农田“五水”相互转化的动力学模式及其应用

通过对麦田水分微循环规律的研究,提出了描述降水（灌水）入渗、地下潜水蒸发（或补给）、根区土壤水分传输、根系吸水和蒸发蒸腾等五个子系统的麦田“五水”（大气水、地面水、地下水、土壤水和植物水）转化动力学模式。论述了模型参数的测取方法。经大田初步试验表明,该模型对于模拟麦田水分动态和“五水”转化关系具有较高的精度。     

节水思源—论农田灌溉中节水与养水

节水和养水所采取的措施需要依具体地区情况而定,就此对农田灌溉中节水与养水相结合必要性和节水与养水采取的相应措施进行分析.     

苹果树水分状况及其与蒸腾光合的关系

本文以二年生盆栽苹果(辽伏)为材科研究了叶水势与相对含水量的关系及其日变化动态;叶水分状况与蒸騰强度及光合强度的关系。研究结果表明: 叶水势最低值(-26.4巴)出现在10时,叶水势最高值(-22.7巴)出现在第二天的6时。不同部位叶水势不同。同一枝条不同节位叶水势为:下位叶<中位叶<上化叶。同一树冠外围叶水势为:下部叶>中部叶>上部叶。树冠内膛和外围叶水势为:内膛叶水势>外围叶水势。黎明时、日出时叶水分状况与白天的蒸騰强度的关系达到极显著的水平。日出后(10时)叶水分状况与蒸騰强度的关系有前者那样显著,但都表现出一定的阈值效应。     

Crisis of Water Resources on the Ulan Buh Desert Oases, Inner Mongolia, China-A Case Study of Dengkou County

Hetao Plain, composed of hundreds of oases, is one of the most important grain-producing areas in China. Most crops, especially wheat and corn, depend on irrigation, thus water availability is a key issue for grain productivity on this land. The Yellow River is the main water source for irrigation and a crisis of water resources for agricultural use occurs because of increasingly reduced river flows and water-using competition with industry and human residential use. In order to understand the current situation and distribution of water resources on these oases, we collected 20-yr’s data of river runoff, irrigation volumes, infiltration and precipitation to examine the relationships between water resources distribution and its agricultural use. We found that the oasis in Dengkou county was short of water resources with a water deficit rate of 5.14% in 2010. Based on the trend of the data, water deficit will continue to increase as the population grows in the future. Water resource is a limiting factor to agricultural development in this region and proper management of water use and strategies for water resource conservation are urgently needed. Especially, based on our results we suggest that current irrigation methods need to be greatly improved to save the water that was lost from evaporation.     

论农田节水重要技术——灌溉节水技术

我国人口众多,又是农业大国,且水资源相对匮乏,为了能在解决13亿人口的吃饭问题的同时节约水资源.我国在灌溉节水技术方面做出了不懈努力,笔者将从灌溉节水技术的概念、各灌溉技术介绍以及灌溉节水系统制度等方面对农田节水进行阐述.     

Variability of Micro-elevation,Yield, and Protein Content within a Transplanted Paddy Field

Due to the nature of waterlogged fields used for rice production, we hypothesized that micro-elevation (micro-relief, micro-topography, or differences in elevation) is an important factor for site-specific management within rice fields. A 0.5-ha transplanted and weed-free paddy field was selected as the observation site, where there was micro-elevation in a range of 100 mm within the field. Combine-monitored grain yield and the surveyed micro-elevation were compared at 96 locations in the field, and 60 hand-taken grain samples were analysed for protein content. Grain yield and protein content showed significant negative correlations with micro-elevation (r=-0.50^*** and -0.67^***, respectively), indicating that at lower elevations, grain yield increased gradually with protein content. Spatial variation in yield and protein content was attributed to availability of water and nutrient uptake at locations with different micro-elevation. Therefore, micro-elevation is expected to be one of the important factors for managing spatial variation in a small paddy field.     

水分胁迫对扁桃砧木叶片脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白质、质膜透性、相对含水量的影响

在温室试验条件下，以盆栽3年生扁桃主要砧木毛桃和石头扁桃为试材，设置4个水平土壤含水量处理，分别为100％，80％，60％和40％，水分胁迫处理7，14，21d后取叶样，并测定脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白质、质膜透性、相对含水量的变化。研究结果表明：随着水分胁迫的加剧，两种砧木叶片的脯氨酸含量迅速增加，随着胁迫时间的延长，脯氨酸积累幅度降低。石头扁桃和毛桃叶片的可溶性蛋白质的含量随水分胁迫的加剧而增多，随着胁迫时间的延长，可溶性蛋白质含量有所下降，在第21天时，石头扁桃叶片中的可溶性蛋白的含量趋于一致。两种砧木叶片的质膜透性随着水分胁迫的加剧而增加，随着水分胁迫时间的延长，增加更为迅速。随水分胁迫程度的加强，两种砧木叶片的相对含水量降低，但随胁迫时间的延长，相对含水量变化不明显。过量水分供应对扁桃的生理作用产生不良影响，3年生扁桃砧木对土壤水分的要求是田间持水量的60％～80％；石头扁桃的抗旱性比毛桃强。     

浅谈水稻、稻田需水特性及水层管理方法

通过对水稻需水量、稻田耗水量状况的分析,阐释了水稻、稻田需水特性和水对水稻生长发育的意义,针对水稻各生育期对水分需求以及不同类型稻田特点,提出水层管理技术,为合理灌溉作出理论指导。     

磁化水对黄瓜叶片氮磷钾钙镁含量的影响

以当地冬春茬保护地品种寒秀、鲁圣顶峰1号为试材,研究了磁化水对黄瓜叶片氮、磷、钾、钙、镁含量的影响。结果表明:叶片生长发育期间,黄瓜叶片氮、磷含量呈单峰曲线变化;钾、钙、镁含量呈双峰曲线变化。磁化水处理后,寒秀叶片内磷、镁含量极显著高于对照,钙含量显著高于对照,氮、钾含量差异不显著;鲁圣顶峰1号磷、镁含量极显著高于对照,氮、钾、钙含量差异不显著。     

Survey on Gamasyab River Water Quality in Nahavand Township,Iran

Gamasyab River, which is the biggest river of Hamadan Province, is sourced from Karstic Springs in Nahavand Township Southern Mountainous Region and supplies a major part of water needs of the region. In this research seasonal variation of water quality and also the degree of pollution related to Gamasyab River water have been assessed. First the general status of the river was studied and four sampling stations were determined. In this research, the quality of river water including Dissolved Oxygen （DO）, five days Biochemical Oxygen Demand （BOD）5, Chemical Oxygen Demand （COD）, Nitrate, phosphate, temperature, Total Hardness（TH）, Total Suspended Solid （TSS）, Total Dissolved Solid （TDS） and PH have been determined and assessed on a monthly basis within a five years period. The results were reported as seasonally and presented using statistical tables and graphs. These results showed that Nitrate concentration in Gamasyab River is strongly depending on distance from Gamasyab spring. By increasing the distance from Gamasyab spring, nitrate concentration increased. The amount of DO in the river water is stable in each station within the year. Air temperature changes have had no effect in the amount of DO. Therefore, it is recommended that the river pollution control plans be implemented more serious than before, non point source pollution related to agricultural activities be managed and prevent from pouring untreated rural wastewaters to the mentioned river.     

污水灌溉对蔬菜中N,Fe,Zn,Mn含量的影响

测定了4种不同水质灌溉的14种蔬菜中N，Fe，Zn，Mn的含量。结果表明，水质对蔬菜含氮量有明显影响，Fe，Zn，Mn的含量则主要取决于蔬菜品种。     

水资源可持续开发利用与管理研究

针对水资源短缺的问题 ,深入剖析了水资源可持续开发利用的内涵、原则、水资源可持续开发利用中的主要平衡关系以及可持续开发利用的度量问题 ,提出了水资源可持续开发利用的模式和措施 ,并以关中地区为例 ,研究了关中地区水资源可持续开发利用的措施     

宁夏自治区泾源县兴盛川供水工程建设的必要性和可行性

为了更好的体现党的政策,维护社会安定,提高人民的生活水平,帮助兴盛川人民脱贫制富,建设兴盛川供水工程在当前及今后显得尤为重要。     

降解地膜对南疆棉田土壤水热及棉花产量的影响

为探讨降解地膜对南疆棉田土壤水热及棉花产量的影响,选取3种氧化-生物双降解地膜[天壮1号(T-1)、天壮2号(T-2)、天壮3号(T-3)]及一种新型生物降解地膜(HS),以PE普通地膜为对照,通过测定棉田降解地膜的降解情况及土壤水热,计算其棉田耗水及土壤生长度日,筛选适宜南疆棉田生产的降解地膜。结果表明:在棉花进入吐絮期时,T-3和HS的降解率达88.6%和58.7%,而T-1和T-2仅为15.9%和13.4%。不同降解地膜对棉田的水热状况也存在一定影响,对于生育期总耗水量而言,T-3和PE的耗水量较大,为688.6 mm和690.7 mm,但T-3的耗水模数明显高于PE处理。在土壤生长度日上,4种降解地膜在棉花全生育期土壤生长度日均低于PE地膜,其中T-3和HS的土壤生长度日比PE地膜低了294.3℃·d和222.8℃·d。在棉花产量和水分利用效率上,T-1比PE高6.2%和7.2%,HS明显低于PE地膜,但T-3和PE地膜差异不大。综上,T-1和T-2增温保墒效果好,产量较高,但降解效果差。T-3降解速度较好,增温保墒的性能低于PE地膜,但能够满足作物对温度和水分的需求,使棉花产量和水分利用效率接近PE地膜。因此,在南疆棉田降解地膜T-3替代PE地膜应用于棉花生产具有一定的可行性。     

广东西枝江-东江流域抗生素抗性基因污染特征研

抗生素抗性基因（Antibiotics Resistance Genes, ARGs）污染已成为全球性环境问题之一。于枯水季对广东西枝江-东江流域的淡水河、西枝江、东江干流上120多公里河段范围采样,共10个点,每个点同步采集水样和沉积物样品,采用实时荧光定量PCR方法,测定了3种代表性磺胺类耐药基因（sul1、sul2、sul3）及2种代表性整合酶基因（int1、int2）的存在及其丰度。结果显示,水样及沉积物样品中sul1、sul2、sul3和int1、int2均具有100%检出率,表明西枝江-东江流域水环境受到这5种抗生素抗性基因的污染。sul1和sul2在水样和沉积物中的绝对丰度和相对丰度最高,为优势抗性基因。抗性基因丰度在水体和沉积物间,具有较好的相关性（R2=0.64）。无论水体和沉积物,一些抗性基因之间也存在显著的正相关：sul1和int1（R2>0.95,P=0.000<0.01）,sul1和sul2（R2> 0.8, P=0.002<0.01）,sul2和int1（R2>0.8,P=0.004<0.01）。西枝江-东江流域的不同采样点的丰度水平并没有明显峰值,从支流到干流抗性基因丰度未随着水量的增加而削减,反而随着微生物繁殖和新的污染源排放而不断富集。     

湖北省红安县土地整理中的水资源供需平衡分析

以湖北省红安县红华土地整理项目为例,简要分析了红华地区的水资源现状,并结合项目区土地整理的规划要求,对区域水资源供需平衡做出了分析。结果表明:如按典型年标准估算,得到的区内土地整理后的需水量远小于可供灌溉水量,设计满足项目区的灌溉用水要求,供需平衡十分合理;灰色GM(1,1)预测模型预测项目区灌溉保证率为50%时,全区未来各个年份普遍缺水;而按照采用的灌溉保证率为75%~95%的标准推算,项目区今后几年供需水处于盈水状态。表7参11     

京西山区人工林水分参数的研究（Ⅰ）

应用ＰＶ技术研究了京西山区油松、侧柏、白皮松、栓皮栎、元宝枫、刺槐及火炬树等７个树种人工林水分参数ψｗ￣（ｔｌＰ）（膨压为零时的渗透势）、ψｓ￣（ｓａｔ）（饱和含水量时的最大渗透势）及ψｗ（叶水势）的季节变化。研究表明：①在自然条件下，树木叶水势的季节变化主要决定于土壤水分状况的好坏，因而它是反映土壤水分季节变化规律及树木受旱程度的良好指标，②供试树种的水分参数ψｗ￣（ｔｌＰ）和ψｓ￣（ｓａｔ）都有其季节性变化规律，这种变化规律主要与树木的物候特点有关，而与土壤水分状况没有明显的关系，②在一个生长期内，树木展叶和嫩枝生长的春季和夏初，是树木耐旱能力最弱的时期，重点研究这一时期树木的耐旱特点具有十分重要的意义。④在维持膨压的能力方面树种之间的差异是十分明显的，其中针叶树种明显强于阔叶树种。依据ψｗ￣（ｔｌＰ）的年均值来比较树种耐旱能力的大小，其顺序由强至弱为侧柏、白皮松、油松、栓皮栎、元宝枫、火炬树、刺槐，这一结果与野外的实际观察相吻合，也与苗木耐旱性的研究结果基本一致。     

茶叶水浸出物、茶汤和水对香气吸附影响的研究

研究茶叶水浸出物、茶汤和水对香气吸附的影响。结果表明：溶剂性质的水具有较强的吸香能力主要的茉莉花特征香气成分均能被水吸收。茶汤的吸香能力比水更强,吸附的精油总量比水样提高了31．23％茶叶水浸出物对茶叶吸附香气的总量无显著影响,但对吸附的香气种类及组分比例有重要影响。     

设施栽培中百合需水量、需水规律及灌溉方式初探

 以协调水分和作物关系为核心,对设施栽培中百合的需水量、需水规律进行了全面、系统、定量研究;开展百合水分利用机理,不同灌溉方式对百合生长环境、产量、质量和水分利用效率影响的研究,确定其最佳灌溉方式;探讨百合优质高产的灌溉理论、技术,为实现百合的优质、高产和高效用水提出指导和实施措施。     

Water quality,agriculture and food safety in China:Current situation,trends, interdependencies,and management

Water quality in China is becoming a severe challenge for agriculture and food safety,and it might also impact health of population via agriculture and food. Thus,it is causing widespread concern. Based on extensive literatures review and data mining,current situation of water pollution in China and its effects on food safety were analyzed. The 2nd National Water Resource Survey in China show that the surface water all over the country was under slight pollution and about 60% of groundwater is polluted. Drinking water quality is basically guaranteed in urban area but it is worrisome in rural areas. In addition,China is the largest consumer of fertilizer and pestici de in the world and the amounts of application still show increasing trends. Fertilizers and pesticides are the most important sources of pollution,which affect human health as persistent organic pollutants and environmental endocrine disruptors. Eutrophication of surface water and nitrate pollution of groundwater are serious threats to drinking water safety. Sewage irrigation is becoming a pollution source to China's water and land because of lacking of effective regulations. Although,with the advance in technology and management level,control of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions and reducing water pollution is still a major challenge for China.