Motion analysis of a semi-legged vehicle with soil deformation taken into account

A semi-legged vehicle was designed for forestry use. The equation of motion for the machine coupled with the equation of motion for soil was derived. Furthermore, the motion of the machine was analyzed taking into account soil deformation. The Extended Distinct Element Method, which can analyze both continuous and non-continuous materials, was used as a soil model. The effects of foot area and spike length were simulated by using two kinds of uniform soil. The specific power of a foot area of 3,200 cm² was smaller by 0.025 than that of a foot area of 1,600 cm² on soft soil. This was equal to the consumption energy for moving 2.5% of the machine weight, about 140 kgf. The maximum values of the forces acting on the second hydraulic cylinder were 300 kN and 500 kN, and the weights of the hydraulic cylinder generating these forces were 121 kgf and 229 kgf with spikes that were 0 cm and 30 cm long on hard soil, respectively. In a walking motion, such as lowering the boom to the ground, raising the stabilizers, and advancing the machine, the machine with a larger foot area and shorter spikes was more suitable for lightening the total weight and improving energy efficiency.     

Extent and causes of site damage due to forestry traffic

Increased mechanization in the forestry means usually increased traffic on a ground which is also used as a growth substrate. In this state‐of‐the‐art article it is found that the traffic could have an areal extent of 10–30% of the site area mainly due to yarding at clear‐felling and thinning. In the future there could be up to 6 machine entries on the site till a stand age of 50 year.

Skidding is often recognized as the major cause of soil disturbance with 50–75% of the skid trails considered as apparently compacted. Rut formation after forwarders can also be a problem but harvesters seems to be forgotten or give minor problems.

In order to reduce soil compaction smaller machines must be considered on many sites. Maybe 5–10 tonnes machines with a real mean ground pressure of 60–70 kPa could give, thanks to good tyres, an acceptable level of soil disturbance.

High tractive forces and slip may contribute to the soil disturbance as much as double the ground pressure. Calculations show it is therefore better to carry the load than to skid. However, the change in weight balance of the machine due to the load is still a problem and maybe anti‐slip control could give the machine a better torque distribution.     

RS和GIS支持的南瓮河自然保护区景观变化驱动力研究

利用2000年和2010年遥感影像作为基本信息源,在RS和GIS技术的支持下,并结合地面资料对南瓮河保护区景观空间格局的变化情况及其驱动力进行了分析。结果表明：2000—2010年,南瓮河自然保护区景观类型没有明显变化,主要以森林和草本沼泽为主;森林沼泽和道路呈增加趋势,而沼泽化草甸、灌丛沼泽、永久性河流变化较小,呈现缓慢的减少趋势,森林群落呈现退化的趋势;景观异质性在增大,破碎化程度在提高;森林采伐和道路修建等人为干扰是景观格局时空演变的驱动力之一,火灾引发的森林及沼泽湿地大面积过火是湿地干扰的主要因素。     

古永林场云南松母树林群体子代测定的初步研究

１９９２年在腾冲县古永林场开展白马河林场、古永林场和保山林场３片部省合建的云南松母树林子代测定。对６年生子代林的测定结果表明：古永林场和保山林场母树林树高的遗传增益分别为１３４９％和２０２３％;树高、分枝数和冠幅的遗传力较高,而地径的遗传力较低;诸性状间存在着较紧密的遗传相关,性状间受基因连锁或共效基因的作用较多,相对受环境的影响较小。在种子调拨上应注意种源分区,最好采用本区的优良种子。白马河林场母树林基地因和试验地的气候差异较大,所产种子在试验区的适应性较差,生产力较低,而来自同一种源区滇西古永林场和保山林场母树林的种子对该区的气候具有较强的适应性,其生长力较高。     

Torque required to twist and cut loose Scots pine stumps

Abstract

Stump wood is a possible source of renewable energy, but before its potential as a fuel can be utilised to a high degree, new harvesting techniques should be developed to reduce the environmental impact (notably ground disturbance) of harvesting stumps. The forces required to lift and drag stumps out of the soil are known. In this study, two unknown and important parameters were addressed: the torque required to uproot stumps by twisting them and the torque required to cut lateral roots around stumps. A new, improved stump-twisting rig was designed and used in trials with 28 Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) trees (breast-height diameter over bark, 153–427 mm). The measured torque requirements ranged from 10 to 50 kNm. Twisting stumps required more torque than cutting lateral roots around stumps and the required torque increased with increases in stump size. The results indicate that a wrist on a big feller-buncher, but not a conventional rotator used on forest machines, should be able to generate sufficient torque to cut the roots around stumps such as those used in this study.     

Seismic performance of post and beam timber buildings I: model development and verification

This paper presents a structural model called “PB3D” to perform nonlinear time history analyses of post and beam timber buildings under seismic loads. The model treats the three-dimensional structure as an assembly of roof/floor diaphragms and wall subsystems. The roof/floor diaphragms are modeled by beam elements and diagonal brace elements in order to take into account the in-plane stiffness. The wall system consists of vertical beam elements, for wall posts, as well as nonlinear shear springs to consider the contribution of diagonal wall bracing members or sheathing panels. The hysteretic characteristics of the shear springs are represented by a simplified, mechanics-based model named a “pseudo-nail”. Standard finite element procedure is used to construct the system’s equation of motion, which is solved by Newmark’s integration. The model was verified against shake test results of a three-story post and beam building subjected to strong ground motions scaled to the 1995 Kobe earthquake. Model predictions agreed very well with the test results in terms of base shear forces and inter-story drift responses. This model provides a robust and efficient tool to study the seismic behavior of post and beam timber buildings.     

沙县杉木、马尾松、阔叶树地径一元材积表编制的研究

地径材积表是林业生产、科研和管理的基础工具。本文结合县级森林资源连续清查样地调查,通过样木地径、胸径成对值测定,建立地径——胸径回归关系,并利用现有省定的一元立木材积表,编制了沙县杉木、马尾松、阔叶树地径一元材积表。     

考虑场地各向异性的结构输入地震反应谱调整

为了预测地震动特性,同时考虑场地土动力特性各向异性及其对结构输入地震动的影响,基于地震各向异性理论,提出了场地动力特性各向异性的概念,研究了场地动力特性各向异性的微动测试分析方法.考虑地震动的各向异性特征,分析了地震动各向异性对结构地震动力响应的影响,以及结构分析中现有的地震时程选择和调整中存在的问题,提出了基于场地微动测试确定场地动力特性及其各向异性的输入地震动调整新思想.     

延平区杉木人工林地径材积表编制方法研究

利用二类调查布设的固定样地,收集207株样木调查资料,分别采用5个方程进行回归拟合,选出杉木人工林地径材积表的方程模型,利用一元材积表和二元材积表导算编制一元地径材积表,并进行比较,结果表明二元材积表导算地径材积表的方法精度较高,基本满足林业生产所需精度要求,可以提供林业生产服务。     

不同施肥处理对造林用红豆树幼苗高、径生长的影响

2019年3月,在浙江省温岭市采用1年生和2年生红豆树Ormosia hosiei实生苗造林,幼苗分别为地径2 cm带土球及营养钵苗、地径4 cm带土球截顶苗和全冠苗,于2019年10月测定苗木的高度、地径,分析不同试验处理(苗木规格、苗木类型、截干方式、施肥处理)对红豆树当年生幼树生长的影响。结果表明,在相同施肥措施下,地径2 cm幼苗适宜带土球种植,地径4 cm带土球幼苗进行截顶造林更利于植株的生长发育;不同施肥处理间也有较大差异,除地径2 cm营养钵幼苗施用菌根肥和混合施用菌根肥加30 g·株^-1复合肥表现出较明显受抑制生长外,其余各施肥处理对红豆树苗的生长均有不同程度的促进作用,其中以地径2 cm营养钵苗和地径2 cm带土球苗施用30 g·株^-1复合肥、地径4 cm带土球截顶苗施用50 g·株^-1复合肥生长效果明显高于其他施肥处理。选择高生长量、地径生长量、高径比和造林成本4项指标,采用模糊隶属函数法对红豆树苗不同处理条件下的综合效益进行综合评价,结果表明,红豆树幼苗采用地径2 cm带土球苗并施以30 g·株^-1复合肥的造林综合效益最高。     

Orthogonal cutting mechanics of maple: modeling a solid wood-cutting process

The experimental results of orthogonal cutting of maple and the modeling of the cutting mechanics are presented. The tool cutting forces were measured for different feed rates. A set of equations relating the tangential and feed forces to the tool edge width and feed rate (chip thickness) to calculate the chip and edge cutting force coefficients was developed. Then the chip force and edge force coefficients were calculated from experimentally obtained cutting forces and were plotted in a polar-coordinate system with respect to the fiber orientation of the maple disk. The polar-coordinate presentation of the cutting force results and the calculated cutting force coefficients provides an excellent visual appreciation of the relation between the cutting forces and the wood fiber orientation. Chips were also collected from various sectors of the wood disk. This analysis further identified the effects of fiber orientation and cutting forces on the types of chip formed and hence the cutting mechanics involved. By applying the calculated cutting coefficients for each tool orientation (in respect to the grain) it is possible to predict the feed and tangential forces for any feed rates. There is good agreement between the predicted and measured cutting forces.     

Comparison of ground disturbance of frozen peatland during stump harvesting using a stump drill and rake

ABSTRACT

Tree stumps could be a source of renewable energy, contributing to a reduced dependence on fossil fuels. In Finland, stumps are currently harvested when the ground is not frozen to avoid co-removal of large amounts of soil and stones. Hence, the machinery used for stump extraction is not operated year-round. On peatlands, stumps could potentially be harvested when the ground is frozen. However, peatlands are highly sensitive to ground disturbance. There is, therefore, a need to identify equipment that causes low ground disturbance. In this study, peatland ground disturbance at stump level caused by stump harvesting using either a stump drill or a conventional stump rake was evaluated and compared in winter conditions. Results show that the stump drill caused up to 90% less ground disturbance per harvested stump than the conventional stump rake, but harvested 32–53% of the stump wood. Additionally, the size and shape of the disturbed areas changed between the harvesting year and following year, indicating that frost heaving plays a role in filling holes caused by stump extraction. The stump drill also consumed similar time to the conventional stump rake when harvesting Scots pine stumps on mineral soils, but far more when harvesting Norway spruce stumps.     

不同种源旱冬瓜苗期生长量的地理变异研究

通过对滇西南地区15个县的0.5年生旱冬瓜种源的苗高、地径进行调查分析,研究了不同种源旱冬瓜苗高、地径的生长变异及其与地理环境因子的关系,利用苗高和地径2个因子进行逐步聚类分析。结果表明,各种源间在苗高、地径生长上均表现出极显著的差异,苗高生长表现最好的是孟连种源,平均苗高达31.4 cm;地径生长表现最好的种源是勐海种源,平均地径为0.38 cm。环境因子及地理因素对旱冬瓜种源的遗传变异有影响,苗高、地径与各种源原产地的地理经度呈负相关;采用种源间苗高、地径进行逐步聚类分析,15个种源可分为5类,根据各种源苗期苗高、地径的生长状况,初步筛选出瑞丽、孟连2个优良种源。     

Site preparation influences on below ground competing vegetation and loblolly pine seedling growth

The relationship between competing vegetation characteristics (above and below ground dry weights, length and surface area) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) seedling characteristics were examined on a southern coastal plain soil of north-west Louisiana. Four site preparations techniques were used as treatments; chop and burn, windrow, fuelwood harvest, and fuelwood harvest followed by an application of herbicide. The more intensive site preparation treatments (chop and burn, windrow, and fuelwood harvest followed by a herbicide) had less root and above ground competition than the fuelwood treatment. The fuelwood treatment ranked lowest in pine seedling height, ground line diameter, pine root length, and pine root surface area and highest in terms of competing vegetation characteristics. Regression relationships between pine roots and competing vegetation root characteristics indicated that seedling ground line diameter is inversely related to quantities of competing vegetation roots.     

夏季森林地下火分类及火行为特点

通过对黑龙江省近10年来各地发生的夏季森林地下火进行实地踏查和研究分析，对地下火的分类和夏季森林地下火蔓延规律、日变化规律、火行为特点进行了研究。     

Optimising ash wood chairs

In Sweden, forest research has been emphasised on mainly two species of wood, i.e. pine and spruce. However, we have also a number of hardwoods which could be utilised for furniture manufacturing, cabinets etc. Nowadays, these hardwoods are a slumbering resource in our country. Most of our broad leafed species are found as small stands inside our soft wood forests and hence not utilised in the most profitable way. For example, much of our birch wood is ground to paper fibres even if it would be perfect for high valued veneer. Instead, most of our birch. veneer is imported from Finland. In order to increase the interest for Swedish hardwoods we therefore have started research in this field and have now designed a chair made of ash wood,Fraxinus excelsior. Most chairs are made up of structural elements called indetermined frames which makes it a rather tedious task to analyse the internal forces in the frame. However, by using the Finite Element Method, FEM, it has been possible to reduce this drawback. This paper shows how a chair could be analysed, and designed, by use of methods common in other disciplines than furniture manufacturing. We also present results, in the form of stress-strain diagrams, from tests made on Swedish ash.The author wants to thank NUTEK, the Swedish National Board for Industrial and Technical Development for financial support and professor Larsgunnar Nilsson who provided the FEM-program PCFEMP, which was used for all the calculations. Acknowledgement is also made to Bo Skoog who elaborated all testings of the wood specimens     

不同种源鹅掌楸一年生播种苗的年生长规律

对鹅掌楸庐山种源和金平种源一年生播种苗的苗高和地径生长进行研究,两个种源的苗高和地径生长规律符合"S"型生长曲线.可用Logistic方程拟合,同时可把生长期划分为4个阶段.庐山种源生长期按苗高生长进行划分和按地径生长进行划分有很大区别,而金平种源却相似.两个种源的地径生长在生长盛期阶段情况相似,而苗高生长在生长盛期阶段有很大差别.     

城市绿化地被植物混种模式试验

采用地被植物混种模式,可以提高绿地覆盖率,达到最佳的植物景观效果,延长观赏期,使地被景观更为生动,富有变化,提升园林地被植物的景观效果与生态效益。       

温州野生地被植物园林筛选初报

广泛调查了温州地区野生地被植物种类,初步筛选出82种,利用园林植物应用的评价体系,进行评价分级,确定10种最适宜园林应用的地被植物,介绍6种地被植物园林应用情况.     

Influence of herbaceous ground cover on forest restoration of eastern US coal surface mines

Competitive effects of dense herbaceous vegetation (ground cover) can inhibit forest restoration on mine sites. Here we review the evidence of ground cover interactions with planted tree seedlings on coal surface mines of the eastern US, discuss recent research into these interactions, and draw conclusions concerning ground cover management when restoring forests on reclaimed coal mines. Reclaimed mine sites have a high potential to support productive forests, however forest establishment is inhibited by reclamation practices that included soil compaction, and the seeding of competitive ground covers. In the first few years after tree planting, a dense ground cover of grass and legume species commonly seeded on mine sites often affect growth and survival negatively. Herbaceous vegetation providing less extensive and competitive ground coverage may either facilitate or inhibit tree establishment, depending on site conditions. The use of quality planting stock promotes the competitive ability of seedlings by improving nutrient status and the ability to capture available resources. Herbaceous species have contrasting functional characteristics, and thus compete differently with trees for available resources. Negative interactions with trees are more frequently reported for non-native cool-season grasses than for native warm-season grasses, while the effects of legumes change over time. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms of tree/ground cover interactions. The development of seeding mixes that can control erosion, facilitate survival and growth of planted trees, and allow establishment by unplanted native species would aid forest restoration on eastern US, coal mines.