莱茵衣藻氮胁迫基因数字表达谱分析

以正常培养条件下的莱茵衣藻为对照，通过数字表达谱技术对缺氮诱导3 d的藻细胞进行转录水平上的检测，并结合pathway分析。结果表明：差异表达基因共有482个，其中上调表达基因108个，下调表达基因374个；这些差异表达的基因共分布在85个pathways中。此结果为进一步揭示氮元素缺乏诱导微藻油脂积累的分子机理提供有用信息。     

缺氮胁迫下玉米组蛋白乙酰化相关酶的动态表达特征

研究缺氮对玉米自交系B73组蛋白修饰酶的影响，分析组蛋白修饰如何对玉米发育过程中土壤氮浓度的波动进行微调适应不同的氮浓度环境提供一定的理论依据。结果表明，吐丝后1～2周，缺氮雌穗的穗长和干重分别降低16.2%～19.7%和35.6%～44.4%，氮浓度在吐丝后第二周降低13.3%。利用qRT-PCR技术，对玉米苗期以及雌穗形成关键时期的组蛋白乙酰化酶（GCN5和HAT-B）和去乙酰化酶基因（HD1b，HD2，HDA101，HDA102，HDA106和HDA108）的表达进行分析，苗期缺氮8 d，除HAT-B基因外，其余7个基因的表达水平均急剧上升；缺氮36 h，HAT-B、HDA101、HD1b和HD2基因的表达量增加；缺氮处理2 d，基因HDA106和HDA108的表达水平下调。吐丝期雌穗，除HAT-B、HD1b和HD2基因外，其余5个基因都有较高的表达水平；在吐丝期前1周，缺氮导致HDA101和HDA106基因的表达水平均显著上调；基因HD1b和HD2在吐丝期后第二周表达水平则明显下调。缺氮胁迫使ZmHATs和ZmHDACs的表达可能存在协同性、功能分化性、时空摆动性以及通过不同途径调控植物对缺氮胁迫的响应等特征，说明ZmHATs和ZmHDACs在玉米缺氮胁迫适应中发挥着重要作用。     

核盘菌诱导后向日葵防卫及激素信号传导相关基因差异表达分析

为探讨向日葵抗菌核病分子机制，在已构建的核盘菌诱导向日葵转录组差异表达基因分析基础上，筛选了8个向日葵防卫相关基因和水杨酸（SA）、茉莉（JA）及茉莉酸-乙烯（JA/ET）信号途径中的关键调控基因进行了qRT-PCR诱导表达分析。结果表明，当核盘菌侵染向日葵时，向日葵防御酶基因表达量与对照相比均有显著的变化，超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和谷胱甘肽-S转移酶（GST）基因在6h表达量分别为对照25.02、22.34和26.25倍；苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和查尔酮合成酶（CHS）基因也上调表达，表达量在12h均达到最高，分别为对照的23.89、24.23和24.89倍；β-1，3-葡聚糖酶（GLU）基因在0～6h下调表达，之后又迅速升高，24h表达量达到最高，为对照的23.66倍；几丁质酶（CHI）基因先是下调表达，12h后开始上调表达，36h时表达量达到最高，为对照的22.13倍。SA、JA及JA/ET信号途径中的调控基因与未经诱导的相比均有明显的转录水平变化，而且JA/ET途径“节”点基因PDF1.2和SA-JA“节”点基因NPR1、MPK4和EDS1也明显上调表达。研究结果表明核盘菌诱导激发了向日葵多种抗病信号传导途径及防御反应，暗示向日葵对核盘菌侵染响应的分子机制受到多基因网络系统的调控。     

水稻纹枯病菌RsPhm基因的克隆及其表达分析

【目的】为了阐明苯酚2-单加氧酶基因(RsPhm)在水稻纹枯病菌(Rhizoctoniasolani AG-1ⅠA)黑化中的功能,【方法】采用常规PCR和RT-PCR技术对该基因进行克隆和生物信息学分析,通过荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)技术检测在儿茶酚胁迫下该基因的相对表达量。【结果】生物信息学分析结果表明,RsPhm基因的DNA和cDNA全长序列分别为2628 bp和1983 bp,编码660个氨基酸。系统进化树分析显示,RsPhm基因在立枯丝核菌(R. solani)不同融合群中具有较近的亲缘关系,在不同真菌之间在进化上具有一定保守性。通过qRT-PCR技术分析了在不同浓度儿茶酚胁迫下水稻纹枯病菌RsPhm基因的转录表达情况。外源儿茶酚能提高RsPhm基因的表达量,在12.5 µg/mL浓度下表达量最高,极显著上调35.7倍,在25 µg/mL和50 µg/mL浓度下表达量分别上调19.1倍和28.4倍,但在100 µg/mL浓度下表达量仅上调2.1倍。【结论】获得了RsPhm基因全长序列,了解了其基本生物学信息,明确了其在儿茶酚胁迫下的表达模式。研究结果为科学、系统地阐明水稻纹枯病菌RsPhm基因调控黑色素形成机制奠定了理论基础。     

低氮胁迫下水稻剑叶转录因子表达变化

 利用Agilent 4×44K芯片全基因组研究低氮胁迫下,2个不同叶绿素含量水稻齐穗期剑叶的转录因子相关基因表达的变化。结果表明,低氮处理与对照相比,超绿水稻沈农196（SN196）剑叶共有53个转录因子相关基因表达发生变化（35个在转录水平下调表达,18个在转录水平上调表达）。丰锦剑叶有27个转录因子相关基因表达发生变化（21个在转录水平下调表达,6个在转录水平上调表达）。低氮胁迫响应转录因子相关基因表现出品种（系）特异性,超绿水稻SN196有48个特异响应,丰锦有22个特异响应。两个水稻品种（系）低氮胁迫响应的转录因子相关基因有5个重叠,其中1个在转录水平上调表达,4个下调表达。低氮胁迫下,水稻剑叶转录因子相关基因的表达发生变化,不同叶绿素含量水稻品种（系）既表现特异性,也存在部分重叠。两个水稻的低氮胁迫响应转录因子基因在染色体上的分布存在差异。     

香蕉MaSULTR3家族成员的全基因组鉴定与不同温度下表达模式分析

利用生物信息学分析法对香蕉MaSULTR3基因家族成员进行全基因组鉴定、蛋白特性分析、分子进化树分析、启动子顺式作用元件分析以及低温胁迫下叶片转录组的FPKM值分析;其后,利用基因组数据结合RT-PCR方法克隆了‘天宝蕉’（Musa spp., AAA Group）组培苗MaSULTR3.1-2基因的ORF序列;最后,利用qPCR技术分析了该基因在低温胁迫下的表达模式。结果表明,香蕉MaSULTR3家族有12个成员;MaSULTR3启动子区域含有光响应、激素响应、低温、干旱等逆境胁迫相关的响应元件;分子进化树分析表明MaSULTR3家族成员可分为4类：Class Ⅰ包含2个MaSULTR3成员（MaSULTR3.3-2、MaSULTR3.3-1）,与单子叶植物香蕉和水稻的SULTR3.3聚在一起;Class Ⅱ包含3个MaSULTR3成员（MaSULTR3.4-2、MaSULTR3.4-1的2个不同转录本）,与大部分物种的SULTR3.4和拟南芥的SULTR3.3/4聚在一起;Class Ⅲ包含4个MaSULTR3成员（MaSULTR3.1-6、MaSULTR3.1-2、MaSULTR3.5-1、MaSULTR3.5-2）,与香蕉和水稻的SULTR3.5聚在一起;Class Ⅳ包含4个MaSULTR3成员（MaSULTR3.1-4、MaSULTR3.1-3、MaSULTR3.1-5、MaSULTR3.1-1）,拟南芥、水稻和香蕉的SULTR3.1/2聚在一起。不同温度下叶片转录组的FPKM值分析表明：MaSULTR3在低温下整体呈上调趋势,在13 ℃处理下表达量最高,且MaSULTR3不同成员在应对低温胁迫下有不同的分工。天宝蕉MaSULTR3.1-2基因的ORF序列包含1959 bp的完整开放阅读框,编码652个氨基酸残基,属于SULTR3基因家族,不含信号肽,具有双向跨膜,为疏水性蛋白,PI为8.55,含有55个蛋白磷酸化位点,三级结构中α-螺旋和无规则卷曲占比较大。亚细胞定位预测结果显示MaSULTR3.1-2可能定位于细胞质。qRT-PCR结果显示,‘天宝蕉’MaSULTR3.1-2基因在所有检测组织部位均有表达,其中在叶片的表达量最高,并且在叶片表达量为随温度下降,表达量先下降后上升,在28 ℃表达量最高。本研究结果表明MaSULTR3.1-2基因可能参与低温胁迫下香蕉的抗寒响应。     

大麦苗期耐低氮性研究

利用耐低氮差异大麦品种来研究苗期氮代谢相关基因的转录调控,结果发现,大麦地上部和根对低氮胁迫的响应具有差异,低氮胁迫对大麦苗期生长的抑制主要体现在地上部,硝酸还原酶基因HvNIA2、叶绿体型谷氨酰氨合成酶基因HvGS2和铁氧化还原蛋白依赖型谷氨酸合酶基因HvGLU2在耐低氮大麦品种BI-04地上部特异上调表达,HvGLU2在BI-04根部特异上调表达,HvGS2在2个大麦品种根部都上调表达,而在BI-04中反应更快。虽然天冬酰胺合成酶基因HvASN1在2个大麦品种地上部都下调表达,但其在低氮敏感品种BI-45中,低氮胁迫24 h后就很难被检测到。以上结果表明,这些基因在大麦苗期耐低氮中可能起着重要的作用。为了提高大麦耐低氮中定量PCR检测的准确性,除了考虑好试验设计、计算方法和统计分析外,进一步对内参基因的选择进行了筛选。以转录组测序中基因表达没有差异的基因和常用内参基因作为候选内参基因,利用ge Norm、Norm Finder和Best Keeper 3种软件对低氮胁迫处理大麦幼苗地上部样品进行了内参基因筛选研究,其中ge Norm软件不但可以确定最佳内参基因,还可以确定内参基因最少使用个数。尽管3种软件的筛选结果不尽相同,但是β-TUB6和GAPDH1都被认为是前3个最稳定的内参基因。另外,因为部分候选内参基因用了RNA-seq中没有差异的基因,此次筛选也从侧面部分验证了RNA-seq的准确性。     

缺磷响应基因OsSQD2.1对水稻生长发育的影响

【目的】旨在研究水稻缺磷响应基因OsSQD2.1对水稻生长发育的影响,从而解析其作用。【方法】通过生物信息学的方法,确定OsSQD2.1基因及蛋白结构并分析OsSQD2.1启动子上的顺式作用元件;通过荧光定量PCR检测,研究不同缺素条件下OsSQD2.1的表达;测定T-DNA插入突变体和沉默干涉材料不同时期表型、磷含量和净光合速率,研究OsSQD2.1对转基因植株生长发育及光合作用的影响。【结果】OsSQD2.1基因编码区全长为3548 bp,位于第1染色体上,具有11个外显子和10个内含子,OsSQD2.1属于糖基转移酶家族;OsSQD2.1启动子上含有多个缺磷响应顺式作用元件;OsSQD2.1受缺磷诱导,缺硫抑制。营养生长期突变体或沉默材料地上部长度和主根长均显著低于野生型。生殖生长期,突变体或沉默材料株高和千粒重显著低于野生型,结实率无显著差异。OsSQD2.1的突变与沉默增加正常供磷时叶片中的总磷,在缺磷条件时野生型相比无明显差异;此外,苗期和成熟期突变体的净光合速率显著低于野生型,初步推测OsSQD2.1影响水稻净光合速率。【结论】OsSQD2.1受缺磷响应,并影响水稻生长发育。     

毛竹4个miRNA在胚芽萌发过程的表达响应研究

为探究毛竹mi RNA在种子萌发过程中相关调控机理,利用荧光定量和生物信息学技术分析毛竹中可能参与种子萌发调控的mi RNA,并预测其潜在靶基因。并对毛竹种子萌发过程中胚芽萌发的不同阶段的mi RNA及其潜在靶基因的表达模式进行验证分析。结果显示,毛竹4个mi RNA基因(phe-mi RNA156k、phe-mi RNA159b、phe-mi RNA160a和phe-mi RNA396e)在种子萌发至形成完整胚芽的3个阶段中表达水平呈上升趋势。通过mi RNA及其靶基因的表达关联分析,发现毛竹这4个mi RNA潜在靶基因(phe-mi RNA156-T1、phe-mi RNA156-T2、phe-mi RNA159-T1、phe-mi RNA160-T1、phe-mi RNA396-T1和phe-mi RNA396-T2)的表达下调,而这些靶基因可能参与调节毛竹种子萌发、细胞分化和器官形成等过程。其中根中高表达的phe-mi R396e随着毛竹萌发而上调表达,其靶基因则表达下调,它可能通过抑制其2个生长因子相关蛋白的靶基因来实现对毛竹萌发过程的调控。由此表明,这4个毛竹mi RNA在胚芽萌发过程可能具有重要作用,研究结果对进一步发展毛竹分子育种提供一定理论参考。     

利用基因芯片筛选茶树芽叶紫化相关基因

采用基因芯片技术对龙井群体中紫芽资源和绿芽资源进行分析,探索茶树紫化相关的差异表达基因。结果检测到差异表达基因43个,其中上调表达基因17个,下调表达基因26个。以基因芯片中紫芽资源上调基因TC0002e03和下调基因TL016D09、TL011D06,及不变基因TL022H08、TL024B05为材料,用实时荧光定量方法验证基因芯片的结果,二者完全相符。根据基因芯片的实验结果,采用数据库查询方式对43个差异表达基因进行功能注释,结果表明差异表达基因主要与能量代谢、次生代谢和转录调控等分子功能有关,特别是在差异表达基因中还包含两个与花青素代谢途径直接相关的基因,苯丙氨酸解氨酶和花青素还原酶基因,同绿芽资源相比,它们在紫色资源中分别下调3.44倍和上调2.09倍;同时还筛选到两个可能调控花青素合成的转录因子MYB蛋白和WD40蛋白,分别上调2.25倍和2.54倍。这些研究结果将为深入理解茶树芽叶的紫化机理,克隆相关基因打下基础。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.