数(H)呈相反趋势;除了群落C,其他群落物种多样性的大小顺序均为灌木层草本层乔木层。     

文冠果果实性状相关性研究

Xanthoceras sorbifolia provenances were obtained in their main districts, and some cone characters were tested which includes cone diameter(A), cone length(B), pericarp thickness(C), fruitstalk diameter(D), single cone weight(E), pericarp weight(F), seed weight(G), number of seed room(H), seed number(J), rate of seed of cone(K). From the analysis of those characters, it was found that the indexes of characters of single cone weight(E), seed weight(G), pericarp weight(F) had large disparities, and the indexes of characters of cone diameter(A), cone length(B), pericarp thickness(C), fruitstalk diameter(D) had small disparities. There were linearly positive correlations between indexes of characters, the relative coefficient of factors with A is E＞B＞F＞G＞D＞J＞C; the relative coefficient of factors with B is E>G>F>A>J>D>C;the relative coefficient of factors with C is J＞G＞E＞B＞F＞A;the relative coefficient of factors with D is E＞G＞F＞A＞B＞J;the relative coefficient of factors with E is F＞G＞A＞B＞J＞D＞C; the relative coefficient of factors with F is E＞G＞A＞B＞J＞D＞C;the relative coefficient of factors with G is E＞F＞B＞A＞J＞D＞C.     

牡丹切花家庭保鲜剂的筛选

研究以家庭常用物品洗洁精、阿司匹林药片、白糖、白醋、食盐、Vc药片等配制6种处理保释溶液。A:3%洗洁精溶液;B:1片阿司匹林药片溶于1L水;C:25g白糖+150mL白醋溶于1L水;D:25g白糖+1g食盐溶于1L水;E:25g白糖+0.5片阿司匹林药片+1g食盐溶于水;F:25g白糖+1片Vc+5mL白醋。6个处理及1个蒸溜水对照,观察对牡丹切花瓶插寿命,水分平衡值,鲜质量变化及观赏价值等指标的影响。结果分析表明:F处理(25g白糖+1片Vc+5mL白醋)保鲜效果最好,E处理(25g白糖+0.5片阿司匹林+1g食盐)其次,C处理(25g白糖+150mL白醋)效果最差。     

不同信息素诱剂和诱捕器组合林间诱捕松墨天牛效果比较

为了明确不同信息素诱剂和诱捕器对松墨天牛(Monochamus alternatus Hope)的诱捕效果,以APF-Ⅰ持久型(A)、APF-Ⅰ持久增强型(B)和F1型(C)3种诱剂、以及ZM-60型(D)和BF-1型(E)2种撞板式诱捕器为研究对象在林间进行了诱杀松墨天牛试验。结果表明:使用D诱捕器,B诱剂诱捕量为A诱剂和C诱剂的1.53倍和1.84倍,差异显著;使用E诱捕器,B诱剂诱捕量为A诱剂和C诱剂的1.97倍和2.16倍,差异显著;使用相同诱剂,D诱捕器和E诱捕器的诱捕量均无显著差异。3种诱剂诱到的松墨天牛雌虫分别是雄虫的1.51~1.67倍,平均1.60倍。因此认为,诱剂B优于A诱剂和C诱剂;建议生产上能优先选其用于松墨天牛监测与防治。     

不同马尾松群落类型的生物量及碳储量

以马尾松人工纯林(A)、马尾松天然次生纯林(B)、马尾松-油茶混交林(C)、马尾松-枫香混交林(D)、马尾松-白栎混交林(E)、马尾松-杉木混交林(F)6种群落类型为研究对象,通过样地实测生物量和采用重铬酸钾法测定植物地上部分各器官含碳率,对6种群落的生物量和碳储量进行研究,结果表明:各群落类型的地上部分总生物量按从大到小的排序为:群落F(153.293 t·hm~(-2))群落E(67.482 t·hm~(-2))群落D(58.581 t·hm~(-2))群落B(51.995 t·hm~(-2))群落C(35.405 t·hm~(-2))群落A(33.387 t·hm~(-2));其中,各群落类型中以乔木层的生物量最大,在25.968~146.015 t/hm2之间,灌木层次之,草本层最小;碳储量在18.312~70.549 t/hm2之间,年均固碳量从高到低的排序为群落F群落E群落D群落C群落A群落B。     

滇东南岩溶山区4个针阔叶树种造林试验初报

通过在砚山县铳卡农场对墨西哥柏、郭芬柏、冲天柏和杜仲4个不同树种以及不同的造林密度、施肥措施、育苗措施与喷洒云大-120处理等5个因素的对比试验，其幼树期(3年生)的试验结果表明：树种对林木的生长量、生物量及造林保存率影响显著，其他因素对林木生长的影响被树种的影响所削弱。同一树种在其他不同处理间的差异较明显，参试的墨西哥柏、郭芬柏、冲天柏和杜仲的造林技术措施的最佳组合分别是A1B2C2D1E2、A2B2C2D2E1、A3B1C3D1E2和A4B1C4D2E2。3年生墨西哥柏最佳组合的树高为3．4m、地径4．8cm、冠幅1．09m，生物量为29．348t／hm^2；冲天柏最佳组合的树高为2．66m、地径3．88cm、冠幅0．74m、生物量为19．000t／hm^2；郭芬柏最佳组合的树高2．42m、地径3．73cm、冠幅0．87m、生物量为18．548t／hm^2。预计在滇东南岩溶山区选择墨西哥柏、冲天柏和郭芬柏，采用最佳技术措施组合造林，能取得良好的生态效益和一定的经济效益。     

红花忍冬的三萜类成分研究

对红花忍冬地上部分进行化学成分研究.分离鉴定了5个三萜类化合物:葳岩仙皂苷C(1)、木通皂苷D(2)、木通皂苷F(3)、熊果酸(4)和常春藤皂苷元(5).经文献检索,5个化合物均为首次从该种植物中分离得到,其中化合物4系首次从该属植物中分得.     

小样园半径、园心位置与计数方法对调查精度影响之探讨

对如何提高小样园调查精度进行分析与探讨。通过小样园的不同半径、不同园心位置、不同计数方法进行比较，证实R4.6m优于R3．6m，园心位置在B、D、E、G点优于在A、C、F点，计数方法2优于计数方法1。     

墨西哥落羽杉新无性系区域试验

在环太湖低洼区、长江滩涂和洪泽湖湿地5 a造林对比试验表明,S201,F11,M3,L226,E106和L293的平均株高、平均胸径和平均单株立木材积在3个试验地均超过2个对照。对墨西哥落羽杉新无性系分类利用进行初步评估认为,宜作为丰产造林的无性系有S201,F11,L226,E106和L293;宜作为农田林网造林的无性系有F11,F65,L226和L293;宜作为园林绿化的无性系有M3,E140,F65,F1,E96和M5。     

尾叶桉纸浆林造林密度控制技术的研究

对 5 9年生尾叶桉纸浆林生长分析表明 :(1)密度与树高、胸径呈反比。 3种密度的树高、胸径大小均为密度B >C >D。两配置树高、胸径也以配置B >A。 (2 )密度对单株材积的影响与对胸径影响的规律一致。 5 9年生时单株材积生长量以密度B最高 ,达到 0 0 85 33m3·株 - 1,是最低单株材积密度D的 2 0 4倍。两配置单株材积以配置B >A。 (3) 4 7年生时单位面积蓄积量大小为密度B >C>D ,密度B达到 94 185m3·hm- 2 ,是最低D处理蓄积量的 1 15倍 ;5 9年生时蓄积量最大者为密度C ,达到 12 7 6 0m3·hm- 2 ,是最低蓄积密度D的 1 17倍。随着时间的变化 ,密度控制尤为重要。 4 7、5 9年生时单位面积蓄积均以配置B >A ,配置B分别比配置A高 2 4 82 %、2 3 5 3%。 (4)对胸径D和冠幅CW 值用方程进行回归拟合 ,结果以乘幂CW=a×Db 拟合最好。方程表达式为CW=0 4 72 4×D0 6 715。 (5 )编制的经营密度表反映出 ,随着胸径D的递增 ,基本经营密度N0 逐渐下降 ;当D≥ 18cm时 ,N0 的下降趋势渐趋平缓     

Decreased needle longevity of fertilized Douglas-fir and grand fir in the northern Rockies

Changes in nutrient availability significantly affect canopy dynamics in conifers. To elucidate these effects, we experimentally fertilized mixed conifer stands at several sites across the northern Rocky Mountains. We measured needle longevity, total branch length and foliated length along the main branch axis, and determined mean retained cohort length on mid-canopy branches of shade-intolerant Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco) and shade-tolerant grand fir (Abies grandis Lindl.). Needle longevity ranged from 6 to 8 years in Douglas-fir and from 7 to 8 years in grand fir on unfertilized plots. Fertilization significantly decreased needle longevity by 26 and 27% in Douglas-fir and grand fir, respectively. However, the foliated branch length remained unchanged following fertilization and was similar for both species, indicating a 33% increase in mean branch length per needle cohort in Douglas-fir and a 27% increase in grand fir. These data are consistent with the theory that foliated branch length and needle longevity are a result of the ecological light compensation point (ELCP), which links the inherent physiology of the leaf with the availability of resources in the leaf environment. Mid-canopy ELCP was approximately 74 and 71 cm from the branch terminus in Douglas-fir and grand fir, respectively, regardless of fertilization. We hypothesize that fertilization-enhanced needle production and annual shoot growth resulted in a higher rate of shading of older needles. The shaded needles were unable to maintain a positive carbon balance and abscised. The results demonstrate that foliated branch length of Douglas-fir and grand fir in the northern Rocky Mountains can be treated as a homeostatic response to fertilization, whereas foliar turnover is plastic.     

Development of wooden portal frame structures with improved columns

In Japan, the lifetime cycle of most housing lasts around 20–30 years. A governing factor in this respect is poor durability due to old-fashioned use of the house. As a solution of this problem, houses can be built with a skeleton structure that allows free partition of spaces by future owners. To develop the skeleton structure effectively, multistory frames with spans of 6 to 10 m are required. For this reason, attention has been focused on the behavior of multistory timber frame structures. In this article, two types of wooden portal frame structures are proposed. Both structures have improved vertical columns with short horizontal members glued in. The aim of this study was to investigate structurally effective solutions with these types of columns. The first type of the new structure changed the location of the moment-transmitting ductile connection with the improved columns. The second type of structure used an extended panel zone. Nine portal frame specimens were tested. The stiffness values were improved by around 1.7 and 3.5 times when compared with the control, and the strength was improved by around 1.25 and 1.45 times.     

人景同质,情由境生——杭州苏东坡纪念馆的竹景特色分析

作为杭城名人纪念馆之一的杭州苏东坡纪念馆,其景观设计以竹景为主,彰显了苏东坡的文人气质,可使游览者对竹是苏东坡性情的外在化表现产生共鸣。通过回顾苏东坡与竹相关的诗文、绘画、植竹造园,力证了苏东坡对竹的喜爱;通过分析纪念馆庭园竹子植物景观营造及馆内竹元素的巧妙应用,表明纪念馆内外的环境营造应与名人的气质相吻合,从而为今后的名人纪念馆景观营造提供参考。     

Effect of solid matrix priming during moist chilling on dormancy breakage and germination of seeds of four fir species

The ability of solid matrix priming (SMP) to overcome seed dormancy ofseeds of four fir species (Pacific silver fir, subalpine fir, grand fir andnoble fir), was examined. Seeds were subjected to treatments that combinedmoistchilling and SMP (SMP-chilling) and their germination compared to that elicitedby traditional moist chilling. For the SMP-chilling, six solid matrices withdifferent water holding capacities were tested (sphagnum, cat litter, peatmoss,Agro-Lig Greens Grade, Agro-Lig Micro Fine and sand). For each of the speciestested, germination performance was significantly improved by SMP-chilling; theresults were dependent on the type of solid matrix, the matrix water contentandthe treatment duration. SMP-chilling, using the best solid matrices for each ofthe species tested, resulted in germination percentages and rates that were24–35% and 8–21% higher, respectively, as compared with thatyieldedfrom control moist-chilling. High germination percentages (79% or greater) ofthree of the four species (Pacific silver fir, subalpine fir, and grand fir)were promoted after just four weeks (grand fir in sand) or eight weeks oftreatment (Pacific silver fir in peat moss and subalpine fir in Agro-Lig GreensGrade). The germination rate of grand fir seeds benefited from SMP-chillingperiods longer than four weeks, but this resulted in germination during thedormancy-breaking treatment. The water contents of the solid matrices that wereoptimal in terms of eliciting the best germination performance were 320% (w/w)for peat moss, 40% for Agro-Lig Greens Grade and 5–15% for sand.Conducting SMP at chilling temperatures (4 °C) is a practicalapproach to shorten the time required for effective dormancy termination ofAbies seeds; treatment times were shortened by 27 days forPacific silver fir and subalpine fir and more vigorous seedling growth wasexhibited by grand fir and noble fir.     

尊重自然的设计——以南京银牛休闲会所景观设计为例

休闲会所景观是区域生态环境重要组成部分之一。该文分析了会所景观设计中遵循自然观的重要性,并以南京银牛休闲会所景观设计方案为例,从设计理念、规划原则及功能分区方面作了初步的探讨,以设计出符合人们所需求、人与自然相融的休闲景观。     

织补与共生——基于大西安的咸阳市绿道系统规划研究

绿道网络越大就越能充分发挥绿道的功能。西安、咸阳及西咸新区的绿道系统规划必须在大西安绿道网规划的指导下整体规划建设,使绿道网络发挥更好的作用。通过总结回顾国内外绿道系统规划理论和实践经验,文中以织补与共生为规划理念对大西安绿道网规划进行前瞻性研究,提出咸阳绿道系统规划,以期在推进大西安绿道网络整体发展的基础上加快三大板块的融合共生。     

质量功能展开在高校食堂功能多元需求分析中的应用

对国内外高校食堂功能构成进行对比分析,指出高校食堂不应仅是满足学生就餐需要的必要设施,应成为大学生重要的社交活动场所,其功能要向多元化方向发展.将质量功能展开方法引入到食堂功能要素的规划中,以东北林业大学食堂为例,基于学生需求调查结果,运用质量功能展开方法对食堂的功能要素进行分析,建立各功能要素的相关矩阵并进行定量评价,从物流和人流角度给出了食堂各功能区域规划建议.     

推行股份合作转换经营机制促进林业发展的研究

林业改革的深化和市场经济的发展，林业必须是大林业，必须面向市场，必须实行规模化、商品化、基地化。林业在转换经营机制中，推行股份合作制，把一山多主、一主多山的小生产，组成联合体经营，向大林业、大基地、大市场发展，这是山区林在奔向小康之道。     

磁珠富集法快速制备油茶基因组微卫星标记

利用磁珠富集高效微卫星分离法,设计生物素标记的寡核苷酸（AG）15与（AC）15作为探针,快速分离油茶微卫星序列并建立其SSR分子标记体系。从获得的52份具微卫星序列的克隆测序结果中,成功开发40对油茶SSR引物,序列开发引物成功率在76.9%;对扩增结果进行比较分析后,共得到14对具有清晰扩增条带的SSR引物,占总引物的35%;进一步利用18个油茶无性系开展引物多态性检测,显示6对SSR引物具良好的多态性。研究结果可为油茶遗传学研究提供新的分子标记工具,同时为山茶属其他重要经济树种的相关研究提供很好的借鉴。     

Susceptibility of Sitka spruce and grand fir trees to decay by Heterobasidion annosum

The susceptibility of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) and grand fir (Abies grandis) to decay by Heterobasidion annosum was compared on a site with a previous history of serious disease. The incidence of decay 15–16 years after planting was 1.5% in grand fir, compared with 34.8% in Sitka spruce. These results are broadly similar to those reported from other trials. More information is required for older trees in Britain but the evidence so far available suggests that grand fir is more resistant to H. annosum than Sitka spruce. Planting grand fir on severely infested sites may therefore significantly reduce the serious losses that could be expected with Sitka spruce. In 14 out of 271 decayed Sitka spruce H. annosum was absent from the middle or base of the decay column but present at the top. Approximately 3% of infected spruce showed features suggesting some degree of resistance. Resin bleeding was observed at the base of 23.2% of the infected spruce, and the mean height of the decay column in these trees was significantly greater (0.96 m) than in those without this feature (0.66 m). The inoculum for infection was provided by stumps of the previous crop, and the genets of H. annosum that were present in some infected trees were also identified in stumps. The majority of infected trees contained only a single genet but three trees contained two genets. In this young crop individual genets were smaller than those found elsewhere; the largest extended to include six trees.