外源褪黑素和脱落酸对干旱胁迫下葡萄生理特性的影响

为了探讨褪黑素(MT)和脱落酸(ABA)两者混合施用对植物响应干旱胁迫的综合效应,以盆栽‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄为材料,通过根灌100μmol·L~(-1)的MT溶液和叶面喷施50μmol·L~(-1)的ABA溶液及二者组合处理,研究MT和ABA对干旱胁迫下葡萄生理特性的影响。结果表明,与干旱对照组(D_(ck))相比,MT处理导致葡萄叶片MDA、H_2O_2含量和相对电导率分别降低了14.42%、44.11%和21.26%,叶片相对含水量提高了1.12%,同时SOD和POD酶活性分别提高了14.00%和3.01%。这些均表明MT处理有效缓解了干旱胁迫对植株造成的损伤。50μmol·L~(-1 )的ABA处理组叶片MDA含量和相对电导率较干旱对照组提高了9.43%和17.25%,表明ABA处理没有缓解植株的胁迫状态。MT和ABA组合处理具有和MT处理类似的效果。结果表明,褪黑素可以通过减轻膜脂过氧化程度,增强抗氧化系统能力,从而缓解干旱胁迫对葡萄的氧化损伤,提高抗旱性;同时削弱ABA带来的负面效应。     

过氧化氢参与干旱条件下脱落酸诱导黄瓜不定根形成

以黄瓜(Cucumis sativus.L)为试材,采用聚乙二醇(PEG)模拟干旱胁迫,研究过氧化氢(H_2O_2)与脱落酸(ABA)在干旱胁迫下对黄瓜不定根发生的作用及其相互关系。结果表明:0.3%PEG产生了中度干旱胁迫。干旱条件下外源H_2O_2和ABA可以显著促进黄瓜外植体不定根的发生,且呈明显的剂量效应,800μmol·L~(-1)H_2O_2和0.5μmol·L~(-1)ABA促进效果最显著。干旱胁迫下H_2O_2和ABA共同处理的根数较H_2O_2或ABA单独处理分别高19.3%和31.3%。干旱胁迫下ABA与内源H_2O_2清除剂过氧化氢酶(CAT)或内源H_2O_2合成抑制剂二苯基碘(DPI)共处理较ABA单独处理,根数分别降低15.2%和30.9%,根长分别降低24.1%和26%。进一步结果表明,与PEG处理相比,PEG+ABA处理的叶片气孔开度百分比、密度和相对电导率分别降低了24.2%、15.4%和14.2%,而相对含水量增加了25%。此外,PEG+ABA处理增加了外植体的渗透调节物质(脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白)含量和过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶和吲哚乙酸氧化酶的活性,降低了丙二醛含量。然而,内源H_2O_2清除剂CAT逆转了ABA的上述作用。可见,H_2O_2通过调节水分平衡、细胞膜稳定性、渗透调节物质含量和生根相关酶活性参与干旱条件下ABA促进不定根的发生。     

外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸和PEG处理下栀子幼苗光合及抗氧化特性变化

采用溶液培养方式,研究不同浓度(0、25、50、100 mg·L~(-1)和200mg·L~(-1))5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)对PEG胁迫条件下栀子幼苗有机渗透调节物质含量、光合生理及抗氧化系统等生理生化指标。结果表明,栀子幼苗PEG胁迫14 d,地上和地下部分干重、苗高、根长、相对含水量、光合色素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和水分利用率(WUE)下降;脯氨酸、丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢(H_2O_2)含量和相对电导率显著上升,而抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性明显下降,一定浓度ALA处理降低了PEG引起栀子幼苗生理上的压力,50 mg·L~(-1)的外源ALA处理可以显著缓解PEG诱导生长抑制,与单独PEG胁迫处理相比,叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量、净光合速率、SOD、POD、CAT活性、相对含水量和脯氨酸的积累分别提高了25.35%、31.85%、228.68%、41.92%、27.26%、41.50%、170.26%、31.01%,MDA含量、H_2O_2含量和相对电导率分别降低39.00%、31.18%、45.56%。相反,200 mg·L~(-1)ALA处理则可能加剧干旱胁迫伤害。     

植物根围促生细菌菌剂增强玉米干旱耐受性研究

选用植物根围促生细菌(PGPR)菌剂BBS处理玉米幼苗,研究干旱胁迫下玉米幼苗叶片相关生理特性及基因表达差异。结果表明,干旱胁迫15 d后,BBS处理组玉米幼苗的萎蔫程度显著低于对照组;处理组植株叶片MDA含量仅为对照组的74.35%,叶片脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量分别是对照组的3.39倍和1.07倍;处理组植株叶片ZmP5CS1的表达水平及SOD活性均显著高于对照组;BBS处理组植株叶片在干旱胁迫过程中一直保持较低的H_2O_2含量。研究得出,BBS处理能够有效减缓干旱胁迫对玉米幼苗造成的伤害,进而加速正常浇水后的恢复。处理组植株叶片NCED1和ZmDREB2.7的高水平表达也表明干旱胁迫下玉米幼苗与BBS的互作过程可能有依赖ABA信号途径及不依赖ABA信号途径的共同参与。     

盐旱胁迫下侧柏幼苗的生理响应及水杨酸的调控作用

以侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)幼苗为材料,采用根灌外施水杨酸的方式,探讨盐(200mM NaCl)旱(15%PEG6000)胁迫下侧柏幼苗的生长、叶绿素、活性氧代谢和渗透调节物质含量的响应变化以及水杨酸(0.5mM SA)对其的调控。结果显示:NaCl、PEG6000和NaCl+PEG6000三种胁迫处理抑制了侧柏幼苗的生长、叶绿素、抗氧化物酶(SOD和POD)活性和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,过氧化氢(H_2O_2)、丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量显著增加,可溶性蛋白则降低,且均表现为复合胁迫介于单一胁迫之间,除GSH外,影响程度均为NaCl>NaCl+PEG>PEG;外施低浓度0.5mM水杨酸可提高侧柏幼苗的生长、叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性和GSH含量、渗透调节物质含量,并降低了H_2O_2和MDA积累。研究发现,盐旱复合胁迫对侧柏幼苗生理特性的影响并不是单一胁迫的简单叠加,与单一干旱胁迫相比,盐旱复合胁迫在一定程度上能够缓解干旱胁迫对侧柏幼苗生长的影响;一定浓度水杨酸同样能够有效缓解盐旱单一或复合胁迫对侧柏幼苗造成的生理伤害,提高其抗性。     

外源ATP对盐胁迫下油菜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以‘陇油8号’油菜为试验材料,研究了不同浓度(1、10、25、50、100μmol·L~(-1))外源ATP预处理对盐胁迫下油菜种子萌发及幼苗生物量、H_2O_2和·OH含量、抗氧化酶活性、膜损伤程度、渗透调节物质及相关基因表达的影响。结果表明,与对照(不用ATP或NaCl处理)相比,用不同浓度的外源ATP处理,可不同程度地提高油菜种子的发芽率和发芽势,25μmol·L~(-1)的ATP处理表现较为显著,发芽率和发芽势分别提高了26.9%和17.2%。25μmol·L~(-1)的ATP+NaCl处理相比较于单独NaCl胁迫处理,油菜种子的发芽率和发芽势分别提高了13.7%和15.0%,油菜幼苗的生物量(根长、株高、鲜重)、2种抗氧化酶活性(CAT、POD)、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量及相关基因(MAPK3和MAPK6、SOS1和NHX1)的表达量均显著增加,其中根长、株高、鲜重分别增加了23.6%、27.3%、28.6%,CAT、POD活性、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量分别增加了10.3%、27.0%、15.9%、41.0%;而H_2O_2和·OH含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量及相对电导率分别显著降低了13.6%、6.3%、27.6%、20.5%。以上结果表明,外源ATP浸种能够促进NaCl胁迫处理下油菜的种子萌发,显著提高幼苗的生物量、抗氧化能力及相关基因的表达,降低其膜损伤,增强油菜幼苗的耐盐性。     

稀土钆对硝酸盐胁迫下西瓜幼苗抗氧化酶活性等生理特性的影响

采用硝酸盐[Ca(NO_3)_2]胁迫处理,研究了稀土钆[Gd_2(CO_3)_3]对嫁接西瓜幼苗生长与相关生理特性的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,Ca(NO3)2胁迫下嫁接西瓜幼苗叶片超氧阴离子(O·2)产生速率及过氧化氢(H_2O_2)、丙二醛(MDA)含量增加,膜透性增强,致使其净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)分别显著下降64.2%、81.6%、27.1%和71.5%,幼苗干物质积累减少38.9%,生长显著受抑。叶面喷施Gd_2(CO_3)_3可提高Ca(NO_3)_2胁迫下嫁接西瓜幼苗叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)等抗氧化酶活性,降低O·2产生速率、H2O2和MDA含量及细胞膜透性,缓解Ca(NO_3)_2胁迫下Pn、Gs、Tr值的下降幅度,促进干物质的积累,幼苗干重增加29.2%,生长加快。可见,Gd2(CO3)3可通过调节Ca(NO3)2胁迫下嫁接西瓜幼苗抗氧化性,减少其膜脂过氧化程度,进而维持其较高的光合性能,有效促进了Ca(NO_3)_2胁迫下嫁接西瓜幼苗的生长。     

2，4-表油菜素内酯对多菌灵处理下葡萄抗氧化代谢系统的影响

以欧亚种酿酒葡萄(Vitis vinifera L.)赤霞珠(Cabernet Sauvignon)2 a生葡萄盆栽苗为试材,研究喷施外源2,4-表油菜素内酯(EBR)对多菌灵(CBD)处理下葡萄叶片过氧化氢(H_2O_2)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧阴离子(O■)含量、抗氧化物质(GSH和AsA)、抗氧化酶(CAT、POD、GR)活性的影响。试验设3个处理,即:CK(清水)、稀释800倍CBD、0.3 mg·L~(-1) EBR+稀释800倍CBD,结果表明:与对照相比,CBD处理使葡萄叶片H_2O_2、MDA和O■含量显著升高,平均比对照分别升高50.09%、35.58%、60.06%;葡萄叶片抗氧化物质GSH、AsA的含量与对照相比无显著差异;CBD处理使葡萄叶片抗氧化酶CAT、POD、GR的活性显著增强,平均比对照分别升高24.17%、63.51%、8.44%。与单独CBD处理相比,EBR+CBD处理使葡萄叶片H_2O_2、MDA、O■含量显著降低,平均比单独CBD处理分别降低18.49%、14.44%、17.55%;同时使葡萄叶片抗氧化物质GSH、AsA含量显著升高,平均比单独CBD处理分别升高5.46%、24.92%;EBR+CBD处理使葡萄叶片抗氧化酶CAT、GR的活性显著增强,平均比单独CBD处理分别高17.15%和5.33%,但对POD活性的作用效果不明显。因此,0.3 mg·L~(-1)外源EBR可能通过提高葡萄植株还原型抗氧化物质含量以及CAT、GR活性来降低植株内源活性氧、自由基水平,缓解农药对葡萄植株的伤害,可作为预处理试剂在生产中应用。     

外源水杨酸对盐胁迫下棉花幼苗激素含量及生长特性的影响

以中棉所4l号和中棉所49号为试验材料,通过盆栽试验,研究外源水杨酸(SA)对盐胁迫下棉花幼苗激素水平和生长特性的影响。结果表明:(1)0.6%Na Cl胁迫条件下,棉花幼苗叶片中ABA含量增加,CTK、GA和IAA含量减少,在0.05 mmol·L~(-1)SA浸种+0.2 mmol·L~(-1)叶面喷施复合处理下,中棉所41号和中棉所49号幼苗中ABA含量分别降低了59.14%和76.71%,CTK、GA、IAA含量分别提高了55.39%、21.05%、22.39%和17.08%、12.5%、18.20%,说明SA处理可有效缓解盐胁迫的伤害;(2)ABA/IAA+GA、CTK/IAA和ABA/CTK值在0.6%Na Cl胁迫处理下分别为增高、降低和增高,0.05 mmol·L~(-1)SA浸种+0.2 mmol·L~(-1)叶面喷施复合处理下,中棉所41号和中棉所49号幼苗中ABA/IAA+GA和ABA/CTK值分别降低了63.40%、74.03%和71.66%、79.99%,CTK/IAA值分别增加了28.41%和21.18%,说明SA可使幼苗体内激素恢复动态平衡,促进幼苗的生长发育;(3)0.6%Na Cl胁迫处理下棉花幼苗的株高、根鲜重、茎鲜重和叶鲜重都表现为降低,在不同浓度外源SA浸种和喷施处理下都有所恢复,幼苗根表现最为明显,用0.05 mmol·L~(-1)SA浸种+0.2 mmol·L~(-1)叶面喷施处理0.6%Na Cl胁迫下,两品种棉花幼苗单株鲜重分别增加了24.20%和22.39%。SA能通过调控棉花幼苗激素含量从而提高棉花幼苗的耐盐性,其中以0.05 mmol·L~(-1)SA浸种+0.2 mmol·L~(-1)叶面喷施对缓解棉花幼苗盐胁迫的伤害效果明显。     

褪黑素浸种对大豆种子萌发过程中干旱胁迫的缓解效应

以大豆干旱敏感型品种绥农26为材料,采用室内培养法,研究不同浓度褪黑素(0、100、300、500、800μmol·L~(-1))浸种对6%PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫条件下大豆种子萌发的影响。结果表明:干旱胁迫处理抑制了大豆种子萌发,与对照(蒸馏水处理种子)相比,处理D(6%PEG处理种子)的发芽势、发芽率、根体积和鲜重显著降低,降幅分别为38.14%、23.72%、21.4%、25.6%;根系电导率、MDA和H_2O_2含量大幅上升,增幅分别为51.18%、83.33%和60.60%。而褪黑素浸种处理(100、300、500、800μmol·L~(-1))显著缓解了干旱胁迫对种子萌发的抑制,促进了根系生长,其中以根直径和干重提升最为显著,分别增加了16.38%、29.73%、34.97%、31.72%和10.70%、14.28%、10.70%、25.00%;抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT、APX)活性提高,其中处理M500+D(500μmol·L~(-1)褪黑素+6%PEG)效果最为显著,增幅分别为37.61%、40.10%、12.96%和28.31%。在6%PEG-6000模拟的干旱胁迫下,500μmol·L~(-1)褪黑素浸种处理对大豆种子萌发过程中干旱胁迫的缓解效果最佳。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.