棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂的饲养及生物学特性

对棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂室内饲养及相关生物学特性的研究结果表明：可用斜纹夜蛾幼虫作为该蜂室内人工繁殖的最适宜寄主。当该蜂寄生不同日龄的斜纹夜蛾幼虫时,其发育历期无显著差异;寄生率随寄主日龄的增加而降低;茧重随日龄的增加而增重;成虫羽化率无明显差异;获茧率以4日龄寄主最高,为55．3％;以3～5日龄寄主幼虫繁育的成蜂寿命最长。齿唇姬蜂在26℃下的平均产卵量为92．7粒,成蜂绝大部分在光照期羽化。在4～26℃范围内,温度愈低,成蜂寿命愈长。     

中红侧沟茧蜂成虫日龄及粘虫幼虫龄期对寄生效果的影响

室内研究了不同日龄中红侧沟茧蜂成虫对粘虫幼虫龄期的选择、寄主被寄生时的龄期对寄生蜂幼期发育历期和茧重的影响。结果表明：当寄主1～5龄幼虫同时存在时，该蜂可以寄生1—4龄幼虫，不寄生5龄；偏爱寄生2龄和3龄幼虫；对1、2、3和4龄幼虫的选择系数分别为0．21、0．31、0．27和0．21；寄主幼虫供寄生后，其寄生率随寄主幼虫供寄生时的龄期增大而下降。寄生于4龄寄主幼虫的蜂，其卵至结茧的历期显著长于寄生于2或3龄寄主幼虫的蜂；寄生4龄寄主幼虫所育出的蜂茧明显重于寄生于2或3龄寄主幼虫所育出的蜂茧。雌蜂日龄增加，寄生能力下降；但雌蜂日龄对寄生蜂子代卵至结茧的历期和茧重没有影响。     

斑痣悬茧蜂对不同龄期斜纹夜蛾幼虫的寄生功能反应

为评估斑痣悬茧蜂Meteorus pulchricornis(Wesmael)对其寄主斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura(Fabricius)幼虫的寄生作用,在室内研究了斑痣悬茧蜂对2、3和4龄斜纹夜蛾幼虫的寄生功能反应和搜寻效率。结果表明斑痣悬茧蜂对不同龄期斜纹夜蛾幼虫的寄生功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型模型的预测,对3龄寄主幼虫的攻击率大于对2龄寄主,对后者的攻击率又大于对4龄寄主幼虫的攻击;寄主处理时间随寄主龄期增大而延长。此外,斑痣悬茧蜂的搜寻效率随寄主密度增加逐渐降低,相同寄主密度下,斑痣悬茧蜂对2、3龄寄主幼虫的搜寻效率均高于对4龄寄主幼虫的搜寻。研究结果说明,斑痣悬茧蜂对斜纹夜蛾低龄幼虫的寄生作用大于对高龄幼虫的寄生。     

菜蛾绒茧蜂的寄主选择性及寄生对寄主发育和取食的影响

研究了菜蛾绒茧寄生对寄主幼虫龄期的选择性及对寄主生长发育、取食量的影响。结果表明,该蜂能寄生小菜蛾各个龄期的幼虫,但当２－４龄幼虫同时存在时,偏爱寄生２、３龄幼虫,对２、３、４龄幼虫的选择系数分别为０．３７、０．３９、０．２４。该蜂对４龄幼虫的寄生能力随寄主日龄增大而急剧下降,对进入４龄并发育至该龄期４０％时间以上的幼虫不能寄生。产卵寄生的雌蜂比例也随４龄幼虫日龄增大而急剧下降。小菜蛾幼虫被寄主后     

寄生不同龄期草地贪夜蛾的斑痣悬茧蜂生长发育表现

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith),又称秋黏虫,是新入侵我国的外来物种。为探究本土天敌斑痣悬茧蜂寄生不同龄期草地贪夜蛾幼虫后的生长发育表现,本研究检测了斑痣悬茧蜂寄生2龄、3龄和4龄草地贪夜蛾幼虫后子代蜂幼虫发育历期、茧历期、羽化率、茧重、成蜂个体大小和成蜂寿命。结果表明,寄主龄期对子代蜂的幼虫发育历期、茧历期和成蜂寿命存在显著影响。与寄生4龄幼虫的子代蜂相比,寄生2龄和3龄幼虫的子代蜂幼虫发育历期分别平均延长了2.08 d(z=5.42,P0.05)和1.64 d(z=4.23,P0.05);寄生2龄幼虫的子代蜂茧历期平均延长了0.46 d(z=3.51,P0.05),但寄生4龄幼虫的子代蜂茧历期与寄生3龄幼虫的子代蜂茧历期无显著差异。4龄幼虫体内羽化的子代蜂成蜂寿命比在2龄和3龄幼虫体内羽化的子代蜂成蜂寿命分别平均延长了1.46 d(z=-2.60,P0.05)和1.68 d(z=-2.98,P0.05)。寄主龄期对子代蜂羽化率、茧重和成蜂个体大小无显著影响。随寄主龄期增大,子代蜂的发育速度加快,但寿命缩短。研究结果将为揭示斑痣悬茧蜂与寄主草地贪夜蛾的互作关系提供参考。     

寄主大小对中红侧沟茧蜂产卵和发育的影响

以室内饲养的棉铃虫和中红侧沟茧蜂为材料,研究了寄主大小对中红侧沟茧蜂产卵和生长发育的影响。结果表明,中红侧沟茧蜂成蜂产卵行为对寄主大小有显著的选择性。成功寄生率随寄主体重的增加而降低。寄主体重介于2～6mg时,成功寄生数占总寄生数的54．03％。被茧蜂成功寄生的95．51％为体重小于14mg的寄主幼虫,大于14mg的棉铃虫幼虫不适宜该寄生蜂产卵。对数据的相关分析表明,寄主体重与中红侧沟茧蜂茧重、茧重与成蜂重以及成蜂重与成蜂寿命之间存在极显著的正相关,寄主体重与中红侧沟茧蜂的卵和幼虫期在0．05水平上存在负相关,而茧期不受寄主大小的影响。     

毛黄鳃金龟天敌普通钩土蜂生物学的研究

经多年观察研究结果表明,普通钩土蜂(Tiphia communis A.& J.)是毛黄鳃金龟(Holoerichia trichophora Fairmaire)幼虫专性寄生天敌,室内测定和田间调查,未发现其它蛴螬寄主。成蜂无补充营养习性,雌蜂活动性弱,产卵于蛴螬中胸节背面,卵端指向背中线,平均每雌蜂产卵31粒,卵期5～7天。幼虫有3龄,历期12～14天,然后食尽寄主组织,只留头壳,做茧以老龄幼虫越冬。人工采集或挖茧助迁扩散,可以明显提高对蛴螬的寄生率。     

螟虫长距茧蜂发生期和发生量预测式的初步研究

螟虫长距茧蜂(Macrocentrus linearis(Nees))是玉米螟幼虫主要的寄生性天敌,繁殖能力较强,每头雌蜂的有效繁殖力平均约达60头幼虫(RH80％),寄生率达20—30％,最高可达50％以上。此蜂繁殖数量受虫口基数、农药使用水平、寄主卵块密度、寄主幼虫龄期、温度和雨量等因子影响。作者于1980—1984年进行了螟虫长距茧蜂发生     

草地贪夜蛾幼虫日龄及取食的食物对淡足侧沟茧蜂寄生效果的影响

为评估淡足侧沟茧蜂对草地贪夜蛾的防控效果,在室内环境条件下,研究了草地贪夜蛾幼虫寄主日龄和所取食食物对淡足侧沟茧蜂寄生效果的影响。结果表明,无论草地贪夜蛾幼虫取食人工饲料或玉米叶片,淡足侧沟茧蜂对3日龄和5日龄寄主幼虫的寄生率、结茧率、出蜂率及对寄主致死率均显著高于8日龄寄主。另外,在同日龄情况下,淡足侧沟茧蜂对取食玉米寄主的寄生率、结茧率以及子代出蜂率均高于寄生于取食人工饲料的幼虫上的相关指标。寄主取食不同食物会影响淡足侧沟茧蜂的寄生效果,且淡足侧沟茧蜂对5日龄草地贪夜蛾幼虫寄生效果较好。本结果可为室内条件下利用草地贪夜蛾幼虫扩繁淡足侧沟茧蜂,以及应用淡足侧沟茧蜂对草地贪夜蛾进行田间防控提供理论依据。     

螟虫长距茧蜂生物学及其利用的研究

螟虫长距茧蜂是玉米螟幼虫的重要天敌,一年发生2—3代,以卵或低龄幼虫在寄主体内越冬。自然寄生率为30—40％,最高70％。该蜂为多胚生殖昆虫,主要寄生1—4龄玉米螟幼虫,以3龄寄生率为最高。一头玉米螟(3龄)可育蜂39.12头,一头雌蜂可寄生玉米螟11.7头,繁殖子代460.05头。试验证明:人工繁殖和释放可提高田间玉米螟寄生率。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.