汉麻温水沤法脱胶动态过程的观测

本文对汉麻温水沤法脱胶过程中的水体pH值和果胶酶活性,以及汉麻韧皮纤维中各组成成分(果胶、半纤维素、纤维素、木质素)的动态变化进行了测定,探明了汉麻温水沤法脱胶过程中水体pH值、果胶酶活性和韧皮纤维脱胶状态的动态变化规律。     

南方亚麻微生物脱胶技术及其理论研究——Ⅰ．亚麻天然水沤法脱胶动态过程的观测

本文对亚麻天然水沤麻过程中的脱胶微生物数量，果胶酶、木聚糖酶、纤维素酶的活性，以及水体的pH、还原糖、含氮量、COD的动态变化进行了测定，探明了亚麻天然水沤麻过程中微生物类群与数量、脱胶酶活性、水体特征的动态变化规律。     

南方亚麻微生物脱胶技术及其理论研究Ⅰ.亚麻天然水沤法脱胶动态过程的观测

本文对亚麻天然水沤麻过程中的脱胶微生物数量,果胶酶、木聚糖酶、纤维素酶的活性,以及水体的pH、还原糖、含氮量、COD的动态变化进行了测定,探明了亚麻天然水沤麻过程中微生物类群与数量、脱胶酶活性、水体特征的动态变化规律.     

汉麻生物脱胶技术研究进展

汉麻脱胶技术作为衔接汉麻种植与后续应用的关键节点,是充分发挥汉麻经济价值的核心技术.汉麻脱胶技术的发展经历了传统沤麻法、工业生产常用的化学法、发展中的微生物接种法和酶法的演变过程.以微生物作为主要脱胶媒介的汉麻生物脱胶技术与化学法脱胶相比,其整体资源投入较少、环境污染小、反应条件相对温和、汉麻纤维品质优异.文章重点介绍...     

亚麻雨露快速生物脱胶技术研究Ⅰ.脱胶菌株的筛选

本实验为了解决雨露沤制过程中因温度和湿度的不足造成沤制不成功这一问题,采用生物快速脱胶,提高脱胶速度.本实验采用不同地区的12个样品,分离脱胶菌142株,其中以沤麻时间在15d左右的为多,获得率居首位(45.8%).在脱胶终点的判定上首次采用蜗旋混合震荡仪法,在酶活力的测定上采用DNS法,实验结果更加准确;得到亚麻脱胶程度在4级的有3株,占所分离脱胶菌的10%;YL79和YL113两株脱胶菌尤为突出,亚麻脱胶程度均在4级;果胶酶活性均在800个单位以上;故均为微生物脱胶的优选菌株,为雨露沤麻生物制剂的研究打下良好的基础.     

亚麻雨露快速生物脱胶技术研究 Ⅰ．脱胶菌株的筛选

本实验为了解决雨露沤制过程中因温度和湿度的不足造成沤制不成功这一问题,采用生物快速脱胶,提高脱胶速度。本实验采用不同地区的12个样品,分离脱胶菌142株,其中以沤麻时间在15d左右的为多,获得率居首位(45.8%)。在脱胶终点的判定上首次采用蜗旋混合震荡仪法,在酶活力的测定上采用DNS法,实验结果更加准确;得到亚麻脱胶程度在4级的有3株,占所分离脱胶菌的10%;YL79和YL113两株脱胶菌尤为突出,亚麻脱胶程度均在4级;果胶酶活性均在800个单位以上;故均为微生物脱胶的优选菌株,为雨露沤麻生物制剂的研究打下良好的基础。     

基于BP-ANN的红麻生物酶脱胶预测模型的构建

由于红麻脱胶环境是一个典型的非线性、强耦合、时变的复杂被控对象，难以实现产业化所要求的实时跟踪控制，其模型难以通过机理建模的方式用简单数学公式或传递函数来描述。将人工神经网络理论应用到红麻韧皮纤维生物酶脱胶过程当中，分析了温度、时间、pH值、浴比和酶浓度等五项主要脱胶工艺参数对脱胶效果的影响水平，经过MATLAB仿真程序的设计和实验，确定了最佳的BP神经网络拓扑结构，建立了红麻韧皮纤维脱胶的神经网络预测模型。     

基于BP-ANN的红麻生物酶脱胶预测模型的构建

由于红麻脱胶环境是一个典型的非线性、强耦合、时变的复杂被控对象,难以实现产业化所要求的实时跟踪控制,其模型难以通过机理建模的方式用简单数学公式或传递函数来描述。将人工神经网络理论应用到红麻韧皮纤维生物酶脱胶过程当中,分析了温度、时间、pH值、浴比和酶浓度等五项主要脱胶工艺参数对脱胶效果的影响水平,经过MATLAB仿真程序的设计和实验,确定了最佳的BP神经网络拓扑结构,建立了红麻韧皮纤维脱胶的神经网络预测模型。     

大麻雨露脱胶真菌的分离及脱胶特性研究

本研究从雨露沤麻后的大麻原茎上分离筛选大麻脱胶真菌。采用GB/T18147.2-2008和DNS法对6株优势真菌进行残胶率及脱胶酶活性分析。结果表明,DMJ6沤麻7 d,大麻原茎木质部及韧皮部分离较好且不破坏纤维完整性;残胶率明显低于其他;果胶酶、甘露聚糖酶活性高于其他,木聚糖酶活性较高,纤维素酶活性低于其他;此菌产酶快,4 d果胶酶及甘露聚糖酶活性可达100 U/m L。经18S rRNA鉴定,DMJ6与Asperigillus niger相似度为99%。     

南方亚麻微生物脱胶技术研究Ⅰ.外界因子对亚麻天然水浸沤麻的影响

本文对影响亚麻天然水浸沤麻的水源水质、水温、pH值、浴比和无机盐等项因子进行了研究。结果表明，厌氧细菌含量较高的塘水，脱胶时间最短；沤麻水适当稀释可加速再次沤麻；亚麻天然水浸沉麻的适宜水温、pH值和浴比分别为30－35℃、7．0－8．0和1：30－40；添加0．05％的（NH4）2HPO4可缩短脱胶时间33％左右。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.