基于生态足迹的西宁市可持续发展动态分析

基于生态足迹理论,利用《西宁市统计年鉴》等资料研究西宁市近10年各类生物生产性土地生态足迹与生物承载力的动态变化,分析产生生态赤字的原因、万元GDP生态足迹动态变化并有针对性地提出缓解生态赤字的对策。结果表明,研究期内西宁市总的人均生态足迹呈逐年递增趋势,由2001年的0.871 2 hm2·人-1上升至2011年的2.206 1hm2·人-1,增幅达153.2%;人均生态承载力呈相对稳定的波动状态,2001,2005和2011年分别为0.243 2 hm2·人-1、0.232 0 hm2·人-1和0.305 5 hm2·人-1;人均生态赤字以年均20.3%的速度快速增长,由2001年的0.628 0 hm2·人-1增长到2011年的1.900 6 hm2·人-1;化石能源用地生态赤字是西宁市生态赤字扩大的主要原因;西宁市对自然资源的需求已超出了自然生态系统生态承载力的阈值,其发展处于不可持续状态。     

基于生态足迹的唐山市与承德市生态承载力对比研究与分析

利用生态足迹分析方法,分别计算了唐山市和承德市2011年的生态足迹,并对比分析了唐山市和承德市生态足迹的变化及其原因。结果表明:唐山市2011年的人均生态足迹是1.96870hm2,而人均生态承载力为0.44355hm2,人均生态水平处于赤字状态,赤字量为1.52515hm2。承德市2011年的人均生态足迹是0.26692hm2,而人均生态承载力为0.51489hm2,人均生态水平处于盈余状态,盈余量为0.24797hm2。就各种土地类型而言:(1)人均生态足迹:唐山市水域生态足迹最大,林地和化能地次之;承德林地生态足迹最大,化能地、建筑用地次之。(2)人均生态承载力:唐山耕地的人均生态承载力最大,其次是化能地和建成地,承德的耕地人均生态足迹大于林地和化能地,水域最小。(3)人均生态赤字/盈余:唐山市只有耕地和建成地表现出盈余,水域的赤字量非常大,达到1.30655hm2,承德的耕地表现出盈余,其他为赤字。     

基于生态足迹的浑善达克国家重点生态功能区生态承载力研究

利用生态足迹分析方法,对浑善达克国家重点生态功能区2012年生态足迹进行了计算,结果表明:研究区人均生态足迹是5.296hm2,人均生态承载力为2.429hm2,生态赤字为2.867hm2,生态形势严峻。按照土地类型统计:1)人均生态足迹中化石能源地的生态足迹最大,其次为草地和耕地;2)人均生态承载力中耕地的人均生态承载力最大,其次是草地和林地;3)人均生态赤字/盈余中草地、化石能源地和水域出现生态赤字,而其他土地类型则出现生态盈余。生态保护与建设的重点是加强草地保护。     

基于生态足迹理论的县域可持续发展状况分析——以康平县为例

康平县位于我国最重要的一条生态过渡带上,生态环境异常敏感而脆弱。为全面了解康平县的生态环境和可持续发展状况,进一步改善康平县的生态环境,运用生态足迹理论对康平县2008年生态足迹和生态承载力进行对比分析,结果表明,2008年康平县人均生态足迹为3.227 8hm2,人均生态承载力为1.458 5hm2,人均生态赤字为1.769 3hm2。说明康平县当前经济社会处于不可持续发展状态,显示了当前人地关系紧张和生态形势的严峻性,生态安全受到威胁。康平县生态赤字的主要原因为农产品过度消耗,需通过发展生态产业,调节能源结构,提高生态承载力,降低生态足迹,实现康平县的可持续发展。     

福建省生态足迹动态分析

对福建省2000~2004年生态足迹进行分析,结果表明2000年的人均生态足迹是1.3272 hm2,略高于全国平均水平,2004年增至1.7775 hm2,增长了33.9%,2000年的可利用的承载力是0.4052 hm2.cap-1,低于全国平均水平,同时生态承载力在减少。2000年的万元GDP生态足迹是3.3857 hm2,到2004年减少到2.9364 hm2,说明福建省的能源利用效益逐渐提高。生态足迹多样性指数在增加,说明福建省各种资源的利用更趋于均衡,更加趋于稳定。生态经济发展能力在提高,特别是2002~2004年增幅更加明显。通过生态经济发展能力和人均GDP进行相关性分析,相关系数高达0.98,呈极显著性相关,说明福建省随着经济的发展,生态经济发展能力也在不断增长。并对福建省2005~2010年人均生态足迹和生态承载力进行预测,到2010年人均生态足迹将增长到2.4033 hm2,而人均生态承载力将下降到0.3926 hm2,人均生态赤字高达2.0108 hm2,表明福建省到2010年生态承载力处于高度的不可持续状态。最后对福建省目前存在的问题进行分析,提出解决对策。     

基于生态足迹模型的区域可持续发展研究--以宁夏回族自治区固原市为例

应用生态足迹模型对宁夏回族自治区固原市生态经济系统的可持续发展状况进行定量测度。结果表明固原市2002年人均生态足迹需求为1.892 5 hm2,而当年实际上可以提供的人均生态空间面积为1.259 2 hm2,人均生态赤字0.633 3 hm2。生态足迹需求超过了生态足迹供给,出现生态赤字,则区域生态环境处于不可持续状态。     

基于传统和能值改进生态足迹模型的武汉市可持续发展状态比较分析

运用传统生态足迹及其改进的能值生态足迹模型分析了2009年武汉市的可持续发展状态,结果表明：采用能值生态足迹法计算得到的武汉市人均生态赤字为3.8629hm2,采用传统生态足迹法计算得到的武汉市人均生态赤字为2.0169hm2。这两种方法均显示武汉市处于不可持续的发展状态。能值生态足迹法引入能量流动反映人类对资源的需求和自然对人类的供给的关系,并且采用了相比于传统生态足迹法的均衡因子、产出因子更稳定的参数—能值转换率、能值密度进行计算,能获得更为准确的生态承载力数据。     

广东丹霞山风景区旅游生态足迹分析

基于生态足迹模型,计算与分析了2010年丹霞山风景区的旅游生态足迹,结果表明:2010年丹霞山风景区人均旅游生态足迹为0.0122hm2,人均旅游生态承载力为0.0117hm2,人均生态赤字达0.0005hm2。提出了丹霞山景区应该注重优化旅游产业结构,加强旅游服务质量,因地制宜,实现品牌内化。     

2000-2010年鹤壁市生态足迹动态分析

生态足迹是一种定量测定人类对自然资源利用程度的新方法。为了客观反映鹤壁市市域资源消耗与供给状况,本研究引入生态足迹理论与方法,分析了鹤壁市近10年生态足迹和生态承载力的动态变化。结果表明,2000-2010年期间鹤壁市人均生态足迹呈递增趋势,由2000年的1.373 7 hm2/人增长到2010年的4.342 0hm2/人,年均增幅21.6%。化石能源用地是鹤壁市人均生态足迹增大的主要原因。人均生态承载力总体呈现下降趋势,由0.299 0 hm2/人降至0.280 5 hm2/人,降幅6.2%。人均生态足迹与人均生态承载力之比由2000年的4.59:1增至2010年的15.48:1。鹤壁市一直处于生态赤字状态,且呈加剧趋势,其发展处于不可持续状态。       

宁夏盐池县官滩村2006年生态足迹分析

为定量描述北方沙区生态承载状况,运用生态足迹模型计算了处于毛乌素沙地南缘的盐池县官滩村2006年的生态足迹与生态承载力。结果表明：官滩村人均生态足迹为2．0119hm^2,人均生态承载力为1．6568hm^2,人均生态赤字为0．3551hm^2。其中,草地的供需矛盾突出,耕地的供需基本相当,林地和建筑用地供给充足。其中供给以耕地为主,需求以草地为主,供需结构不对称。生态赤字的存在,揭示了当前生态经济系统的不安全与不可持续性。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.