浅析环境因素对刺参疾病发生的影响

刺参(Apostichopus japonicus Liao)属棘皮动物门、海参纲、楯手目、刺参科、仿刺参属,主要分布在俄罗斯、日本、朝鲜、韩国和中国北部沿海,具有非常高的营养价值和药用价值。刺参是中国北方海水养殖的重要经济种类,20世纪90年代末我国掀起刺参人工养殖热潮,目前刺参养殖已成为北方海洋经济的支柱性产业之一。随着海参养殖(黄渤海沿岸的刺参池塘养殖)地域     

刺参养殖过程中毒物的毒理及毒性研究概况

刺参,又名仿刺参,隶属于棘皮动物门,海参纲、仿刺参属,因营养和经济价值高,已成为北方海水养殖的主要种类之一。近年来,随着海参养殖规模的迅速发展,养殖环境日益恶化,养殖过程中外源毒物逐渐增多[1],本文就刺参养殖中毒物的毒理作用及毒性进行归纳阐述,旨在阐明一些常见毒物的毒性毒理,为刺参健康养殖提供一些科学参考。     

刺参池塘底泥中活体藻类的检测

刺参(Apostiehopus japonicus),又名仿刺参,隶属于棘皮动物门(Echinodermata)、海参纲(Holothur-oidea)、仿刺参属(Apostichopus),因营养和经济价值高,已成为北方海水养殖的主要种类之一。刺参为底栖生物,以底栖藻类、微生物菌团为食,底栖藻类的丰度决定着刺参的生长速度。在刺参养殖过程中,刺参要求水体清瘦,清瘦的水环镜会导致水体中水生植物如刚毛藻、基枝藻、硬毛藻和浒苔(后面简称海草)等大量滋生,严重影响刺参的生长,如何控制养殖环境中这些水生植物的过多生长,已成为海参养殖过程中的一个关键问题。     

牡蛎–海参筏式综合养殖可行性研究

为探究牡蛎–海参筏式综合养殖模式的可行性,在2个具有代表性的牡蛎养殖区——山东荣成桑沟湾和乳山挂子场海域开展了长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)–仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)筏式笼养效果对比实验。在牡蛎养殖笼中,奇数层放养长牡蛎,偶数层放养仿刺参。实验设置3个因子：偶数层的底盘类型(普通养殖盘、无孔养殖盘和无孔养殖盘加无节网)、放养仿刺参的密度(1、2和4头/盘)和放养海域(桑沟湾和挂子场),共18个处理组,每组5个重复,实验期为2020年11月—2021年6月。实验期间,对两海域水体6项指标(叶绿素a、颗粒有机物、活性磷酸盐、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐和铵盐)和实验动物的生长、存活等方面进行跟踪测定和比较分析。结果显示,两海域叶绿素a和颗粒有机物无显著性差异(P>0.05),但其他4项营养盐指标均差异显著(P<0.05)。处理组中,两海域各处理组间牡蛎个体体重及肥满度无显著差异(P>0.05),海参低密度处理组中,海参个体体重及成活率显著高于海参高密度处理组(P<0.05);在其他处理条件相同时,无孔养殖盘处理组的仿刺参个体体重高于普通养殖盘处理组,在挂子场海域有显著差异(P<0.05)。本研究表明,在牡蛎养殖笼偶数层使用无孔养殖盘并放养1头仿刺参,能在降低牡蛎养殖密度的同时,显著提高仿刺参的个体体重和成活率。综上,该牡蛎–海参筏式综合养殖模式可以作为牡蛎规模化养殖区的有益补充     

刺参池塘健康养殖

刺参(仿刺参Apostichopus japorticus Liao)隶属于棘皮动物门,海参纲,遁手目,刺参科。在中国大连、北戴河、山东半岛、江苏连云港及平山岛等沿岸均有分布。是食用海参中品质最好,分布最广,产量最大的一种。随着人们对刺参需求量的增加,刺参养殖尤其是池塘养殖面积迅速增加,     

完全利用代用饵料进行海参育苗

仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)堪称海参中的极品,具有极高的营养保健和药用价值,是我国北方重要的养殖品种,尤其近几年,仿刺参养殖业更是迅猛发展,已成为山东和辽宁水产养殖的支柱性产业.仿刺参苗种人工繁育工作也随着养殖规模的不断扩大而快速发展.目前仿刺参浮游幼体育苗阶段仍然需要培养单胞藻作为饵料,该过程任务繁重,且易受污染,造成饵料培养失败或饵料缺口,给育苗生产造成损失.特别是近几年随着刺参育苗时间的不断提前,出现了单胞藻饵料培育难以与之同步、易老化等缺点,严重影响育苗生产.     

黄河三角洲地区不同类型池塘养殖刺参试验

刺参（Apostichopus japonicus）通常称作海参,在分类上属于棘皮动物门、海参纲、楯手目、刺参科、仿刺参属。刺参是我国传统的名贵海产品,具有很高的食用和药用价值。黄河三角洲地区无刺参自然分布,该地区自2003年从胶东地区引进刺参进行池塘养殖试验,并获得成功,在该地区养殖试验过程中探索了不同池塘类型的养殖方法。     

仿刺参基因组大小的测定

仿刺参基因组大小测定采用流式细胞术,以鸡红血细胞DNA含量(2.5 pg/2C)为内标,用夏眠、正常和野生3个群体的仿刺参体腔细胞测定了52只刺参的单倍体基因组含量,其C-值为(0.90±0.06)pg,由此得出仿刺参基因组大小为(880.2±58.68)Mb。其中,夏眠、正常和野生群体C-值分别为(0.93±0.05)、(0.90±0.05)和(0.84±0.02)pg。运用独立样本t检验对比分析显示:(1)夏眠与正常的仿刺参基因组大小之间差异不显著,说明仿刺参基因组大小与夏眠这一生理因子不具有相关性;(2)池塘(围堰)养殖环境下与野生环境下的仿刺参基因组大小之间有显著差异,野生环境下的仿刺参基因组明显小于池塘(围堰)养殖环境下的基因组。据此推测,环境因子的改变可能对仿刺参乃至整个海参类群基因组DNA含量产生影响。实验还对C-值测定的发展和方法作了详尽的描述,同时在综合其他种类海参基因组大小研究的基础上,探讨了C-值与进化地位之间的关系。     

不同附着基类型对刺参浮游幼体成活和变态附着的影响

仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus Selenka),属棘皮动物门(Echinodermata)、海参纲(Holothuroidea)、楯手目(Aspidochirota)、刺参科(Stichopodidae)、仿刺参属(Apostichopus),又称刺参(文中以下称刺参),是我国有记载的21种食用海参中唯一分布于黄渤海区的温带种类,营养价值很高,为"海产八珍"之一.目前世界上只有中国等少数几个国家开展了刺参的增养殖工作.     

我国北方棘皮动物育苗技术

我国北方棘皮动物主要有刺参和海胆两类.刺参属棘皮动物门,海参纲,楣手目,刺参科, 仿刺参属,是我国北方唯一的经济价值最高的海参.刺参体内有粘多糖、胶原蛋白等.     

The effect of hatching time on the bioenergetics of northern pike (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Esox lucius</Emphasis>) larvae from a single egg batch during the endogenous feeding period

Size, caloric value and chemical composition were measured separately in the progeny of two northern pike (Esox lucius) females at 3-day intervals during the endogenous feeding period from hatching to final yolk resorption. Tissue, yolk and entire larvae were analysed separately in three groups of larvae that hatched at different times (between 88 and 106 degree-days post-fertilization). An integrated approach with the Gompertz model was used to compute the yolk conversion efficiency and time to maximum tissue size in early, mid and late hatched larvae. At hatching, unresorbed yolk of early hatched larvae contained more energy (39.20 J) and more protein (0.99 mg) compared to the yolk of larvae that hatched later (38.13 J and 0.92 mg protein for late hatched larvae, p < 0.05). In contrast, a significant reduction in tissue weight (?0.7 mg DW) and protein content (?0.5 mg) was found in early hatched larvae compared to those which hatched later (p < 0.05). Between days 9 and 12 post-hatching (108 and 144 degree-days post-hatching), close to the final yolk resorption, late hatched larvae stopped growing and their tissue began to be resorbed. This tissue resorption time was delayed in early hatched larvae which presented at the end of the experiment a greater tissue weight than late hatched ones. Yolk conversion efficiency in term of energy from hatching to complete yolk resorption stage was significantly higher for early and mid hatched larvae (51 %) compared to late hatched ones (44 %) (p = 0.004). Furthermore, the time to maximum tissue size was found to be negatively related to hatching time which implies that early hatched larvae take longer time to switch from one developmental stage to the next. The maximum tissue dry weight and energy content were found to be reached at approximately the same age post-fertilization for both early hatched and late hatched larvae, suggesting that the principal steps in a fish’s lifespan are better correlated with time of fertilization than hatching time.     

Hatching time effect on the intra‐spawning larval morphology and growth in Northern pike (Esox luciusL.)

Based on the analysis of 11 morphometric variables of body (total length, body area and perimeter, myotome height and eye diameter) and yolk sac (length, height, area, perimeter and volume) of pike larvae, the aim of this study was to evaluate how larval size at hatching and growth of larvae hatched from single egg batches vary according to three hatching times: early, mid and late. Hatching time structures strongly pike larval morphometrics. Early hatched larvae have smaller body sizes at hatch, faster growth and higher yolk use efficiency than late hatched ones. Early hatched larvae seem to be premature and hatch at precocious developmental stage whereas late hatched individuals continue their growth within the egg shell and hatch at larger size but with lower reserves (yolk). A compensatory growth phase was observed for the early hatching pike larvae particularly during the first 5 days post hatch. Consequently, no significant difference in body parameters was recorded from day 10 post hatching whatever the hatching time. The higher growth accomplished by early hatched larvae may be related to a particular metabolic activity that converts more efficiently yolk into body tissues.     

Japanese nephropid lobster <Emphasis Type="Italic">Metanephrops japonicus</Emphasis> lacks zoeal stage

ABSTRACT:   Larvae of the Japanese nephropid lobster Metanephrops japonicus hatched in the laboratory were reared at 15°C, and the development and feeding were observed. All larvae hatched at the 'prezoea stage' with no natatory setae on the exopodite of the pereiopods. Without feeding, 50% of prezoea molted into the megalopa stage, having small buds as the exopodite, within 1 h and all molted within 22 h. The megalopa fed with Artemia nauplii, shrimp meat and pelleted food molted into the first juvenile stage with no exopodite after approximately 17 days. The average carapace lengths of prezoea, megalopa and the first juvenile stage were 3.2, 3.6 and 4.4 mm, respectively. The survival rate from hatching to the first juvenile stage was high (90–100%). This lobster may be the only known nephropid species with no zoeal stage.     

鳗鲡疱疹病毒的分离与鉴定

为获知鳗鲡"脱粘败血病"与病毒的关系,实验用蔗糖密度梯度离心的方法从发病的欧洲鳗鲡内脏器官组织匀浆液中纯化了病毒粒子,负染后利用电镜观察;进一步用EO细胞对病毒进行了分离、培养,并对感染病毒的细胞进行超薄切片,电镜观察;然后,提取病毒DNA,利用鳗鲡疱疹病毒的PCR检测方法对其进行了鉴定。结果显示,接种匀浆上清液的EO细胞出现细胞融合的病变效应;分离病毒的病毒粒子具囊膜,大小约为200 nm;从感染病毒的细胞上清液DNA中扩增出特异性条带,序列测定与比对分析表明,该序列与鳗鲡疱疹病毒欧洲株(AngHV-1)的序列完全一致。研究表明,利用EO细胞分离了一株鳗鲡病毒,经形态观察和DNA分析,确认该病毒为鳗鲡疱疹病毒,命名为AngHV-FJ。该研究为深入开展鳗鲡疱疹病毒的致病机制及鳗鲡"脱粘败血病"的防控研究奠定了重要基础。     

盐度对杂交石斑鱼受精卵孵化和卵黄囊仔鱼形态及活力的影响

为了研究盐度对褐点石斑鱼(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus)♀×清水石斑鱼(Epinephelus polyphekadion)♂杂交后代(简称杂交石斑鱼)受精卵孵化、卵黄囊仔鱼形态及活力的影响,将杂交石斑鱼受精卵置于不同盐度水体中,观察盐度胁迫下卵径、油球径、孵化率及畸形率,以及孵化后卵黄囊仔鱼形态变化和活力状况。结果表明,在本研究条件下,受精卵卵径随盐度降低而增大,油球径不随盐度变化而变化。在盐度18~36范围内均能孵化仔鱼,但因盐度不同孵化率和初孵仔鱼畸形率有显著差异(P0.05);随盐度升高,孵化率呈先升后降的变化,初孵仔鱼畸形率则相反。盐度24~36组孵化后3 d仔鱼卵黄囊几乎完全消耗,组间无显著差异(P0.05)。在盐度24~36范围内,随着盐度的增加,仔鱼的不投饵存活系数(SAI值)呈先升后降的变化曲线;盐度30~33范围内,初孵仔鱼SAI值大于5;5日龄仔鱼全部死亡,半数死亡时间出现在孵化后3.5 d。综上分析表明,该杂交石斑鱼受精卵孵化及仔鱼培育的适宜盐度范围为24~36,最适盐度范围为30~33。     

温度对奥尼罗非鱼受精卵孵化和仔鱼活力的影响

研究了温度对奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus)受精卵孵化和仔鱼活力的影响。在盐度为5不同温度(22、24、26、28、30、32和34℃)下,比较观察奥尼罗非鱼受精卵的培育周期、孵化周期、孵化率和畸形率。同时在以上不同温度条件下对初孵的奥尼罗非鱼仔鱼进行耐饥饿试验,测定其不投饵存活系数(Survivalactivity index,SAI)。结果表明:在温度为24~32℃,受精卵孵化率较高(84.3%~91%),温度高于34℃和低于22℃时,孵化率较低。温度与培育周期呈负相关关系,函数关系为y=0.3607x2-26.836x+553.5,R2=0.973。仔鱼生存适宜温度是24~30℃,最适的温度是24~26℃。温度为22℃时,SAI值分别为19.9,但是仔鱼发育的缓慢,部分仔鱼的身体色素一直没有出现,不适合仔鱼的培育。     

盐度对棘头梅童鱼胚胎发育和仔鱼存活的影响

观察比较了11个盐度梯度[0、5、10、15、20、25、30(自然海水)、35、40、45、50]下,棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys lueidus)胚胎的沉浮情况、孵化时间、孵化率和畸形率,并测定了初孵仔鱼的不投饵存活系数(SAI)。结果表明:(1)棘头梅童鱼胚胎在海水盐度为30及以上时100%漂浮;盐度为25时,95%漂浮,5%悬浮;盐度为20时95%悬浮,5%沉底;盐度为15时95%沉底,5%悬浮;盐度为10及以下时100%沉底。在水温18～20℃的条件下,棘头梅童鱼胚胎在盐度5～40范围内经28～32 h能孵化出仔鱼,盐度对孵化时间影响不显著(P>0.05)。但孵化率和畸形率因盐度不同而有显著差异。综合分析表明棘头梅童鱼胚胎孵化的适宜盐度范围为15～35,孵化最适盐度范围在20～30之间。(2)在可孵出鱼苗盐度范围(5～40)内,棘头梅童鱼仔鱼SAI值为(1.80±0.03)～(11.85±0.02),与卵的孵化率呈正相关关系。仔鱼生存的适宜生长盐度为10～30,最适盐度范围为20～25。     

温度、盐度对条石鲷胚胎发育影响及初孵仔鱼饥饿耐受力

研究了盐度、温度对条石鲷胚胎发育的影响和初孵仔鱼对饥饿的耐受力。结果表明,胚胎发育的适宜盐度范围为20～35,最适盐度范围为25～30,孵化率都在89%以上,盐度低于20或高于35,孵化率都降低。盐度对孵化时间有一定影响,盐度高于35或者低于15条件下孵化时间都延长。胚胎发育的适宜温度范围为21～27℃,孵化率都在77%以上,最适温度范围为23～25℃,孵化率达89%以上,低于19℃或者高于27℃时孵化率降低且初孵仔鱼畸形率升高。胚胎孵化时间与温度成负相关关系,胚胎发育速率与温度成正相关关系。条石鲷胚胎发育的生物学零度（阈温度）为10.06℃,有效积温值为405.3℃·h。对胚胎发育的Q10值进行了计算。饥饿条件下,条石鲷初孵仔鱼8日龄全部死亡,半数死亡时间出现在第6天,饥饿对初孵仔鱼生长具有明显的抑制作用。     

鲈脾肿大症的病原及细胞病理学的初步研究

首次报道了鲈脾肿大症的发病情况。病鱼以脾脏肿大为主要症状，死亡率高达50％以上。对病鱼进行显微镜检查和细菌分离培养，未见寄生虫和病原菌。经电镜检查，在脾、肝等组织中发现大量病毒颗粒。该病毒颗粒为六边形，没有囊膜，衣壳直径180-220nm，认为该病毒屑虹彩病毒(Iridoviridae)。细胞病理变化表现为感染细胞肿胀，细胞超微结构破坏，细胞质出现大面积空泡。血细胞中出现大量异形淋巴细胞，占淋巴细胞总数的50％以上。     

Histology of the developing digestive system and the effect of food deprivation in larval green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris)

The histological development of the digestive tract in hatchery-reared green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris) larvae and the effects of food deprivation on the digestive system organization were studied from hatching until 31 days post-hatching (dph). At hatching, the larval digestive system consisted of two rudiments: a large endodermal yolk sac and a primordial hind-gut. During the endogenous feeding phase, the wall of the yolk sac differentiated into the stomach (glandular and non-glandular regions) and the anterior and intermediate intestine, while the hind-gut primordium differentiated into the spiral valve and rectum. At the onset of exogenous feeding (15 dph at 16 °C), the organization and cytoarchitecture of the digestive system in green sturgeon larvae was generally similar to those of juveniles and adults. Larvae deprived of food exhibited a progressive deterioration, with subtle pathological changes observed after 5-d starvation: shrinkage of digestive epithelia, tissue degeneration, and necrosis were observed at 10–15 d of starvation (30 dph). No changes were observed in the mucous secretion of different regions of the digestive tract of food-deprived larvae. The histological analysis of the larval digestive system may be used to evaluate the nutritional condition of larval green sturgeon in their nursery habitats in spawning rivers, which are affected by dams and flow diversions.