Immature green citrus fruit detection and counting based on fast normalized cross correlation (FNCC) using natural outdoor colour images

A fast normalized cross correlation (FNCC) based machine vision algorithm was proposed in this study to develop a method for detecting and counting immature green citrus fruit using outdoor colour images toward the development of an early yield mapping system. As a template matching method, FNCC was used to detect potential fruit areas in the image, which was the very basis for subsequent false positive removal. Multiple features, including colour, shape and texture features, were combined in this algorithm to remove false positives. Circular Hough transform (CHT) was used to detect circles from images after background removal based on colour components. After building disks centred in centroids resulted from both FNCC and CHT, the detection results were merged based on the size and Euclidian distance of the intersection areas of the disks from these two methods. Finally, the number of fruit was determined after false positive removal using texture features. For a validation dataset of 59 images, 84.4 % of the fruits were successfully detected, which indicated the potential of the proposed method toward the development of an early yield mapping system.     

不同主枝开张角度杏树冠层内果实产量和品质差异分析

为了探明杏树冠层内不同部位果实产量和品质的差异,应用树冠分格方法研究了两种不同主枝开张角度冠层内不同部位果实产量和品质的差异。结果表明,不同主枝开张角度;占树冠层内的产量在水平和垂直方向上均主要分布在中部,且具有显著差异,60。自然开心形的单株产量较高,为33．22kg;30。自然开心形单株产量为29．41kg;果实品质各项指标中单果重、Vc含量、总糖和糖酸比是60。自然开心形的显著大于30。自然开心形;果形指数、果皮硬度和滴定酸含量是30。自然开心形的显著大于60。自然开心形;主枝开张角度对单果重、果形指数、果皮硬度、Vc含量、总糖、滴定酸和糖酸比有较显著影响,对果汁pH值和可溶性固形物无显著影响,说明主枝开张角度会影响果实产量和品质,从两个主枝开张角度的综合比较来看,60。比30。更有利于提高产量和品质。     

果树盆景促花·保果技术措施

介绍了果树盆景促花、保果的主要技术措施 ,包括 :肥水管理 ,光照调节 ,修剪整枝 ,补花促果 ,授粉 ,疏花疏果 ,喷洒生长激素 ,防治病虫害等     

套袋和摘除花瓣对西葫芦果实发育及品质的影响

以早青一代西葫芦品种为材料,研究了套袋及摘除雌花花瓣对果实发育和品质的影响。结果表明,套袋对西葫芦的瓜形、瓜色无不良影响,套袋瓜新鲜度好,质地脆嫩,感官品质提高,蛋白质含量稍有增加,但套袋对坐瓜率、果实发育、商品瓜产量以及果实中维生素C、可溶性糖和游离氨基酸的含量均有一定程度的不利影响。套袋结合摘除花瓣可以消除或降低套袋对坐瓜、果实发育和商品瓜产量的不利影响。     

内蒙古阿拉善荒漠灌木果实类型多样性研究

本文对分布于内蒙古阿拉善荒漠的21科44属82种灌木果实类型、形态、大小及扩散器进行了计测。结果显示,阿拉善荒漠灌木果实中,干果占果实类型的91.5%,居优势地位;肉果仅占果实类型的8.5%。干果中,裂果占34.1%,闭果占65.9%。阿拉善荒漠灌木中果实形态以卵形、倒卵形、椭圆形、近球形和矩圆形为主,分别占果实形态的28.05%、9.75%、10.97%、8.54%、8.54%。阿拉善荒漠灌木果实中,36.58%的果实千粒重小于3g,且其形状近球形,67.1%的果实具有扩散器。以上结果表明:一方面,阿拉善荒漠灌木果实类型对荒漠环境的适应具有趋同性,表现为果实类型以干果为主,而且大部分果实具有扩散器,这有利于果实在风力作用下传播;另一方面,阿拉善荒漠灌木果实类型又表现出对荒漠环境适应的多样性,传播方式的多样性,果实类型、果实形态、果实大小的多样性。不同的果实类型对阿拉善荒漠植被的更新起不同的生态作用,保证了阿拉善荒漠植被的多样性,从而为荒漠灌木生态位的分异奠定了基础。     

Automatic detection of skin defects in citrus fruits using a multivariate image analysis approach

One of the main problems in the post-harvest processing of citrus is the detection of visual defects in order to classify the fruit depending on their appearance. Species and cultivars of citrus present a high rate of unpredictability in texture and colour that makes it difficult to develop a general, unsupervised method able of perform this task. In this paper we study the use of a general approach that was originally developed for the detection of defects in random colour textures. It is based on a Multivariate Image Analysis strategy and uses Principal Component Analysis to extract a reference eigenspace from a matrix built by unfolding colour and spatial data from samples of defect-free peel. Test images are also unfolded and projected onto the reference eigenspace and the result is a score matrix which is used to compute defective maps based on the T² statistic. In addition, a multiresolution scheme is introduced in the original method to speed up the process. Unlike the techniques commonly used for the detection of defects in fruits, this is an unsupervised method that only needs a few samples to be trained. It is also a simple approach that is suitable for real-time compliance. Experimental work was performed on 120 samples of oranges and mandarins from four different cultivars: Clemenules, Marisol, Fortune, and Valencia. The success ratio for the detection of individual defects was 91.5%, while the classification ratio of damaged/sound samples was 94.2%. These results show that the studied method can be suitable for the task of citrus inspection.     

设施番茄果实生长及产量形成模拟模型

为探明番茄果实生长与温度、光照的关系以及建立番茄产量预测的新方法,该研究对不同播期、品种、氮素水平及茬口的试验数据进行处理,构建了反映果实生长与温度、光照关系的果实横、纵径生长模型,以及果实干物质机理性模型和果实鲜重与横、纵径关系的线性模型,并建立了以上述模型为基础的番茄产量预测模型。运用独立数据对产量模型进行验证,结果显示:在不同氮素水平下,当利用干物质机理性模型模拟番茄产量时,模拟值与实测值的RMSE和ADe都小于30 g(每株);当用果实横径经验性模型模拟番茄产量时,RMSE和ADe都小于35 g(每株);当用果实纵径经验性模型模拟番茄产量时,RMSE和ADe都小于40 g(每株)。表明番茄产量模型均具有较高的预测精度,能够很好地模拟番茄产量,可为设施番茄生产提供理论依据和决策支持,其中利用果实横、纵径的线性关系模型来预测番茄产量,具有参数少、不破坏果实活体、实用性强等特点。     

应用生长调节剂对锦橙留树保鲜的影响

重庆地区锦橙果实采前应用GA处理以延缓果实成熟,可留树保鲜2～3个月,再配合使用2,4-D,座果率可达百分之九十五左右,且果实色泽鲜艳、可溶性固形物含量高、果肉细嫩、风味浓甜,只要加强栽培管理,一般不影响翌年的产最。     

基于数字图像的水果分形维数特征

为了定量描述仿球形水果表面轮廓间的差异,用周长-面积法研究水果的分形维数特征.取大小不同的温州蜜柑20个、麻阳冰糖橙17个和红富士苹果18个,设置3种水果花萼面和侧面2个方向上数字图像红色或蓝色分量阈值,将水果区域内外的红色、绿色、蓝色分量分别置为0和1,得到水果二值图像.以水果区域细化后的边界像素数和区域内像素数分别作为水果的周长和面积,以周长-面积法求得3类水果2个方向的分形维数.结果表明,3种水果花萼面的分形维数均比其侧面的分形维数小,花萼面分形维数间差异不明显,但侧面分形维数差异明显,表明仿球形水果的外形特征可用花萼面分形维数和侧面分形维数反映,但主要指标是侧面分形维数.     

Immature peach detection in colour images acquired in natural illumination conditions using statistical classifiers and neural network

Detection of immature peach fruits would help growers to create yield maps which are very useful tools for adjusting management practices during the fruit maturing stages. Machine vision algorithms were developed to detect and count immature peach fruit in natural canopies using colour images. This study was the first effort to detect immature peach fruit in natural environment to the authors’ knowledge. Captured images had various illumination conditions due to both direct sunlight and diffusive light conditions that make the fruit detection task more difficult. A training set and a validation set were used to develop and to test the algorithms. Different image scanning methods including finding potential fruit regions were developed and used to parse fruit objects in the natural canopy image. Circular Gabor texture analysis and ‘eigenfruit’ approach (inspired by the ‘eigenface’ face detection and recognition method) were used for feature extraction. Statistical classifiers, a neural network and a support vector machine classifier were built and used for detecting peach fruit. A blob analysis was performed to merge multiple detections for the same peach fruit. Performance of the classifiers and image scanning methods were introduced and evaluated. Using the proposed algorithms, 84.6, 77.9 and 71.2 % of the actual fruits were successfully detected using three different image scanning methods for the validation set.     

Machine vision for counting fruit on mango tree canopies

Machine vision technologies hold the promise of enabling rapid and accurate fruit crop yield predictions in the field. The key to fulfilling this promise is accurate segmentation and detection of fruit in images of tree canopies. This paper proposes two new methods for automated counting of fruit in images of mango tree canopies, one using texture-based dense segmentation and one using shape-based fruit detection, and compares the use of these methods relative to existing techniques:—(i) a method based on K-nearest neighbour pixel classification and contour segmentation, and (ii) a method based on super-pixel over-segmentation and classification using support vector machines. The robustness of each algorithm was tested on multiple sets of images of mango trees acquired over a period of 3 years. These image sets were acquired under varying conditions (light and exposure), distance to the tree, average number of fruit on the tree, orchard and season. For images collected under the same conditions as the calibration images, estimated fruit numbers were within 16 % of actual fruit numbers, and the F1 measure of detection performance was above 0.68 for these methods. Results were poorer when models were used for estimating fruit numbers in trees of different canopy shape and when different imaging conditions were used. For fruit-background segmentation, K-nearest neighbour pixel classification based on colour and smoothness or pixel classification based on super-pixel over-segmentation, clustering of dense scale invariant feature transform features into visual words and bag-of-visual-word super-pixel classification using support vector machines was more effective than simple contrast and colour based segmentation. Pixel classification was best followed by fruit detection using an elliptical shape model or blob detection using colour filtering and morphological image processing techniques. Method results were also compared using precision–recall plots. Imaging at night under artificial illumination with careful attention to maintaining constant illumination conditions is highly recommended.     

番茄品系品质性状的因子分析

采用Promax因子分析法对12个番茄品系的品质性状进行分析,结果表明:番茄品系的品质性状可由4个公共因子(结果初期的株高生长速率因子、株形因子、果实成熟期的耐储性因子和果实成熟期的果形因子)及其之间的相关性描述,果实外观品质(单果重和果径)与结果初期株高呈负相关,与单株产量呈正相关;果实水分含量与开展度、茎粗与始花节位呈正相关;成熟果实的耐储性与果实维生素C、可溶性固形物含量及果实糖酸比这3个营养品质性状呈正相关,而与早熟性呈负相关;果形指数与单株产量、果实维生素C含量、果实有机酸含量呈负相关。4个公共因子间不同的相关性揭示植株向上生长与横向伸展和果实水分含量之间,植株生长速率与果实耐储性之间,植株横向伸展与果实耐储性之间关系较密切,而果实形状的决定因子较为独立,受其他因子干扰小,表现为品系固有的特性。     

檀香树干受咖啡豹蠹蛾危害区域的分割与分类

为了实现海南省北部县市檀香受咖啡豹蠹蛾(Zeuzera coffeae Nietner)虫害的自动识别,使用林内传感器传回的图像信息,提出一种空域与频域相结合的背景去除方法,并提取出虫害区域与健康区域。该方法首先提取出檀香树的前景部分,使用2G-B-R因子去除枝叶及边缘,在L*a*b*系统中选择合适的通道,使用Otus法和形态学运算剔除排泄物区域,并成功分割出虫害和健康区域。通过2种区域的图像在纹理方面表现出的不同,提取筛选出3种受外界因素影响比较小的特征,并在此基础上利用差异扩大法提出了"多纹理特征"的概念。使用Logistic二分类法对提取出的纹理特征及其组合、多纹理特征及其组合、主成分分析后的特征进行分类并分析,结果证明通过扩大差异得到的多纹理特征分类效果要好于单纹理特征,且使用"熵值均值-相关性均值"得到的分类精度最高,并使用系统聚类以及K-means聚类方法验证得到相同的结论,证明了所提方法的科学性。     

五个SH系矮化中间砧对‘富士’苹果树体生长、产量和品质的影响

【目的】探讨SH不同系号中间砧对宫藤富士苹果幼树生长、早果性、果实产量和品质的影响,为苹果矮化砧木的评价、筛选和合理选择提供理论依据和应用建议。【方法】以2009年春季定植的3年根1年干的矮化中间苹果成品苗(宫藤富士/SH1、SH3、SH6、SH9和SH40/平邑甜茶)为试材,株行距为1.5 m×5.0 m,细纺锤整形修剪,栽植第2年开始,连续6年调查分析SH不同系号中间砧对宫藤富士苹果树体生长、果实产量和品质的影响。【结果】SH不同系号中间砧对宫藤富士苹果树体生长、果实产量和品质的影响存在较大差异。SH6树体最小,树体干周粗度显著小于其他系号,SH3和SH40的干周粗度显著大于其他系号;SH6树体新梢年生长量在栽植7年内均最低,SH3树体新梢年生长量先高后低;各系号总枝量无明显差异,但枝类组成差异较大,SH6树体树势中庸,树体短枝比例最高(63.81%),长枝比例最小(7.80%)。栽植第4年各系号树体开始有产量,SH3、SH6、SH9和SH40四个系号树体3年累计单株产量超过75 kg,4个系号间无显著差异,但均显著高于SH1系号树体;SH6产量连续稳定性最好,SH9产量稳定性最差;SH6树体果实产量在树冠不同部位的分布最均匀,表现突出;各系号果实大果率(单果重200 g的果实占总产量的比例)由高到低依次为:SH40SH6SH3SH9SH1。各系号树体果实的平均单果重、果形指数和果实硬度均无显著差异;SH6树体果实的果形指数的变异系数最小,果实果形一致性最好;SH6果实可溶性固形物含量和固酸比显著优于其他4种中间砧。【结论】SH6作为中间砧嫁接宫藤富士与其他系号相比,具有树体小、新梢平均长度小、短枝比例高、枝类组成合理、产量稳定、果实品质优等特点。     

不同留果量对猕猴桃果实产量及品质的影响

以贵长、秦美2个猕猴桃树种为试验材料,研究了不同留果量和留果部位对猕猴桃果实产量及品质的影响.结果表明:单条结果蔓留果量以3～5个为宜,留果4个最佳.树体上部所留果的品质明显优于树体下部.说明,通过疏果来进行合理留果,能明显提高果实单产、大果率、果品的商品率以及经济效益.     

“杂辐25号”番茄罐藏中型试产报告

本文系报告番茄罐藏新品种“杂辐25号”育成经过及其罐头制品鉴定情况。“杂辐25号”番茄是由“北京早红”与“粤农2号”的杂种第一代经3万仑琴γ射线照射处理后进行五代选择而定型的。新品种植株为自封顶,株型紧凑,果中型近圆形,产量高且稳定。适宜在我省南部地区气候条件种植。果实的固形物含量为5.82％,番茄红素含量为7.98毫克/百克。由“杂辐25号”番茄制成的高浓度番茄果酱,其酱体细腻稠密,色泽深红,风味正常,番茄红素含量为41.85毫克/百克,吨耗原料为5.64吨。碎块番茄罐头的色泽虹,风味佳,块形好,每百克碎块番茄含番茄红素为6.10—8.60毫克,原料加工回收率为89.3—91.3％。     

大棚黄瓜增产剂效果初报

棚瓜肥黄瓜增产剂是沈阳农业大学遗传所以植物生长物质为主，辅以必要的营养物质配掣是大棚黄瓜增产剂。试验结果表明，在黄瓜结瓜期叶面喷施后，黄反功能叶光合速率提高３６．２，果率提高２１．４％，有明显的增产效果，而且瓜直色正，改善了瓜条的商品质量。采收根瓜时喷施，在黄瓜整个生长季节都有增产作用，其中喷药后２０－４０ｄ增产效果最大，整个生长季节可增产２９．５１％。     

果形素对新红星苹果坐果及果形指数的影响

以盛果期新红星苹果树为试材,于盛花期喷施果形素１号,２号,３号,均可显著提高花序坐果率,果形指数。高桩果率和果实单果重,但对果实硬度,可溶性固形物,果实着色度均无显著作用。这３种果表素均能达到普洛马林的应用效果。     

喷施赤霉素对骏枣叶片发育及产量品质的影响

以明确骏枣花期喷施不同质量浓度赤霉素对内源GA₃含量、光合效率及品质产量的影响为目的,以骏枣为材料,于骏枣盛花期叶面喷施外源赤霉素,处理质量浓度分别为0 mg/L（CK）、10 mg/L、20 mg/L、40 mg/L、60 mg/L、80 mg/L,测定骏枣叶片相关指标及光合作用,检测果实缓慢生长期、迅速生长期、白熟期、转色期和红熟期果实内源GA₃含量;在红熟期调查骏枣品质产量相关指标。结果表明：喷施不同质量浓度赤霉素后骏枣叶片光合作用表现为低质量浓度促进、高质量浓度抑制,其中处理40 mg/L对叶片光合作用的促进最显著;随着枣果发育,幼果期内源GA₃含量显著上升,果实缓慢生长期内源GA₃含量快速下降,赤霉素处理显著提高了果实内源GA₃含量,全红期果实中处理较对照的内源GA₃含量提高了0.011~0.031 mg/kg。品质方面,低质量浓度处理与对照相比单果质量和产量有所增加,果形指数和果柄耐拉力差异不明显;随着处理质量浓度的增加,全红期枣果可溶性糖、总酸含量先升高后降低,蛋白质含量先降低后升高,纤维素含量逐渐下降后上升。喷施赤霉素能明显提高骏枣果实质量和叶片光合效率,因此在新疆地区骏枣以高产优质为目标建议喷施40 mg/L赤霉素。     

翠冠梨果枝类型及坐果序位与产量和果实品质的关系

以翠冠梨为试材,探讨了不同果枝类型、坐果序位与产量、果实品质的关系。结果表明:翠冠梨长、中果枝结果总量超过短果枝,且长果枝果实可溶性固形物含量较高,中果枝果实果形较端正,修剪上应适量保留这两者结果,以提高产量,增进品质;不同坐果序位的产量分布及果实品质差异明显,第1至第3低序位果在产量上占有绝对优势,综合品质优于中、高位果,尤以第2低序位果所占产量比例最大、果形端正一致、可溶性固形物含量最高,疏果时应尽量加以保留。