汉麻温水沤法脱胶动态过程的观测

本文对汉麻温水沤法脱胶过程中的水体pH值和果胶酶活性，以及汉麻韧皮纤维中各组成成分（果胶、半纤维素、纤维素、木质素）的动态变化进行了测定，探明了汉麻温水沤法脱胶过程中水体pH值、果胶酶活性和韧皮纤维脱胶状态的动态变化规律。     

南方亚麻微生物脱胶技术及其理论研究Ⅰ.亚麻天然水沤法脱胶动态过程的观测

本文对亚麻天然水沤麻过程中的脱胶微生物数量,果胶酶、木聚糖酶、纤维素酶的活性,以及水体的pH、还原糖、含氮量、COD的动态变化进行了测定,探明了亚麻天然水沤麻过程中微生物类群与数量、脱胶酶活性、水体特征的动态变化规律.     

南方亚麻微生物脱胶技术及其理论研究——Ⅰ．亚麻天然水沤法脱胶动态过程的观测

本文对亚麻天然水沤麻过程中的脱胶微生物数量，果胶酶、木聚糖酶、纤维素酶的活性，以及水体的pH、还原糖、含氮量、COD的动态变化进行了测定，探明了亚麻天然水沤麻过程中微生物类群与数量、脱胶酶活性、水体特征的动态变化规律。     

汉麻生物脱胶技术研究进展

汉麻脱胶技术作为衔接汉麻种植与后续应用的关键节点,是充分发挥汉麻经济价值的核心技术。汉麻脱胶技术的发展经历了传统沤麻法、工业生产常用的化学法、发展中的微生物接种法和酶法的演变过程。以微生物作为主要脱胶媒介的汉麻生物脱胶技术与化学法脱胶相比,其整体资源投入较少、环境污染小、反应条件相对温和、汉麻纤维品质优异。文章重点介绍了汉麻微生物脱胶技术及其主要形式,分析了这些方法的优缺点、研究进展和优化方向,以期为汉麻生物脱胶的研究提供一定的借鉴与参考。     

亚麻雨露快速生物脱胶技术研究Ⅰ.脱胶菌株的筛选

本实验为了解决雨露沤制过程中因温度和湿度的不足造成沤制不成功这一问题,采用生物快速脱胶,提高脱胶速度.本实验采用不同地区的12个样品,分离脱胶菌142株,其中以沤麻时间在15d左右的为多,获得率居首位(45.8%).在脱胶终点的判定上首次采用蜗旋混合震荡仪法,在酶活力的测定上采用DNS法,实验结果更加准确;得到亚麻脱胶程度在4级的有3株,占所分离脱胶菌的10%;YL79和YL113两株脱胶菌尤为突出,亚麻脱胶程度均在4级;果胶酶活性均在800个单位以上;故均为微生物脱胶的优选菌株,为雨露沤麻生物制剂的研究打下良好的基础.     

亚麻雨露快速生物脱胶技术研究 Ⅰ．脱胶菌株的筛选

本实验为了解决雨露沤制过程中因温度和湿度的不足造成沤制不成功这一问题,采用生物快速脱胶,提高脱胶速度。本实验采用不同地区的12个样品,分离脱胶菌142株,其中以沤麻时间在15d左右的为多,获得率居首位(45.8%)。在脱胶终点的判定上首次采用蜗旋混合震荡仪法,在酶活力的测定上采用DNS法,实验结果更加准确;得到亚麻脱胶程度在4级的有3株,占所分离脱胶菌的10%;YL79和YL113两株脱胶菌尤为突出,亚麻脱胶程度均在4级;果胶酶活性均在800个单位以上;故均为微生物脱胶的优选菌株,为雨露沤麻生物制剂的研究打下良好的基础。     

基于BP-ANN的红麻生物酶脱胶预测模型的构建

由于红麻脱胶环境是一个典型的非线性、强耦合、时变的复杂被控对象,难以实现产业化所要求的实时跟踪控制,其模型难以通过机理建模的方式用简单数学公式或传递函数来描述。将人工神经网络理论应用到红麻韧皮纤维生物酶脱胶过程当中,分析了温度、时间、pH值、浴比和酶浓度等五项主要脱胶工艺参数对脱胶效果的影响水平,经过MATLAB仿真程序的设计和实验,确定了最佳的BP神经网络拓扑结构,建立了红麻韧皮纤维脱胶的神经网络预测模型。     

基于BP-ANN的红麻生物酶脱胶预测模型的构建

由于红麻脱胶环境是一个典型的非线性、强耦合、时变的复杂被控对象，难以实现产业化所要求的实时跟踪控制，其模型难以通过机理建模的方式用简单数学公式或传递函数来描述。将人工神经网络理论应用到红麻韧皮纤维生物酶脱胶过程当中，分析了温度、时间、pH值、浴比和酶浓度等五项主要脱胶工艺参数对脱胶效果的影响水平，经过MATLAB仿真程序的设计和实验，确定了最佳的BP神经网络拓扑结构，建立了红麻韧皮纤维脱胶的神经网络预测模型。     

大麻雨露脱胶真菌的分离及脱胶特性研究

本研究从雨露沤麻后的大麻原茎上分离筛选大麻脱胶真菌。采用GB/T18147.2-2008和DNS法对6株优势真菌进行残胶率及脱胶酶活性分析。结果表明,DMJ6沤麻7 d,大麻原茎木质部及韧皮部分离较好且不破坏纤维完整性;残胶率明显低于其他;果胶酶、甘露聚糖酶活性高于其他,木聚糖酶活性较高,纤维素酶活性低于其他;此菌产酶快,4 d果胶酶及甘露聚糖酶活性可达100 U/m L。经18S rRNA鉴定,DMJ6与Asperigillus niger相似度为99%。     

果胶裂解酶PelC基因在原核和真核细胞中的表达

对原核E.coliBL21(DE3)-pET28a-PelC和真核GS115-pPIC9K-PelC工程菌的表达效果进行初步研究。结果表明:原核E.coliBL21(DE3)-pET28a-PelC工程菌表达果胶裂解酶,分子量约44ku;诱导表达19h后,果胶裂解酶活性在温度50℃、pH值5.4时,达到峰值,胞内表达酶活为24.01U/mL。真核GS115-pPIC9K-PelC工程菌分泌表达果胶裂解酶,分子量为43ku;诱导表达60h后,果胶裂解酶活性在温度50℃、最适pH值5.4时达到峰值,活力最高为14.2U/mL。两种表达系统的酶活比较,为以酶法脱胶方式改进传统酸碱脱胶工艺,推动绿色菠萝叶麻纺织产业打下基础。     

The environmental impacts of the production of hemp and flax textile yarn

This study aimed to quantify major environmental impacts associated with the production of hemp yarn using Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). A reference scenario of traditional hemp warm water retting was compared to: (1) bio-retting, i.e. hemp green scutching followed by water retting, (2) babyhemp, based on stand retting of pre-mature hemp, (3) dew retting of flax. Overall, neither of the alternative scenarios was unambiguously better than the reference. The impacts of the hemp reference scenario and the flax scenario were similar, except for pesticide use (higher for flax) and water use during processing (higher for hemp). Bio-retting had higher impacts than the reference scenario for climate change and energy use, due to higher energy input in fibre processing. Babyhemp had higher impacts than the reference scenario for eutrophication, land occupation and pesticide use. A reduction of the environmental impacts of hemp yarn should give priority to reduction of energy use in the fibre processing and yarn production stages and to reduction of eutrophication in the crop production phase.     

Analysis of green hemp fibre reinforced composites using bag retting and white rot fungal treatments

The main objective of this project was to investigate two low cost treatment methods, namely bag retting and treatment with white rot fungi, which could be applied to hemp fibre with low environmental impact to improve its interfacial bonding with polypropylene. Wet chemical analysis, FTIR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), zeta potential and single fibre tensile testing were used to characterise the effect of treatment on hemp fibres. It was found that all the treatments increased the tensile strength of composites. White rot fungi Schizophyllum commune (S.com) treated fibre composites had the highest tensile strength of 45 MPa, an increase of 28% compared to composites using untreated fibre.     

湛江地区剑麻种植基地土壤营养状况的调查分析

通过选点取样对剑麻营养元素的测定，利用数理统计分析的方法，分析养分间、养分与经济性状间的相关关系。得出以下结论：增施N、P、Zn将导致剑麻叶片产量、单叶纤维重、单叶重、纤维产量的显著或极显著提高；增施Ca、Si虽可促进单叶重显著提高，但将导致纤维率的显著下降，增施K将导致纤维率的显著下降，因此，应注意麻田的合理施肥。     

Comparison of composites made from fungal defibrated hemp with composites of traditional hemp yarn

Aligned epoxy-matrix composites were made from hemp fibres defibrated with the fungi Phlebia radiata Cel 26 and Ceriporiopsis subvermispora previously used for biopulping of wood. The fibres produced by cultivation of P. radiata Cel 26 were more cellulose rich (78%, w/w) than water-retted hemp due to more degradation of pectin and lignin. The defibrated hemp fibres had higher fibre stiffness (88–94 GPa) than the hemp yarn (60 GPa), which the fibre twisting in hemp yarn might explain. Even though mild processing was applied, the obtained fibre strength (643 MPa) was similar to the strength of traditionally produced hemp yarn (677 MPa). The fibre strength and stiffness properties are derived from composite data using the rule of mixtures model. The fibre tensile strength increased linearly with cellulose content to 850 MPa for pure cellulose. The fibre stiffness increased also versus the cellulose content and cellulose crystallinity and reached a value of 125 GPa for pure crystalline cellulose.     

亚麻鲜茎雨露沤制技术的初步研究

雨露麻以其生产方式简单,成本低,不污染环境而被广泛应用,但传统的雨露麻采用人工收获,在多雨季节里原茎保存困难,常发生霉烂。给工农业均造成损失。鲜茎雨露沤麻技术的提出解决了这一问题,同时使沤麻时间提前10天左右,亚麻收获就开始沤制,充分利用了亚麻收获季节的高温和降雨。沤麻速度快,沤麻时间缩短,降低了生产成本,麻率相对提高0.5-1个百分点,纤维强度增加1.2—2.7kg。此项技术对我国雨露麻的发展具有一定的指导意义。     

Effect of efficient pectinolytic bacterial isolates on retting and fibre quality of jute

Four bacterial strains with high balanced polygalacturonase (PG) and pectin lyase (PNL), and xylanase with minimal cellulase activity were used in jute retting. The 16S rDNA analysis revealed that the organisms were: Bacillus sp. L6 (GQ891097), Bacillus pumilus strain EK-17 (GQ891098), B. pumilus strain Geo-03-422 (GQ891103) and B. pumilus strain IK-MB12-518F (GQ891105). The microorganisms in different combinations of consortia showed synergistic effect resulting in increased PG (35.52-46.61 IU/g cell wet weight), PNL (39.79-72.12 U/ml), xylanase (0.705-0.840 μmol/ml/min) and little cellulase (0-0.153 μmol/ml/min) activities. The organisms in different combinations of consortia reduced the retting period from 11 to 13 days as compared to 19 days in the control. Microbial inoculation produced remarkable improvement in jute fibre strength (26.62-28.91 g/tex) and fineness (2.76-2.92 tex) over control. The pH of the post-retting water samples became acidic, and the electrical conductivity (Ec), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and hardness increased. The organisms could be adopted in industrial application for extraction of jute fibre.     

Lignin content and briquette quality of different fibre hemp plant types and energy sunflower

Fibre hemp and energy sunflower are potential energy crops for production of solid biomass as renewable energy. The current study estimated (i) the lignin content of fibre hemp and energy sunflower plants grown on different nitrogen treatments and (ii) the quality of the briquettes made from different plant types of fibre hemp (i.e. monoecious and dioecious), energy sunflower and the combination of fibre hemp and energy sunflower. The monoecious and dioecious fibre hemp cultivars (Chameleon, Finola and Santhica-27, USO-31, respectively) and the energy sunflower cultivar Wielkopolski were grown in the experimental field in 2008-2010 on Stagnic Luvisol soil. The plants were grown on N treatments of N0, mineral nitrogen (100 kg N ha⁻¹), cattle slurry (100 kg N ha⁻¹), sewage sludge (100 kg N ha⁻¹) and vetch (100 kg N ha⁻¹). Calorific values (16.6-17.4 MJ kg⁻¹) of briquettes pressed from different materials did not differ significantly and had relatively low sulphur (<0.05%) and chlorine content (0.03-0.37%). Briquettes with higher compactness were made from the sunflower and the dioecious hemp. Dioecious hemp had significantly higher lignin content. The dioecious hemp needs lower GDD values for maturating, its stems lignin content was higher than of monoecious hemp by harvest time and therefore this plant type is more suitable for briquetting in Nordic climatic conditions. Comparison of the different N treatments indicated that application of sewage sludge decreased the emergence and density of the fibre hemp plants and the lignin content per kg of DM.     

Correlating the fineness and residual gum content of degummed hemp fibres

It is well known residual gum exists in degummed or retted hemp fibres. Gum removal results in improvement in fibre fineness and the properties of the resultant hemp yarns. However, it is not known what correlation if any exists between the residual gum content in retted hemp fibres and the fibre fineness, described in terms of fibre width in this paper. This study examined the mean width and coefficient of variation (CV) of fibre width of seventeen chemically retted hemp samples with reference to residual gum content. The mean and CV of fibre width were obtained from an Optical fibre diameter analyser (OFDA 100). The linear regression analysis results show that the mean fibre width is directly proportional to the residual gum content. A slightly weaker linear correlation also exists between the coefficient of variation of fibre width and the residual gum content. The strong linear co-relation between the mean of fibre width and the residual gum content is a significant outcome, since testing for fibre width using the OFDA is a much simpler and quicker process than testing the residual gum content. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) reinforces the OFDA findings. SEM micrographs show a flat ribbon like fibre cross-section hence the term “fibre width” is used instead of fibre diameter. Spectral differences in the untreated dry decorticated skin samples and chemically treated and subsequently carded samples indicate delignification. The peaks at 1370 cm⁻¹, 1325 cm⁻¹, 1733 cm⁻¹, and 1600 cm⁻¹ attributed to lignin in the untreated samples are missing from the spectra of the treated samples. The spectra of the treated samples are more amine-dominated with some of the OH character lost.     

Effect of sowing date and plant density on the cell morphology of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)

A range of papers report a major effect of agronomic procedures on the growth, biomass, fibre yield and fibre quality of hemp. The aim of this paper is to examine the influence of sowing date, seed density and year on histological characteristics of hemp (size of the different layers in the cross section of the stem, area of primary fibre cells and their cell lumen, size of fibre cell wall). It was realised that a higher seed density resulted in a reduction of almost all layers in the cross section of the stem. A similar effect was caused by the drought 1998, whereas the sowing date had almost no influence on the size of the various layers. The area of primary fibre cells was smaller in 1998. Sowing date and seed density did not affect the fibre cell area and area of cell lumen in the way mentioned above during the 2 years of the trial. During this period the size of cell wall was mainly determined by climatic conditions. Higher elongation and higher tensile strength of hemp planted at higher seed density is probably caused by differences in primary cell morphology.