干旱半干旱沙区人工植被与土壤水分环境相互作用关系研究进展

土壤水分在干旱、半干旱沙区人工植被恢复、植物生长和群落演替过程中起着重要作用。文中综述了我国主要沙化地区人工固沙植被土壤水分状况和动态的研究现状, 分析了土壤水分的时空格局及其影响因子; 探讨植被冠层、生物结皮、植物根系对土壤水分的调控作用和影响机理以及干旱、半干旱沙区人工植被土壤水分空间异质性及相关问题; 最后提出人工植被区的土壤水分动态模拟预测、土壤—植被—大气系统水量平衡和水分循环以及空间尺度扩展等问题应是未来的研究重点。     

干旱黄土区造林地土壤水分对植物根系分布的影响研究

植物的地上部分生长与根系部分生长是一个相互联系统一的整体.土壤含水率的高低决定了植物地上、地下部分的生长范围.通过对土壤含水率与植物根系的调查,探索干旱、半干旱地区造林树种根系与土壤水分的关系,为该地区造林地水分管理及干旱、半干旱植被恢复区的造林工作提供了理论依据.     

种子强吸水抗旱包衣技术

植物繁殖及更新最难度过的时期就是种子萌发和萌发后的幼苗生长期。在此期间，植物可持续供应水分，是植物成活的关键，水成为恢复植被的限制因子。强吸水抗旱(丸化)技术利用种子包衣剂中的高分子吸水树脂，解决了干旱、半干旱地区植物种子萌发和幼苗生长期水分需求问题，而且通过丸化技术解决了干旱、半干旱地区牧草种植、退耕还林(草)人工造林，种植时对水、肥、根瘤菌、农药、生长促进剂等的综合需要问题。     

拉萨半干旱河谷砂生槐灌丛生态恢复过程的群落特征与土壤微生物动态分析

为揭示拉萨半干旱河谷地带性植被砂生槐灌丛生态恢复过程的特征动态,采用空间序列代替时间序列研究方法,将处于不同封育年限(3,6,9年及CK)的砂生槐植被作为植被恢复的典型群落,对其高度、盖度、密度、生物量、多样性指数、种群生态位宽度及土壤细菌、放线菌、真菌等微生物动态进行分析.结果表明:1)采取封育措施后,外界干扰减少,从而增加物种多样性和植物特征值,使生产力得到提升;2)砂生槐生态位宽度最大,是河谷地带群落中的建群种及优势种;藏沙蒿分布较为均匀,是一种泛化种;3)群落中土壤微生物的数量与封育时间呈正比,随着封育时间的延长而越发丰富,说明在砂生槐群落封育恢复过程中,土壤环境有较为明显的改善.     

对榆林沙地植被盖度和水分关系的初步探讨

干旱是影响固沙植物生长的主要自然因素，不同沙地，不同水分条件，建立不同的植被覆盖度是维持沙地水分平衡，建立稳定的固沙植物群落，防止固沙植被演替退化的重要技术措施。本文通过对榆林红石峡约5000亩沙地植被，抽取样方144个进行调查分析，认为在榆林红石峡水分条件下适宜的植被盖度是50－70％，覆盖度大于70％时，因植物蒸腾耗水量过大，致使土壤过度干旱，是导致植被演替退化的主要原因。对红石峡沙地封禁后植被恢复，演替，退化经历的主要阶段作了初步的划分，提出了沙地植物在各演替阶段中的主要生活型谱，为选择固沙先锋植物种，提供参考依据。     

固体水、保水剂与蓄水渗膜3种抗旱造林材料的应用研究

干旱半干旱地区造林成活率低一直是一个难以解决的重要问题。在干旱半干旱地区要提高造林成活率、实现植被恢复,首先必须合理利用十分紧缺的水资源,于是使用各种抗旱材料来提高水分利用效率,科学地解决植物赖以生存的水分环境,成为很多科技工作者的重要研究内容。该文对固体水、保水剂、蓄水渗膜3种抗旱造林材料从其研究历史、功能机理、应用效果3个方面进行了综述,并对其今后的应用研究提出了问题和展望,以期为解决干旱半干旱地区造林存活难的问题提供借鉴。     

高寒沙区乌柳高杆深栽固沙技术

随着沙漠化治理工作的不断深入,固沙造林技术日趋成熟和多样化。青海湖地区受低温的影响,植被生长受限,因此,在该区尝试使用乌柳高杆深栽技术,并取得了成功。对树栽进行不同处理几乎不会影响生长状况,成活率都在90%以上,将树栽浸泡后深栽是一种简单有效的方法。经过3a的生长,乌柳的保存率可达92%,干稍站枝条总长度的1/5以下植物可正常生长。乌柳固定沙丘后可促进草本植物的定居,推动植被自然恢复的进程。     

沙地人工植被恢复及其对土壤改良作用的研究

通过对科尔沁沙地流动沙丘人工固沙植被恢复过程及对土壤改良作用的研究表明,在流动沙丘进行人工固沙时采用1.0 m×1.0 m草方格,播种小叶锦鸡儿具有较好的固沙效果,经过3～4 a可使沙丘表面得到固定。在围栏封育条件下实施适宜的植被恢复措施,可在2～3 a获得明显的固沙效果。小叶锦鸡儿人工固沙群落内土壤养分随群落的生长发育而发生变化,在0～30 cm土层中,有机质、速效钾、全氮、水解性氮、全磷、有效磷含量都表现为：11年生群落〉6年生群落〉流动沙丘。     

大田县银顶格铁矿废弃地植被恢复试验

为了探索铁矿废弃地的植被恢复效果,在大田县银顶格铁矿区废弃地开展:多草灌+邓恩桉、黑麦草+邓恩桉、类芦+邓恩桉、单一树种邓恩桉4种植物组合模式进行植被恢复试验。结果表明:植被盖度是铁矿废弃地实现植被快速恢复的关键因子;多草灌+邓恩桉、黑麦草+邓恩桉2种植物组合模式,能在当年迅速形成植被,起到保水保土作用,枯草降解起到土壤改良作用,促进林木生长,可以在矿区植被恢复中推广应用。在矿区生(裸)地上单用乔木树种造林,林分郁闭需要2~3 a时间,在这阶段不能遏制水土冲刷。类芦作为草本在2~3 a内无法形成地表全覆盖,水土保持作用不明显。     

对沙地植被盖度与水分平衡关系的初步探讨

榆林红石峡固沙试验林,于1958年开始营造,二十多年来,逐年扩大,目前已形成近5000亩以灌草为主的固沙试验林基地,对防风固沙起到了显著作用。但是,由于植被的蒸腾耗水,而大气降水又不能全部弥补土壤水分的损耗,致使土壤含水率和地下水位严重下降,导致固沙植被的演替和退化,因此,在干旱地区开展大面积的固沙造林,有必要探索植被盖度与水分的平衡关系,确定适宜的植被盖度,以建立稳定的固沙植物群落,提高固沙效益和经济效益。本文试以红石峡固沙试验林为例,对沙地植被盖度与水分的平衡关系,进行初步探讨。一、沙地自然特点榆林红石峡固沙试验林基地,位于毛乌     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。