大伙房水库上游面源污染分析与治理技术研究

大伙房水库属全国九大重点城市供水水源地之一,在分析水库上游农村生活和农业生产等面源污染现状的基础上,利用梯级净化技术设计提出面源污染治理方案,为改善水源地生态环境质量、强化大伙房水库上游面源污染治理提供一定技术指导.     

丹江水库上游西峡水源涵养区农业面源污染治理策略

南水北调是国家重点建设工程,搞好上游水源地农业面源污染治理是确保一湖清水送北京的关键所在。基于此,从丹江口水库西峡水源涵养区农业面源污染现状调查入手,结合农村面源污染治理实践,提出了丹江水库上游西峡水源涵养区农业面源污染治理策略。     

闹德海水库上游水体污染来源及时空分布特征

以闹德海水库上游为例,通过调查监测河道内底泥污染物释放、禽畜养殖、农村生活、农业种植等水体污染来源,识别并揭示了典型污染指标及其时空变化特征,确定禽畜养殖、农村生活和农业种植等农业面源属流域水体主要污染源,为流域水污染防治方案的优化设计提供一定参考.     

湖北省面源污染现状及防治对策

面源污染造成水环境的破坏,导致生态环境恶化。湖北省城市内湖和纳污河渠的水体污染严重,主要湖泊、水库的水质大部分已不能满足功能区划要求。湖北省面源污染主要是由土壤侵蚀、农用化学品的施用、畜产公害、水产养殖等造成的,针对污染实际提出了完善法律法规、加强环境教育、控制农业自身污染、发展节水灌溉农业、全面实施以小流域为单元的综合治理和生态修复、建设水体周边保护缓冲带等防治对策。     

海南岛农田面源污染在生物气候区分布上的特征研究

农业面源污染已成为中国首要环境问题,其污染范围广,污染后果严重。理清农业面源污染的地域分布规律,对合理制定农业面源污染防控措施具有特别重要的意义。以海南主岛为研究区域,采用农田径流场结合人工模拟降雨的方法,研究在生物气候分区上农田面源污染物输出系数及特征。结果表明：海南岛不同生物气候区差异对于土壤径流系数大小的影响程度,表现为半湿润区〉湿润区〉潮湿区〉半干旱区;半湿润区、潮湿区和湿润区存在潜在的水土流失问题;氮素与磷素分别主要以随径流和泥沙的方式迁移;暴雨强度显著增加了污染物的流失速率。     

宁波市中心城区饮用水水源地水环境分析与治理对策

宁波城乡供水水源已逐步由河网转向大中型水库,极大地改善了城乡居民饮用水水质,保障了饮用水安全。作为宁波市重要饮用水水源地的五大水库,水质状况总体较好,但是水源地上游以农业生产、生活旅游、畜禽养殖等为主的污染问题仍未得到系统治理,水环境保护的各种矛盾仍然较为突出。分析了宁波中心城区饮用水水源地水环境现状以及影响水库水环境的主要因素,提出了相应的对策和建议。     

汾河水库及其上游干流水环境状况及保护对策

位于汾河上游干流的汾河水库是山西省最大的综合利用水利枢纽工程,担负着太原的防洪及工农业供水的重要任务,汾河水库上游干流河道为引黄工程的天然输水河道,根据对汾河水库上游多年水质监测成果资料分析,发现汾河上游在2003年10月黄河水进入前后,水质状况有明显变化:1996~2002年和2003~2005年水质资料对比中,后者的水质状况明显劣于前者,其污染物浓度和种类有一定变化,主要表现为水质类别普遍升高。为确保引黄供水工程供水效益的充分发挥和汾河水库及其上游干流水资源的可持续利用,应根据当地的实际情况,通过对汾河水库及其上游干流水污染现状及引黄水进入汾河前后的水质变化情况进行分析,从而提出了汾河水库上游水环境保护对策及治理方案。     

安徽省巢湖流域众兴水库小流域农业面源污染调查与评价

[目的]对安徽省巢湖流域众兴水库小流域农业面源污染情况进行调查分析和评价,了解该地区农业面源污染的现状和特征,以期为制定针对性防控措施提供参考依据。[方法]应用等标污染负荷法,通过问卷调查形式对巢湖流域众兴水库小流域内进行实地的走访调研,对水库周边3个村域的种植、养殖及人居面源污染进行分类调查和核算分析。[结果](1)众兴水库项目区周边3个村落面源污染排放源中,养殖业污染物的排放量和污负荷率最大,污染物排放量达到109.00t,污负荷率最大为57.52%;种植业化肥施用带来的面源污染物总量达25.52t,负荷率为13.47%。生活污染源污染负荷为29.01%,污染物总量达到54.97t。(2)在化学需氧量(COD),TN,TP这3个评价因子中,以COD的污染负荷率最高,达74.26%;TN污染负荷率为21.13%;TP的污染负荷率为4.61%。[结论]小流域内养殖业的污染物排放是威胁众兴水库水源地饮用水安全的主要构成因子,也是农业面源污染防控的重点。     

永康市杨溪水库水源区农业而源污染防治探索

本文分析了杨溪水库水源区农业面源污染现状,对目前存在的问题提出相应的治理措施,包括农村生活污水处理、生态农业建设、水土流失治理等,为解决当前水库水源地农业面源污染问题提供参考。     

水库库区重要水源地水土流失问题及防治对策

近年来一些水库库区周边及其上游地区水土流失有不断上升的趋势,这不仅使这一地区土地退化,导致涵养水源能力下降和严重的水库淤积,而且使坡地施用的化肥、农药、有机物随坡地径流流入河流最终流入水库之中,成为不可忽视的面源污染。水土流失使许多饮水水源地水质受到污染破坏,直接影响到供水区域经济社会的可持续发展和人民的正常生产生活。为了实现水生态安全保障,服务海峡西岸经济区建设,作者从水土保持的角度,分析水库库区重要水源地水土流失的特点,并提出治理的对策。     

安阳市水保工程建管方式及存在的问题与建议

安阳市近10年来建成的水土保持工程的主要建设管理方式可分为3种,即:乡村组织治理,完成后分配给农户分散经营;乡村组织治理,由村成立专业队代表村集体管理;把小流域或荒山承包给个体或私人经济组织,由其自行治理和经营管护。3种建管方式中以后者为最优,其经济效益是分散经营管理的5倍、专业队经营管理的3.5倍。针对水保工程建设管理中存在的问题和适应农村税费改革等要求,提出了加快安阳市水保生态建设的建议。     

我国滑坡、崩塌的区域特征、成因分析及其防御

论述了我国滑坡、崩塌的区域分布特征,滑坡和崩塌的危害程度,滑坡和崩塌类型和成因分析,并且提出了灾害的防御措施,以期达到环境保护成为社会发展过程中的一个重要组成部分。     

硒、钴单施和配施对苜蓿生长及产量的效应研究

为探讨硒、钴在提高苜蓿生长影响,在河南省沿黄滩区,开展了硒、钴单施和配施下对紫花苜蓿生长以及产量和品质影响研究。结果表明,硒、钴单施和配合基施均能够显著提高苜蓿从现蕾到开花期的净光合能力,降低呼吸消耗,提高单位叶面积干物质的生产速率,有利于苜蓿花前青干草生产和果实发育;其中,以硒570 g/hm2、钴762g/hm2配施下效果显著,青干草增产8.06%,种子千粒重可提高12.85%。单施钴和硒钴配施还能促进0—20 cm耕层苜蓿根瘤菌的生长和积累,增强苜蓿的固氮能力。说明硒钴合理基施对苜蓿青干草和优质种子生产具有很好的应用效果。     

Hydroxy-Al complexes of montmorillonite and vermiculite and identification of intergrades of montmorillonite-chlorite and vermiculite-chlorite in soils

Much evidence has indicated that the occurrence of montmorillonite and vermiculite containing Al-interlayers is very common in solis, particularly acid soils. Viewed in the light of soil clay minerology, it would be required to investigate the properties of their original minerals. For the latter purpose, the Al-interlayer has been removed prior to the Mg-glycerol,K-saturation and heating tests for identification of montmorillonite and vermiculite. Its removal has been accomplished in sevsral ways; KOH plus KCl (1), NH₄F, KCl plus HCl (2), Na-citrate (3),400C de hydroxylation-NaOH (4) dissolution. Although these methods are effective for the removal of Al-interlayers, they seem drastically to affect the minerals or are time-consuming. Inthe course of the study of hydroxy-Al interlaid complexes of expanding 2:1 layer lattice clay minerals, the authors have noticed the difference between the (001) spacings of hydroxy-Al complexes of montmorillonite and vermiculite; the former exhibited the 20 A basal spacing at room temperature against the 14 A spacing of the latter. This difference might be useful for differentiating montnmorillonite-chlorite intergrades in soils.     

濂溪区水土保持区划与防治布局研究

水土保持区划可为区域水土保持规划与宏观管理、水土保持生态文明建设提供重要的参考。在《江西省水土保持区划及防治布局研究》确立的原则与方法的基础上,根据全国、全省和九江市水土保持区划划分方法,分析濂溪区各乡镇地形地貌、水土流失特点、水土流失防治及经济社会发展等的区域差异,将全区划分为城市人居环境维护区、平原农田防护水质维护区、丘陵保土生态维护区3个五级区,同时基于水土保持功能,提出了各分区的详细水土流失防治布局,为濂溪区及其他区域的水土保持规划与宏观决策,加快推进各地生态文明建设提供重要的参考和借鉴。     

河道堤防滩地的水土流失及其防治

平原地区河道堤防滩地的水土流失,直接淤积河床,影响行洪安全。堤防滩地的水土流失是自然因素和人为因素共同作用的结果,以新修堤防的水土流失最为严重,对其防治须实行工程措施、植物措施和人为预防相结合。     

生产建设项目水土保持“天地一体化”监管存在问题及建议

根据"天地一体化"技术在生产建设项目水土保持监管中的应用情况,对"天地一体化"技术在水土保持信息化应用中存在的防治责任范围图件不规范、合规性鉴定困难、未批先建等问题进行了归纳总结,并提出相应的建议,以期能为"天地一体化"水土保持监管工作逐步走向成熟提供参考,全面提升水土保持信息化建设水平,加快推进水土保持监管信息化进程。     

Impact of quality and quantity of biochar and hydrochar on soil Collembola and growth of spring wheat

The effects of biochar (maize biochar – MBC, wood biochar – WBC) and unfermented or fermented hydrochar (HTC) on the euedaphic Collembola Protaphorura fimata and on spring wheat were investigated in greenhouse experiments. The impact of char type, amount of fermented HTC, and MBC-Collembola interactions were assessed. Generally, shoot and root biomass as well as abundance of P. fimata were not affected by the different chars. However, with increasing amounts of fermented HTC the abundance of P. fimata declined, whereas shoot biomass of wheat increased. Moreover, MBC altered root morphology and resulted in thicker roots with higher volume. The latter was not apparent when Collembola were present.     

Effects of residues of lime and phosphorus fertilizer on cadmium uptake and yield of potatoes and carrots

Potatoes (Solarium tuberosum L.) and carrots (Daucus carota L.) were grown in the field on Tasmanian ferrosols (humic eutrudox) which had been limed either 2, 3, or 5 years earlier, and where tuber cadmium (Cd) concentrations in potatoes grown a few months after the liming had shown no lime response. In the current crops lime decreased potato tuber Cd by about 30% and carrot root Cd by about 50%. We attributed the decrease to more even and deeper mixing of the lime with the soil by the harvest of the first potatoes. Phosphorus (P) fertilizer residues from the earlier potato crops did not significantly affect tuber or root Cd, but there was a positive effect at 1 site where some high Cd P fertilizer had earlier been used. Neither lime nor P fertilizer residues affected potato or carrot yields. Analysis at one site of potato tubers from the upper part of the soil ridges showed that they had slightly higher Cd concentrations than did deeper tubers near the fertilizer band, whether P fertilizer was in the band or not. This suggests that either the Cd in the fertilizer band was relatively unimportant as a Cd source for the current crop, or that Cd was redistributed within the plant during the season, or both. Liming may be a suitable medium to long‐term strategy for decreasing Cd uptake by root crops, but site to site and seasonal variation can still be great, and knowledge of other major influences is needed for assurance of produce quality. Our observations need to be extended to sites which gives rise to higher Cd concentrations in agricultural produce, and to other soil types. Potato common scab was severe in the limed plots at one site. However, this site had grown 3 potato crops in 5 years, which probably exacerbated the disease. Potato processors in Tasmania demand a minimum of 5 years between successive crops which should slow any build up of scab due to liming, but more work on possible interactions between lime and rotation length on scab incidence is needed before liming can be recommended as a Cd control measure for potatoes.     

水土流失动态监测与评价研究现状与问题

美国等国家已将遥感、ＧＩＳ技术广泛应用于水土流失动态监测与预报,并开发出基于物理过程的土壤侵蚀预报模型。中国在水土流失地面观测、遥感监测方面已取得许多成果,但在区域土壤侵蚀评价、预报模型开发方面,缺少系列化观测与统计数据,已有的坡面土壤侵蚀模型等在通用性、适用性方面还存在不少问题。当前急需解决的问题是建立水土流失监测与评价指标体系,开发评价模型系统,建立国家水土保持信息系统