添加咖啡因、亚牛磺酸对牛精子功能的影响

为研究获能液中添加咖啡因和亚牛磺酸对牛精子功能的影响,本研究将荷斯坦牛冻精解冻后分别添加在含不同浓度咖啡因(0、2.5、5.0、7.5mmol/L)或亚牛磺酸(0、5、10、20、40μmol/L)的获能处理液中,且每个处理组加入约200μL的精液,在CO_2培养箱里经上游处理45min,以评估咖啡因和亚牛磺酸对牛精子活力、顶体及质膜完整性的影响,进而探讨在获能液中亚牛磺酸替代咖啡因的效果。结果显示,添加2.5、5.0mmol/L咖啡因组经上游法获能处理后的牛精子活力和顶体完整率均显著高于对照组(P0.05),且2.5mmol/L咖啡因组精子活力最高;添加10、20μmol/L亚牛磺酸组经上游法获能处理后的牛精子活力、顶体完整率和质膜完整率均显著高于对照组(P0.05),且20μmol/L亚牛磺酸组的精子功能参数值最高;将筛选的最佳浓度2.5 mmol/L咖啡因和20μmol/L亚牛磺酸采用同样的方法处理,发现20μmol/L亚牛磺酸组的精子顶体完整率和质膜完整率均显著高于2.5mmol/L咖啡因组和对照组(P0.05)。因此,20μmol/L亚牛磺酸可以替代2.5mmol/L咖啡因用于体外受精体系中的精子获能处理,有助于提高精子功能参数。     

诱导牛精子体外获能方法的研究

用去透明带的金黄地鼠卵异种精子体外穿透试验,检测冻精复苏,经各种处理后的精子穿卵率,结果表明,B0培养基,经咖啡因2mmol/L,肝素50μg/ml处理,并添加亚牛磺酸70μmol/L和透明质酸酶1g/L,是诱导牛精子体外获能的有效方法。     

五味子乙素对4℃保存后猪精子质量和获能状态的影响

试验旨在研究五味子乙素（SchB）对4℃保存后猪精子质量及获能状态的影响，根据在冷藏基础液中添加不同浓度的SchB，将精液分为6组，分别为0（对照）、2.5、5、10、20、40μmol/L组，检测冷藏后精子的活力、顶体完整率、质膜完整率、畸形率、平均运动速率、摆动性、线粒体膜电位（MMP）、DNA损伤、总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）等表观指标；用多功能酶标仪检测各组Ca2+浓度，用乳酸试剂盒检测精子获能状态。结果表明：SchB可以提高精子活力、顶体完整率、质膜完整率、MMP、平均运动速率、摆动性、T-AOC，显著降低精子畸形率、DNA损伤、Ca2+浓度、乳酸含量（P<0.05），且浓度为10μmol/L时效果最佳。综上，SchB可以抑制精子冷藏过程中的被动获能，提高冷藏后精子质量。     

添加褪黑素对牛精液品质的影响

为探讨褪黑素(melatonin,MLT)在牛精液保存中的抗氧化作用,本研究利用目测法、低渗膨胀法和考马斯亮兰染色法分析了不同MLT浓度(0、10^-3、10^-4和10^-5 mol/L)和不同孵育时间(1、4和8 h)对精子活力、质膜和顶体完整性的影响。结果发现,与对照组相比,在稀释液中分别添加10^-3和10^-4 mol/L MLT均可显著提高精子活力、质膜完整率和顶体完整率(P＜0.05),且10^-3 mol/L MLT添加效果最佳;MLT(10^-3 mol/L)组在27 ℃孵育1、4 h后,其精子的活力、质膜完整率和顶体完整率均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05)。因此,添加10^-3 mol/L MLT可明显改善牛精液品质,提高牛精液的保存时间和保存质量。     

羧甲基纤维素钠对猪精液常温保存效果的影响

在猪人工授精技术中,良好的稀释剂是提高猪精子质量的关键因素之一。为探讨羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)对猪精液常温保存效果的影响,本研究以传统的猪精液保存稀释剂Zorlesco(-BSA)为基础稀释液,通过添加不同浓度的CMC(0、8、16和24μmol/L)对原精液进行稀释和保存。采用计算机辅助精液分析仪(CASA)检测精子活率和活力,低渗肿胀法(HOST)检测精子质膜完整性,考马斯亮蓝染色检测精子顶体完整性。结果显示,在猪精液保存的前3d内,添加不同浓度CMC组的精子活率和活力与对照组相比较高,但差异不显著(P0.05);保存4~7d时,与对照组相比添加16μmol/L CMC组的精子活率和活力明显升高(P0.05)。在保存的前4d内,添加不同浓度CMC组的精子质膜完整率和顶体完整率与对照组相比差异不显著(P0.05),但在保存至5~7d时,添加16μmol/L CMC组的质膜完整率和顶体完整率显著高于对照组(P0.05)。猪精子活力、活率、质膜完整率、顶体完整率之间存在极显著的正相关关系(P0.01),在Zorlesco稀释剂中添加8~24μmol/L的CMC能显著改善和提高猪精子活率、活力、质膜完整性以及顶体完整率,其最佳添加浓度为16μmol/L。CMC可作为精液稀释剂中的悬浮剂,用于减缓精子沉降速率,提高猪精液保存质量。     

添加牛磺酸和黄芪多糖对羊精子低温保存的影响

为了研究羊精子低温保存时牛磺酸和黄芪多糖对精子质量的影响，本试验在BTS(Beltsville thawing solution)精液稀释液的基础上添加牛磺酸和黄芪多糖，随后对4℃低温保存条件下羊精子的精子活率、质膜完整率和顶体完整率进行考察，采用两因素五水平的中心设计法优化精子稀释液添加牛磺酸和黄芪多糖的浓度，并进一步验证经优化缓冲液的保护效果。结果显示，牛磺酸和黄芪多糖的最优添加浓度分别为27.83 mmol/L和346.91 mg/mL;采用该添加浓度能显著提高低温保存后羊精子的精子活率、质膜完整率和顶体完整率(P<0.05)。结果表明，牛磺酸和黄芪多糖对低温保存羊精子具有显著的保护作用。     

还原型谷胱甘肽对西门塔尔牛精液低温保存效果的影响

本实验旨在探究还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）对西门塔尔牛精液低温保存（0℃）的影响。在精液稀释液中分别添加0（对照组）、1、2、4、6 mmol/L的GSH,在0℃条件下保存24、72、120、168、216 h时检测精子活力、顶体完整率和质膜完整性等指标;保存72 h和168 h时检测精子的丙二醛（MDA）水平、三磷酸腺苷（ATP）含量、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性。结果表明：在精液低温保存72 h时,4 mmol/L GSH添加组的精子活力、顶体完整率、质膜完整性、CAT活性、ATP含量和GSH-Px活性高于对照组（P<0.05）;在精液低温保存168 h时,4 mmol/L GSH添加组的精子活力、顶体完整率、质膜完整性、CAT活性、ATP含量和GSH-Px活性高于对照组与其他GSH添加组（P<0.05）,MDA水平低于其他组（P<0.05）。因此,在本实验条件下,在精液稀释液中添加4 mmol/L GSH可以有效提高精液品质和精子的抗氧化能力,延长精子的保存时间。     

添加牛磺酸对兔精液液态保存质量参数的影响

为探讨牛磺酸对兔精液液态保存效果的影响进行了本试验。试验分对照组和4个牛磺酸处理组(5,10,15和20mmol/L),在精液保存24h、48h和72h后,发现10mmol/L牛磺酸处理组的精子活率、精子低渗膨胀百分率、精子顶体完整率和精子前向性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);在精液保存48h和72h后,10mmol/L牛磺酸处理组精子直线速度和精子平均路径速度显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结果表明添加牛磺酸对兔精液液态保存是有益的,牛磺酸的浓度为10mmol/L比较适合。     

不同抗氧化剂对牛精子体外获能效果的影响

为探讨褪黑素、亚牛磺酸、左旋肉毒碱三种抗氧化剂对牛精子体外获能效果的影响,将荷斯坦牛细管冻精解冻后,各取200μL精液分别添加在含10~(-4) M褪黑素(MLT)、20μM亚牛磺酸(HT)、10 mM左旋肉毒碱(LC)的获能液中,经上游处理45 min,采用目测法、金霉素(CTC)染色法评估三种抗氧化剂对牛精子活力、精子获能状态的影响。结果表明:添加10~(-4) M MLT、20μM HT、10 mM LC经上游法获能处理后的牛精子活力(83.67%、80.65%、75.00%vs 66.67%)均显著高于对照组(P0.05),而顶体反应率(9.87%、10.09%、14.30%vs 18.73%)均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。另外,添加10 mM LC、10~(-4) M MLT组获能处理后B型精子所占比率(37.26%、29.84%vs 16.26%)均显著高于对照组(P0.05),且10 mM LC组精子获能率最高;而20μM HT组与对照组无明显差异(22.80%vs 16.26%,P0.05)。因此,添加10 mM LC、10~(-4) M MLT可改善精子体外获能效果,有助于提高体外受精的受精率及早期胚胎的质量。     

诱导牛精子体外获能的培养基及方法

用去透明带金黄地鼠异种精子体外穿透试验,检测冻精复苏经各种处理后的精子穿卵率。发现在４种基本培养基（ＢＯ、ｍＢＷＷ、ＴＹＨ、ＨａｍＦ１０＋ＲＰＭＩ－１６４０）中不加亚牛磺酸时,牛精子不能耐受较高浓度（４μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）钙离子载体（ＩＡ）的刺激（以１０ｍｉｎ计）;而低浓度ＩＡ（低于４μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）处理精子不能诱导获能。生物活性物质,如肝素、咖啡因、亚牛磺酸、肾上腺素单独或联合低浓度ＩＡ处理精子,短期（６ｈ）内也不能诱导获能。当基本培养基中含有亚牛磺酸时,牛精子能耐受高浓度ＩＡ（１０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）的刺激,并使牛精子获能;亚牛磺酸与肾上腺素、咖啡因联合使用,并在获能液中添加透明质酸酶时,穿卵率进一步提高,获能效果显著改善。以ＨａｍＦ１０＋ＲＰＭＩ１６４０为主的混合培养基,在牛精子的存活时间、穿卵率等方面优于ＢＯ、ｍＢＷＷ、ＴＹＨ培养基。结果表明,用Ｆ１０和１６４０的混合培养基,添加亚牛磺酸、肾上腺素、咖啡因、透明质酸酶,经１０μｍｏｌ／ＬＩＡ处理牛精子１０～１５ｍｉｎ,是快速诱导牛精子体外获能的有效方法     

谷氨酰胺替代部分甘油对冻融猪精子获能和体外受精能力的影响

本试验旨在探索用谷氨酰胺（Gln）替代部分甘油对冻融猪精子体外获能和受精能力的影响，试验分为6组：3%甘油对照组和5个处理组（Ⅰ~Ⅴ组：2%甘油＋谷氨酰胺（0、20、40、80和100 mmol/L））。对冻融松辽黑猪精子的精子活力、质膜完整性、顶体完整性、线粒体膜电位、鱼精蛋白水平、获能及体外受精等指标进行了检测。结果显示，用谷氨酰胺替代部分甘油均对冻融精子质量有一定的改善作用，改善的程度受谷氨酰胺浓度的影响。与对照组相比，Ⅰ组精子的质量参数均显著下降（P<0.05）；与Ⅰ组相比，Ⅱ组精子活力、顶体完整性和活率显著提高（P<0.05），Ⅲ组精子线粒体膜电位显著提高（P<0.05），Ⅴ组精子活力、质膜完整性、顶体完整性、活率和线粒体膜电位均显著提高（P<0.05）。说明用谷氨酰胺替代部分甘油对精子质量具有很大的影响，且当谷氨酰胺为100 mmol/L时可得到更高质量的精子，因此，后续试验使用浓度为100 mmol/L的谷氨酰胺进行研究。与对照组相比，2%甘油＋100 mmol/L谷氨酰胺处理组精子鱼精蛋白缺失率显著下降（P<0.05），精子获能无显著差异（P>0.05），但胚胎卵裂率显著提高（P<0.05）。综上所述，谷氨酰胺可作为一种新型冷冻保护剂替代部分甘油来提高猪精液的质量，并降低甘油对猪精液的毒性作用，为猪精液的冷冻保存及商业化生产提供技术支撑。     

Effect of human tubal fluid medium and hyperactivation inducers on stallion sperm capacitation and hyperactivation

Conventional in vitro fertilization has not yet been implemented in the equine species. One of the main reasons has been the inability to develop a culture medium and incubation conditions supporting high levels of stallion sperm capacitation and hyperactivation in vitro. Although different culture media have been used for this purpose, human tubal fluid (HTF) medium, widely used in the manipulation of human and mice gametes, has not been reported so far in stallion sperm culture. The first part of this study aimed to compare HTF and Whitten's media on different stallion sperm quality and capacitation variables. Additionally, the effect of procaine, aminopyridine and caffeine in both media was evaluated on sperm motility parameters at different incubation times. Integrity and destabilization of the plasma membrane were evaluated by merocyanine 540/SYTOX Green (MC540), mitochondrial membrane potential (?Ψm) using tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester perchlorate (TMRM), acrosome membrane integrity by PNA/FITC and tyrosine phosphorylation by P‐tyrosine mouse mAb conjugated to Alexa Fluor® by flow cytometry. Motility parameters were evaluated using the integrated semen analysis system (ISAS®). We found no differences between Whitten's and HTF media and incubation time in terms of sperm viability, uninduced acrosome membrane damage or mitochondrial membrane potential at 30‐ and 120‐min incubation. Membrane fluidity (MC540) increased in both media at 30‐ and 120‐min incubation compared to noncapacitating conditions. Similarly, tyrosine phosphorylation increased in both media in capacitating conditions at 2‐ and 4‐hr incubation compared to noncapacitating conditions. Although procaine showed the best result in terms of sperm hyperactivated motility in both media, aminopyridine also showed parameters consistent with the hyperactivation including an increase in curvilinear velocity and decrease in straightness. In conclusion, HTF medium and aminopyridine equally support capacitation‐related parameters in stallion sperm.     

海藻糖和甘油相互协同提高绒山羊精液冷冻保存品质

本实验旨在研究不同浓度的海藻糖和甘油相互协同对绒山羊精液冷冻保存的影响。将0 mmol/L (T0)、50mmol/L(T50)的海藻糖和0%(G0)、1%(G1)、2%(G2)、3%(G3)的甘油分别组合为T0G0、T0G1、T0G2、T0G3、T50G0、T50G1、T50G2和T50G3。以Tris-柠檬酸-葡萄糖(TCG)为基础稀释液,分析不同组合对绒山羊精液冷冻保存的影响。检测解冻后精子活力、运动参数、DNA完整率、顶体、质膜完整率、抗氧化水平。结果表明:海藻糖和甘油联合添加时精子冷冻保存效果显著高于单独添加海藻糖或甘油组,其中T50G1组作用最显著。在基础稀释液中添加50 mmol/L(T50)的海藻糖时,精子冷冻解冻后的活力、质膜完整率随着甘油浓度的升高而降低,而在基础稀释液中不添加海藻糖时,精子冷冻解冻后的活力、质膜完整率随着甘油浓度的升高而升高。综上表明,海藻糖和甘油通过协同作用提高精子冷冻保存效果,两者发挥作用的最适浓度为50 mmol/L海藻糖和1%甘油,并且海藻糖和甘油协同作用对精子活力以及质膜完整性具有浓度依赖性。     

Effects of glutathione on sperm quality during liquid storage in boars

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different concentrations of glutathione in Modena on boar sperm quality during liquid storage at 17°C. Boar semen samples were collected and diluted with Modena containing different concentrations (0, 1, 5, 10, 15 mmol/L) of glutathione. Sperm motility, effective survival period, plasma membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) content were measured and analyzed. The results showed that Modena supplemented with 1, 5 and 10 mmol/L glutathione improved sperm motility, effective survival period, plasma membrane integrity and T‐AOC, and decreased MDA content and H₂O₂ content. Meanwhile, the semen sample diluted with Modena containing 1 mmol/L glutathione achieved optimum effect, and effective survival period was 6.1 days. After 5 days preservation, sperm motility, plasma membrane integrity and T‐AOC of the group treated with 1 mmol/L glutathione were all higher than that of other groups. Meanwhile, MDA content and H₂O₂ content were lower than that of other groups. In conclusion, Modena supplemented with glutathione decreased the oxidative stress and improved the quality of boar semen during liquid storage at 17°C, and 1 mmol/L concentration was the optimum concentration. © 2016 Japanese Society of Animal Science     

Addition of Glutathione to an Extender for Frozen Equine Semen

The manipulation of equine semen during cryopreservation reduces sperm viability and fertility because of, among other factors, membrane lipid peroxidation that makes cells highly susceptible to free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The oxidative effect caused by the generation of ROS can be reduced by the addition of antioxidants to the seminal plasma or to the extenders used for freezing. The current study was performed to test the in vitro effect of exogenous glutathione added in five different concentrations (control, 2.5 mM, 5.0 mM, 7.5 mM, and 10 mM [treatments 1-5, respectively]) to the extender for 12 stallions. Analyzed parameters were sperm motility, viability, and acrosome and plasmatic membrane integrity. Total motility was higher in treatments 1 and 2 (P < .05); viability, progressive motility, and plasmatic membrane integrity were higher in treatment 2 (P < .001). As for acrosome membrane integrity, treatment 3 showed the best results (P < .05). The addition of 2.5 mM glutathione to the freezing extender preserves total motility and increases sperm viability, progressive motility, and plasmatic membrane integrity. Concentrations above 2.5 mM were deleterious to spermatozoa.     

Cryopreservation of boar semen by egg yolk-based extenders containing lactose or fructose is better than sorbitol

The present study determined the effect of different types of sugars (lactose, fructose, glucose and sorbitol) used in egg yolk-based extender on the post-thawed boar semen quality. Twenty-two ejaculates from 6 fertility-proven Yorkshire boars were cryopreserved by liquid nitrogen vapor method. Sperm motility, viability, acrosome integrity and intact functional plasma membrane were determined at 0, 2 and 4 hr after thawing. It was found that the lactose-based extender resulted in a higher percentage of post-thawed sperm motility, viability, intact acrosome and functional plasma membrane than sorbitol-based extender (P<0.05) and fructose-based extender yielded a higher post-thawed sperm motility and viability than sorbitol-based extender (P<0.05). It could be concluded that sorbitol was not an effective sugar for the cryopreservation in boar semen.     

不同浓度大豆卵磷脂替代蛋黄对东佛里生奶绵羊精液冷冻保存效果的影响

本试验皆在研究添加不同浓度大豆卵磷脂（SL）冷冻保存东佛里生奶绵羊精液的效果。我们在Tris基础稀释液中,添加18%蛋黄为对照组,添加0.5%、1%、1.5%、2%、2.5%SL设为试验组,检测冷冻精液解冻后的精子活率和顶体完整率。结果显示,添加0.5%、2.5% SL冷冻稀释液稀释的精液,解冻后精子活率和顶体完整率与其他组之间存在显著差异（P<0.05）;添加18%蛋黄和1%～2% SL冷冻稀释液稀释的精液,冷冻解冻后精子活率和顶体完整率之间无显著差异（P>0.05）;添加18%蛋黄和1.0%～1.5% SL冷冻稀释液稀释后的精液,进行人工授精后母羊的妊娠率与对照组无显著差异（P>0.05）。因此,大豆卵磷脂可以作为冷冻保护剂用于东佛里生奶绵羊精液的冷冻保存,其最佳添加浓度为1～2%（g／L）。     

Supplemental effect of different levels of taurine in Modena on boar semen quality during liquid preservation at 17°C

Peroxidation damage induces sublethal injury to boar sperm during the storage process. Taurine has already been demonstrated to protect cells effectively from oxidant‐induced injury. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of taurine (0.5, 1, 5 and 10 mmol/L) in Modena diluent on boar sperm quality during liquid storage at 17°C. Ejaculates from sexually mature Duroc pigs were collected, pooled and preserved in the Modena containing different concentrations of taurine. Sperm motility, plasma membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, total antioxidative capacity (T‐AOC) activity and malondialdehyde content (MDA) were examined every 24 h. Modena diluent containing taurine suppressed the reduction in sperm qualities during the process of liquid preservation compared with those of the control group. After 5 days of liquid preservation, the addition of taurine at 5 mmol/L had the optimal effect on survival time as well as maintenance of motility, plasma membrane integrity, acrosomal integrity, T‐AOC activity and MDA content. These results may suggest the possibility that the proper addition of taurine to the semen extender improves the swine production system using artificial insemination by the suppressing of sperm damage and subsequent dysfunction during liquid preservation.     

解冻稀释液中添加精浆对冻融猪精子品质的影响

【目的】 探究冷冻前添加热休克蛋白A8(heat shock protein A8, HSPA8)和解冻后添加不同浓度精浆(seminal plasma, SP)对冻融猪精子的影响。【方法】 采用手握法采集长白猪精液, 添加0.5 μg/mL HSPA8到猪精液冷冻保护剂中进行细管分装, 投入液氮中保存3周后进行解冻, 解冻后添加不同浓度精浆(0、10%、30%和50%), 对冻融后长白猪精子的运动能力、质膜完整性、顶体完整性、细胞凋亡、线粒体膜电位、鱼精蛋白缺乏及体外获能水平等进行评估。【结果】 与对照组相比(无HSPA8和精浆), 添加0.5 μg/mL HSPA8处理组(无精浆)的精子直线速度(VSL)、曲线速度(VCL)、平均路径速度(VAP)和前向性运动(STR)均显著提升(P<0.05), 精子直线性运动(LIN)和运动的摆动性(WOB)均无显著差异(P>0.05);精子质量参数中活力、质膜完整性和顶体完整性均显著升高(P<0.05), 细胞凋亡水平与线粒体膜电位均显著降低(P<0.05);精子鱼精蛋白缺失率显著降低(P<0.05);精子蛋白酪氨酸磷酸化水平显著提高(P<0.05)。之后在解冻液中添加不同浓度的精浆, 与添加0.5 μg/mL HSPA8处理组(无精浆)相比, 精浆添加量达到50%时, 精子VSL、VCL、VAP、LIN、STR和WOB均显著提升(P<0.05);精子活力、质膜完整性、顶体完整性和线粒体膜电位均显著提高(P<0.05), 细胞凋亡水平显著降低(P<0.05);精子鱼精蛋白缺失率显著降低(P<0.05);精子蛋白酪氨酸磷酸化水平显著提高(P<0.05)。【结论】 在冷冻基础液中添加0.5 μg/mL HSPA8和解冻稀释液中添加50%精浆联合使用可以有效改善冻融精子质量, 将会对猪精液的冷冻保存及商业化生产提供一定的参考。