三峡库区紫色土坡耕地草本植物根系固结地埂的土力学机制

为揭示三峡库区紫色土坡耕地草本植物根系对地埂土壤固结作用的土力学机制,选取库区3种草本地埂植物为研究对象,对3种地埂植物根系的分布特征及抗拉性能进行研究,并分析3种地埂土壤的抗冲性和抗剪强度。研究结果表明,紫花苜蓿、蓑草、桂牧一号的根系总生物量分别为(79.37±1.26),(97.99±1.66),(71.76±1.96)g/m~2,紫花苜蓿根系在0—10cm土层分布最多,蓑草主要根系分布深度集中在10—20cm,桂牧一号根系分布在0—30cm土层深度范围内呈现出递增的趋势,在30—40cm土层深度根系含量不到10%。3种草本地埂植物根系的平均抗拉力为桂牧一号(7.93N)蓑草(6.03N)紫花苜蓿(5.40N),3种地埂植物根系单根抗拉力与根径呈幂函数关系,蓑草地埂植物根系的单根抗拉力与根径的相关性最高。3种地埂植物根系的抗拉强度表现为蓑草根系(45.91MPa)紫花苜蓿根系(19.68 MPa)桂牧一号根系(15.28 MPa)。3种不同草本地埂植物根系间的抗拉力和抗拉强度差异达到显著水平(P0.05)。3种植物地埂土壤的抗冲性变化为蓑草地埂(85.28L/(min·g))紫花苜蓿(69.47L/(min·g))桂牧一号(60.86L/(min·g)),蓑草地埂土壤的抗冲性与紫花苜蓿和桂牧一号间存在显著差异(P0.05)。3种草本植物地埂土壤的抗剪强度顺序为蓑草地埂(115.49kPa)紫花苜蓿(91.73kPa)桂牧一号(75.14kPa)。结果表明,蓑草地埂在三峡库区具有较好的固埂防蚀效果,在三峡库区坡耕地固结地埂土壤中发挥重要作用。三峡库区草本植物固结地埂可为三峡库区坡耕地整治提供新思路。     

干热河谷区典型植被土壤抗剪性能影响因素评价

[目的]探讨植被对边坡固土效应的影响,为金沙江干热河谷区防治土壤侵蚀、减少水土流失提供数据支持。[方法]以云南省永仁县4种典型植被(台湾相思、锥连栎、余甘子、云南松)为研究对象,开展室内单根拉伸试验和直剪试验,研究了不同植被类型土壤抗剪性能的差异性及各因素对其的影响程度。[结果](1) 4种植物平均单根抗拉力表现为：锥连栎>余甘子>云南松>台湾相思;平均单根抗拉强度表现为：余甘子>台湾相思>云南松>锥连栎;单根抗拉力与根径呈指数函数关系,单根抗拉强度与根径呈显著负相关关系。(2)在4种垂压下,4种植被根土复合体抗剪强度均大于素土,且抗剪强度指标随土层深度的变化也各不相同,云南松植被土壤黏聚力随土层深度变化变幅最大(51.47%),锥连栎植被土壤内摩擦角随土层深度变化变幅最大(37.96%)。(3)采用灰色关联法综合分析根系抗拉性能、土壤理化性质与土壤黏聚力和内摩擦角之间的关联度,其中黏聚力与根系抗拉强度关联度最高,根系抗拉力次之,含水率最低;内摩擦角与土壤容重关联度最高,有机质次之,全钾最低。[结论]植物根系抗拉性能和土壤理化性质能显著影响土壤的抗剪...     

土石山区护坡草本植物根系抗拉力学特性

为了解山西省土石山区护坡植物的根系抗拉力学特性,对比选择最适宜的水土保持物种.对其边坡上黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)、香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides L.)、百喜草(Paspalum notatum Flugge)3种护坡植物的根系开展抗拉力学试验,研究3种植物根系最大抗拉力、极限抗拉强度以及弹性模量随直径及根长大小变化的规律.研究结果显示:根长一定时,3种植物的最大抗拉力随直径的增加而增加,单根极限抗拉强度随根系直径的增大而减小;而直径一定时,根系最大抗拉力和极限抗拉强度随根系长度的增大而减小;弹性模量值随着根径和根长增大呈下降的趋势.3种植物根系平均最大抗拉力关系为:香根草(16.258 N)＞黑麦草(11.734N)＞百喜草(4.891 N);平均极限抗拉强度关系为:百喜草(116.226 MPa)＞黑麦草(50.839 MPa)＞香根草(49.650MPa);平均弹性模量分别为:百喜草(20.392 MPa/mm)＞香根草(3.257 MPa/mm)＞黑麦草(3.245 MPa/mm).结果表明这3种植物中百喜草根系的固土能力最好,在选择最为适宜的水土保持物种时可优先考虑.研究结果可为土石山区水土保持研究提供一定的科学依据.     

三峡水库消落带几种草本植物根系的垂直分布特征

[目的]明确三峡水库消落带典型草本植物根系分布特征,为三峡消落带的植被恢复提供依据。[方法]在三峡腹地石宝镇消落带选取牛鞭草(Hemarthria altissima)、扁穗牛鞭草(Hemarthria compressa)、双穗雀稗(Paspalum paspaeoides)三种人工恢复草本和自然恢复草本,利用WinRhizo Pro.2009c根系分析系统研究其根系的土壤剖面分布特征。[结果]4种草本类型的的根系主要分布在0—10cm土层,根长密度、根直径(除自然杂草外)、根表面积密度、根体积密度和根尖密度均随土壤深度的增加而呈指数函数减小;除根径外,在整个土层剖面中(0—25cm),3种人工草本的根系指标都要显著高于自然恢复杂草。[结论]4种草本根系发达,对消落带水淹胁迫的适应性强。     

大型水库消落带2种典型耐淹草本植物单根抗拉力学特性

研究水库消落带2种典型固土护坡草本的单根抗拉力学特性,可为明确草本根系固土护坡的力学机制提供依据。以狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)、苍耳(Xanthium sibiricum)2种草本植物为对象,通过室内单根拉伸试验,对比观测了不同根径级别条件下单根的抗拉力、抗拉强度、极限延伸率和弹性模量,分析了各力学特性指标与根径间的拟合关系,并探讨了单根拉伸试验过程中的应力—应变特征。结果表明:(1)狗牙根单根抗拉力平均值大于苍耳,在0.30～0.50 mm和0.90～1.00 mm根径范围内两者达到显著性差异(p0.05),狗牙根单根抗拉力分别比苍耳的大28.06%和9.95%;(2)狗牙根单根抗拉强度平均值是苍耳的1.08倍,在0.40～0.50 mm和0.90～1.00 mm根径范围内两者达到显著性差异(p0.05),狗牙根单根抗拉强度分别比苍耳大24.10%和18.72%;(3) 2种草本单根抗拉力和单根抗拉强度随着根径增大,分别呈幂函数增长和幂函数降低关系;(4) 2种草本单根均呈弹塑性材料特征,单根拉伸过程中的应力—应变关系表现为弹性变形、弹塑性变形、塑性变形和突然断裂4个变化阶段,单根弹性变形阶段的极限拉应力约占极限抗拉强度的50%～70%;(5)狗牙根单根极限延伸率显著大于苍耳(p0.05),分别为(23.59±0.44)%和(14.54±0.38)%,与之相反,狗牙根单根弹性模量显著小于苍耳(p0.05),分别为(474.79±13.82)MPa和(540.77±14.21)MPa。整体来看,草本单根抗拉力学特性与植物类型、根径大小密切相关,狗牙根单根抗拉力和单根抗拉强度均大于苍耳,其单根抵抗外界拉伸作用的能力强于苍耳,说明狗牙根具有更强的固土护坡能力。     

三江并流区水库消落带5种草本根系形态及抗拉特性

为揭示三江并流区水库消落带5种草本植物在浅层土壤中的根系形态及抗拉力学特性,筛选消落带优势固土草本,以澜沧江黄登水库消落带的花叶芦竹(Arundo donax var.versicolor)、风车草(Cyperus alternifolius L.)、美人蕉(Canna indica L.)、菖蒲(Acorus calamus L.)和芦苇(Phragmites communis Trin.)为对象,分析了根系形态,并进行室内单根拉伸试验。结果表明:(1)5种草本根系都发育良好,花叶芦竹和风车草根系的所有形态指标都位居前二,根系较为发达; 5种草本直径大于1 mm的根系长度、表面积和体积在各自总根系中占比最大,且除芦苇外,其余4种草本直径大于2 mm的根系体积占比最大,达到58.53%～92.86%。(2)5种草本根系的平均抗拉力、抗拉强度以花叶芦竹(33.04 N,34.33 MPa)最大,美人蕉(10.26 N,7.54 MPa)最小,根系抗拉力、抗拉强度分别随直径增大呈幂函数增大、减小。(3)5种草本根系平均极限延伸率以菖蒲(24.28%)最大,美人蕉(8.20%)最小; 平均杨氏模量以花叶芦竹(313.44 MPa)最大,菖蒲(70.47 MPa)最小,根系杨氏模量与直径呈幂函数负相关。综上,5种草本都适应了研究区环境,均可作为黄登水库消落带植被重建的候选物种; 直径大于1 mm的根系是5种草本根系的主体,直径大于2 mm的根系整体上对体积贡献最大; 花叶芦竹不仅根系发达,且其抵抗拉伸作用的能力最强,固土能力最强,是黄登水库消落带水土保持的优势草本。研究结果可适当推广到三江并流区和其他水库消落带。     

狗牙根根系分布特征及其抗拉强度试验研究

以狗牙根为研究对象,就狗牙根根系在土壤中的分布及其抗拉强度进行了初步研究。结果表明,根系密度及根系重量随土层深度(0—40 cm)的增加而减少,其规律均服从指数函数关系分布;根系抗拉力随直径增大而增大,其分布规律均可用二次函数进行拟合;根系的平均抗拉强度为39.349 MPa,约为Ⅰ级钢筋抗拉强度的17%,能产生显著的根系"加筋作用",抗拉强度随直径增大而减小,其规律服从指数函数关系分布。根据狗牙根根系分布特征及抗拉强度特性,其固土护坡作用较大。     

不同植物带地埂土壤抗侵蚀效果研究

采用野外调查与室内试验相结合的方法,对研究区坡耕地3种不同地埂植物带上的植物生长状况、土壤物理化学性状及土壤崩解速率进行了测定,研究了不同植物带地埂土壤的抗侵蚀效果。结果表明:黄花菜与红小豆混种能够促进地埂植物带上植物地上和地下部分生长,增强植物护埂、固埂作用;不同植物带地埂土壤容重随土层深度的增加而增大,土壤孔隙度、含水量和有机质含量随土层深度的增加而降低;黄花菜、红小豆及黄花菜与红小豆混种植物带地埂土壤孔隙度、含水量及有机质含量均高于对照裸埂,土壤容重低于裸埂,黄花菜地埂土壤孔隙度最好,黄花菜与红小豆混种地埂土壤保水保肥性最好;不同植物带地埂土壤崩解速率随土层深度的增加而增大,黄花菜与红小豆混种地埂土壤抗崩解、抗侵蚀性能最强,是适合东北低山丘陵区坡耕地水土流失防治的良好措施。     

瞬时拉力下两个生长期4种植物单根抗拉力与抗拉强度的研究

研究3～4年生柠条、沙柳、沙地柏和白沙蒿的单根(根径为0.3～3 mm)在两个生长时期内瞬时大风作用下的抗拉力和平均抗拉强度.结果表明,在生长季初期(5月初)和旺盛生长期(8月中旬),4种植物根系的单根抗拉力与直径均呈幂函数正相关关系;抗拉力和平均抗拉强度均表现为柠条＞沙柳＞沙地柏＞白沙蒿;沙柳、沙地柏、白沙蒿在生长季初期的抗拉力和平均抗拉强度大于旺盛生长期,柠条反之.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区自然恢复坡面植物根系的分布特征

采用土钻法研究了黄土丘陵沟壑区自然恢复坡面土壤根系的分布特征及土壤养分含量与土壤水分含量对根系分布的影响。结果表明:根系的分布因坡向、侵蚀带、土层深度、植被类型等的不同而异。阳坡根系总生物量高于半阴坡,但差异不显著;沟谷地根系总生物量及≤1mm根系生物量与沟间地各侵蚀带存在显著性差异;随着土层深度的增加,根系生物量减小;不同植被类型及其盖度对根系生物量有很大影响。不同坡向、各侵蚀带、不同土层中各径级根系生物量的总体趋势是≤1mm根系生物量最大,1～2mm次之,2～3mm和>3mm根系生物量较小,且≤1mm根系生物量与2～3mm和>3mm根系生物量间存在显著差异。根系生物量与土壤养分(除全磷)总体为中度正相关,与土壤水分分布不一致。因此,根系分布不仅与植物自身特性有关,还受土壤环境的影响。     

Fractal features of soil particle redistribution along sloping landscapes with hedge berms in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region of China

Most studies have evaluated the effects of soil redistribution under water erosion or tillage erosion within hill slope landscapes, yet few studies have demonstrated soil particle redistribution from the sloping lands with a hedge berm. In this study, soil particle redistribution and fractal dimension from sloping lands with or without a hedge berm were investigated. The main radius of soil particles being redistributed from the sloping lands ranged between 0.002 and 0.02 mm, whether or not a hedge berm existed. However, there were significant differences between sloping land with a hedge berm and without a hedge berm (P < 0.05). The values of the bias coefficient ranged from ?0.893 to ?0.817, and the values of peak convex coefficient ranged from ?1.619 to ?1.371. And the order of values of the fractal dimension for land with a hedge berm of 10 cm height was as follows: upper slope > middle slope > lower slope, and the sequence of the values of fractal dimension from sloping land without a hedge berm was upper slope >middle slope > lower slope. There was also a significant difference between the upper (US) and middle slope (MS) position (P < 0.05), and results also showed highly significant correlations (R²=0.9088 without hedge berm, R² = 0.9048 with hedge berm, respectively). A regression analysis was performed to establish the logarithmic relationship between peak convex coefficient and soil depth (R² = 0.9461 without hedge berm, R² = 0.9780 with hedge berm, respectively). The correlation between fractal dimension and bias coefficient was significant (P = < 0.05). Our results suggest that fractal dimension, bias coefficient and peak convex coefficient were sensitive indices to evaluate the soil particle redistribution and the farming activities, such as building a hedge berm, could better describe the characters of soil structure and soil particle redistribution from sloping cultivated land.     

Intercropping of Sonchus asper and Vicia faba affects plant cadmium accumulation and root responses

The cadmium (Cd) pollution of farmland soil is serious in the world. The present study investigated the effects of intercropping Vicia faba and the hyperaccumulator Sonchus asper on the Cd accumulation and root responses (morphology and secreted organic acids) of plants grown on soil from a mining area in Yunnan Province, China, under different Cd stress levels (0, 50, 100, and 200 mg kg^-1). Intercropping increased the biomass of both S. asper and V. faba, as well as the Cd accumulation and Cd transfer coefficient from roots to shoots of S. asper, but decreased those of V. faba in the 200 mg kg^-1 Cd treatment. The Cd concentrations in roots, shoots, and grains from intercropped V. faba plants were positively correlated (P<0.05) with the N,N-diethyl phenylacetamide-extractable Cd content in soil. In the 50 mg kg^-1 Cd treatment, intercropping decreased citric and malic acids in root secretions of S. asper. Intercropped V. faba secreted more citric, oxalic, acetic, and malic acid compared with S. asper. Intercropping also increased root length and root surface area of both S. asper and V. faba. At 50 mg kg^-1 Cd, root length for S. asper was higher than that at 0 mg kg^-1 Cd, whereas V. faba roots had significantly decreased length and mean diameter. Intercropping of S. asper and V. faba is suggested as an in situ phytoremediation strategy of Cd-contaminated soils and may improve the food quality of V. faba.     

中国南北方植物对土壤加固机制的差异性

为深入分析植物对土壤加固的影响效益和机制,该研究选取重庆缙云山地区和陕西延安黄土丘陵区种植一年的乔木（火炬树、榆树）和灌木（荆条、酸枣）,该测定其根系形态、力学参数和土壤的抗剪强度,通过RBM_w模型计算根系固土效益,综合评估不同植物种的固土效能和贡献度。结果表明：2地种植的物种平均根直径的差异不显著（P > 0.05）,重庆种植的乔木(火炬树、榆树)的根长、分叉数和根尖数显著高于延安,灌木未出现显著差异（P < 0.05）。根系的抗拉强度与直径都符合负幂函数关系,其中平均抗拉强度最大的为荆条。除荆条外,同种植物根系的抗拉强度并未因不同地区的种植产生显著差异。4个植物种根系的固土效率为0.65～4.12 kPa,各物种间存在显著差异（P < 0.05）。重庆2种乔木种植下的根土复合体有效黏聚力高于裸地（约10%）,灌木种植下则普遍略低于裸地。除酸枣外,种植于重庆的4种植物的根系固土作用和效率都显著的高于延安（P < 0.05）。研究结果可为不同地区固土护坡的树种选择提供理论依据。     

贺兰山3种乔木单根及根土复合体力学特性

为研究和比较贺兰山山杨、青海云杉、油松单根和根土复合体的力学特性,通过单根拉伸、三轴压缩、饱和渗透试验测定了3种乔木单根和根土复合体的力学参数及土水特征曲线。结果表明:3种乔木单根力学特性存在显著差异,且直径对单根的力学特性有显著影响。单根最大拉力与直径成幂函数相关,随直径增大而增大;单根抗拉强度、杨氏模量与直径成对数函数相关,随直径增大而减小。山杨单根平均最大拉力(0.38kN)青海云杉(0.25kN)油松(0.17kN);山杨单根平均抗拉强度(33.39 MPa)青海云杉(27.79MPa)油松(18.45MPa);山杨单根平均杨氏模量(0.17GPa)青海云杉(0.12GPa)油松(0.11GPa)。3种乔木根土复合体的黏聚力、弹性模量存在显著差异,但摩擦角没有显著差异(平均值30.48°)。山杨根土复合体的黏聚力(10.65kPa)青海云杉(8.97kPa)油松(7.13kPa);山杨根土复合体的弹性模量(2.17 MPa)青海云杉(2.52 MPa)油松(4.21 MPa)。3种乔木根土复合体的土水特征曲线、渗透函数曲线都存在极显著差异,山杨根土复合体的渗透能力油松青海云杉。研究结果对于评价山杨、青海云杉、油松稳定边坡能力和建立贺兰山边坡稳定性分析数值模型都具有重要参考价值。     

4种苔藓植物在喀斯特石漠化地区的生态修复意义

为探求苔藓植物在石漠化地区的生态修复意义,筛选出4种石漠化地区常见的苔藓,即美灰藓(Eurohypnum leptothallum)、小青藓(Brachythecium perminusculum)、双色真藓(Bryum dichotomum)和多疣细羽藓(Cyrto-hypnum pygmaeum),测定其生物量、饱和吸水率、根系密度、蒸腾速率和抗冲刷能力,并初次将该4种苔藓应用于石漠化修复的实践中,对其土壤酶活性进行了1年的跟踪监测。结果表明:(1)4种苔藓持水保水能力差异显著,其生物量由大到小依次为美灰藓双色真藓小青藓多疣细羽藓;饱和吸水率最低的是多疣细羽藓(660.78±3.46)%,最高的是美灰藓(1 627.82±4.68)%。(2)双色真藓的蒸发速率最高可达6.63g/(kg·h),其水分更容易丧失;美灰藓蒸发速率为0.93g/(kg·h),水分较其他苔藓不易丧失。(3)4种苔藓的抗冲刷能力与其假根的根长密度、根重密度、生物量存在显著正相关关系,美灰藓在各组冲刷试验中表现出较强的抗冲刷性,可以有效减少土壤流失。(4)4种苔藓均可有效提高被培养土壤的酶活性。苔藓层生物量、抗冲刷强化值、假根根系密度与土壤脱氢酶、脲酶呈正相关关系。4种苔藓均具有较高的水土保持效益,其中美灰藓的表现更为显著,建议利用物种演替规律将苔藓应用于石漠化修复的实践中。     

Growth and macronutrient contents of faba bean plants: Effects of salinity and nitrate nutrition

The effects of the interaction between sodium chloride, nitrate, and concentrations on growth and internal ion content of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) plants were studied, to understand the relationship between the above parameters and salt tolerance. Increased salinity substantially reduced the dry weight of roots and shoots and increased the root/shoot biomass ratio. Additional nitrate‐N considerably moderated the salinity effects on these parameters. The promotive effects of nitrate‐N were more pronounced on shoot dry weight. These results suggest that an exogenous supply of nitrate‐N would improve the vegetative growth of V. faba plants by moderating the suppresive effects of salinity. The evolution of the root and shoot content in potassium (K), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and nitrogen (N) was monitored during vegetative growth. A high correspondence between total N and Ca content was found. The acquisition of Ca and K in response to salt and nitrate was similar in shoots and roots, whereas Mg uptake showed notable differences in the two organs. In salt‐affected plants, the roots were found to be high in accumulated Na while the shoots exhibited the lowest Na concentration. Potassium accumulation was higher in the shoots. In this way, there was an antagonistic effect between Na and K uptake. Analyses of the nutrient contents in plant organs have provided a data base on salt‐tolerance mechanisms of V. faba plants.     

Nodulation and root growth increase in lower soil layers of water‐limited faba bean intercropped with wheat

Below‐ground niche complementarity in legume–cereal intercrops may improve resource use efficiency and root adaptability to environmental constraints. However, the effect of water limitation on legume rooting and nodulation patterns in intercropping is poorly understood. To advance our knowledge of mechanisms involved in water‐limitation response, faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were grown as mono‐ and intercrops in soil‐filled plexiglass rhizoboxes under water sufficiency (80% of water‐holding capacity) and water limitation (30% of water‐holding capacity). We examined whether intercropping facilitates below‐ground niche complementarity under water limitation via interspecific root stratification coupled with modified nodulation patterns. While no significant treatment effects were measured in intercropped wheat growth parameters, water limitation induced a decrease in shoot and root biomass of monocropped wheat. Likewise, shoot biomass and height, and root length of monocropped faba bean significantly decreased under water limitation. Conversely, water limitation stimulated root biomass of intercropped faba bean in the lower soil layer (15–30 cm soil depth). Similarly, total nodule number of faba bean roots as well as nodule number in the lower soil layer increased under intercropping regardless of water availability. Under water limitation, intercropping also led to a significant increased nodule biomass (48%) in the lower soil layer as compared to monocropping. The enhanced nodulation in the lower soil layer and the associated increase in root and shoot growth provides evidence for a shift in niche occupancy when intercropped with wheat, which improves water‐limited faba bean performance.     

植物协同微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀对铜尾矿的固化效果

为探讨微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀技术(microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation, MICP)和植物技术对污染矿区的固化效果。利用纺锤型赖氨酸芽孢杆菌(Lysinibacillus fusiformis)、碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)、红砂(Reamuria songarica)开展干旱半干旱高风蚀区尾矿污染固化试验。通过植物根系拉力及根—土复合体抗剪强度表征污染矿区响应效果。结果表明:MICP处理后红砂、碱蓬2种植物根系抗拉力分别增加59.9%,19.7%,抗拉强度分别降低7.4%,22.5%。较MICP处理前,100 kPa下红砂、碱蓬复合体抗剪强度分别提高62.7%,45.9%;200 kPa下分别提高130%,122%;300 kPa下分别提高26.8%,30.6%。胶结后,红砂、碱蓬根系中的半纤维素、纤维素、木质素的含量显著增加(p＜0.05),红砂根系分别增加64%,74%,153%;碱蓬根系分别增加24%,46%,95%。综上,MICP协同植被为干旱半干旱高风蚀尾矿区污染修复提供高效途径,研究结果对实现矿区自然环境改善,加速矿区的生态修复具有重大意义。     

长期施氮对谷子根系内生真菌群落特征的影响

为探讨长期施氮对作物运输根和吸收根内生真菌群落特征的影响及其机制。以农田长期定位施肥试验(1995—2019年)为基础,通过高通量测序技术,研究长期5个施氮肥处理(CK、N1、N2、N1P、N2P。其中CK、N1、N2施氮量分别为0,55.2,110.4 kg/hm~2)对谷子不同功能根内生真菌群落组成和结构的影响。结果表明:CK处理中吸收根的OTUs数和真菌多样性(shannon指数和Chao 1指数)均显著高于运输根(P0.05)。门水平上,吸收根的Ascomycota和Glomeromycota丰度显著高于运输根(P0.05),但Mortierellomycota和Basidiomycota丰度显著低于运输根(P0.05)。在属水平上,优势菌属Mortierella和Bipolaris在吸收根内的相对丰度显著低于运输根(P0.05),但Fusarium和Minimedusa显著高于运输根(P0.05)。高氮施肥吸收根和运输根的OTUs数、Chao 1指数分别提高了23.62%,23.87%,其他施肥则相反。施肥运输根的shannon指数提高了7.12%～19.62%,吸收根则相反。施肥吸收根致病菌属(Bipolaris、Fusarium、Magnaporthiopsis、Microdochium)的相对丰度分别增加了52.99%,40.74%,133.06%,200.00%,运输根中抗病菌属(Minimedusa)的相对丰度提高了40.16%～97.11%。施肥谷子根系碳、氮、磷含量分别提高了2.33%～11.63%,13.30%～94.66%,3.89%～263.92%,氮磷肥配施处理的影响尤为显著(P0.05)。施肥运输根生物量提高了106.67%～336.41%,吸收根的生物量降低了35.20%～60.20%。长期施肥通过提高土壤速效磷、全磷、可溶性氮和根系碳含量而提高吸收根内生真菌丰度,通过提高根系生物量而降低运输根内生真菌丰度,低氮磷配施肥(N1P)对土壤养分含量及菌群发展影响最大。探明长期施氮肥对黄土丘陵区谷子不同功能根系内生真菌分布格局变化的影响,为作物的高产优质及农田土壤生态环境的良好构建提供理论依据。     

Estimation of fine root biomass using a minirhizotron technique among three vegetation types in a cool-temperate brackish marsh

The minirhizotron technique is a non-destructive method to evaluate fine roots, which converts two-dimensional image data to three- dimensional root biomass data. Recently, conversion factors in soils at 10-cm depth intervals successfully estimated fine root biomass using image data from the minirhizotron method. However, this technique was conducted only at one forest site and did not consider different vegetation types. Therefore, the objective of this study was to verify a method for calibration of minirhizotron data with the core sampling values obtained by direct measurement of root biomass in wetland ecosystems among three vegetation types. Evaluations by minirhizotron technique and soil-core sampling were made at 30-cm soil depth in a cool-temperate brackish marsh in northern Japan. Linear regression was examined between root volume and weight of fine roots in soil core samples, and the fine root biomass on minirhizotron tubes was calculated from their length and diameter. The technique was well adapted for vegetation types dominated by Phragmites australis, Juncus yokoscensis, and Miscanthus sinensis and Cirsium inundatum. Compared with the fine root biomass estimated by the core sampling method, fine root biomass estimated by the minirhizotron method was overestimated in the 0–10-cm layer. Further, we determined conversion factors based on the ratio of the fine root biomass by the core sampling method to that by the minirhizotron tubes. Estimation of the fine root biomass using the conversion factors for each 10-cm soil depth was well adapted in P. australis vegetation and J. yokoscensis vegetation types as a forest ecosystem; meanwhile, M. sinensis and C. inundatum vegetation types were not well adapted. This study suggests that the minirhizotron technique is available to estimate fine root biomass of single-species dominated vegetation in the brackish marsh using conversion factors for each 10-cm depth.