集成GPRS、GPS、ZigBee的土壤水分移动监测系统

为了实现土壤水分数据的实时采集、处理、可视化与上传,开发了移动式土壤水分监测系统。系统由集成ZigBee协调器、GPS模块、GPRS模块的PDA和基于ZigBee的土壤水分传感器移动节点组成。ZigBee模块主要用于PDA和移动传感器节点间的无线通信,使PDA能无线获取土壤水分传感器信息,并能控制传感器供电电源的通断。GPS模块用来实时获取传感器的位置信息,为绘制土壤水分时间和空间分布图以及为精细灌溉决策系统提供支持。GPRS模块用来将绑定的节点号、经纬度信息、土壤水分信息通过TCP/IP协议上传至互联网远程上位机,以实现土壤水分时空变异的远程监测。系统既能在PDA内存储信息又能上传互联网,具有良好的便携性和可视性。性能试验结果表明,系统可实时准确远程传输测量数据,内嵌软件根据测量结果绘制的土壤水分空间变异分布图可有效指导精细灌溉。     

基于ZigBee和PDA的农田信息无线传感器网络

为了实现农田信息的实时采集、处理与可视化,缩短数据采集和处理间的时差,开发了基于ZigBee和PDA的农田信息无线传感器网络。系统由集成ZigBee协调器的PDA和带传感器的路由节点组成。通过无线传感器网络,用户手持PDA可实时动态访问田间信息,并控制传感器的供电电源开关,以节省功耗。采集的田间信息包括土壤水分、土壤温度、土壤电导率、空气温湿度。其中土壤温度、空气温湿度传感器为数字式传感器,土壤水分、土壤电导率传感器为模拟传感器。节点通信距离试验表明,正常工作条件下,40 m距离的丢包率只有0.092,满     

农田水分监测与决策支持系统的实现

农田水分的实时采集、传输与处理是精细农业中实现节水灌溉的重要环节，而长期困扰该环节的一个技术瓶颈是实时数据的分布式采集与联动式决策的一体化处理。该文提出了一种基于GSM和FSK技术的农田水分监测与决策支持系统解决方案。该系统采用AT89C51单片机、嵌入式MCU结合TC35T模块、FSK模块和传感器组成数据采集终端，通过FSK调制技术实现不同采集单元间的分布式数据通讯。采集到的数据通过GSM网络传至PC监控机，经水分决策支持系统将决策结果以SMS短信形式发送到用户手机上。该系统在新疆兵团111农场70 hm²滴灌棉田得到应用，实现了农田水分实时监测、数据无线远程传输与灌溉科学决策的智能化管理。该系统的实现为大范围、多测点无人值守农田进行数据采集、传输和处理提供了一套可行的技术框架。     

基于3S技术联合的农田墒情远程监测系统开发

农田墒情信息是现代农业实施精准施肥、精确灌溉的重要科学依据。为了实现快速准确地采集墒情信息,研究开发了基于3S（GPS/GIS/GPRS）技术联合的农田墒情远程监测系统。该系统主要由农田信息监测网络节点和远程服务器组成,在小范围内由传感器节点基于ZigBee通讯协议组成无线传感器网络,在大尺度上通过网关节点集成GPS网络,利用GSM/GPRS网络实现与Internet的信息交互,完成了墒情数据的自动采集、无线传输和准确定位。设计了太阳能自供电的长寿命无线传感器节点和网关节点,开发了服务器端农田墒情信息管理系统软件,实现了Web方式下的参数远程设置和信息实时监测。该系统的设计开发为农田墒情信息监测和分析决策提供了有效的工具。     

基于GPS和PDA的移动智能农田信息采集系统开发

根据精细农业发展的需要,开发了移动智能农田信息采集系统。系统以掌上电脑(PDA)为平台,集成了ZigBee协调器模块、GPS OEM模块和GPRS模块。ZigBee协调器模块用于管理农田无线传感器网络,通过农田无线传感器网络采集农田信息,应用无线节点进行数据的采集;GPS模块用于采集并管理各采样点的位置信息,并通过虚拟差分站VRS接收GPS位置的差分信息以提高定位精度;GPRS模块用于在申请差分信息和与上位机通讯时建立远程无限网络连接。使用VC语言开发了嵌入式应用模块,实现了无线传感器的农田信息、GPS的     

基于GPRS的移动式农田信息智能服务系统通信协议

移动式智能服务信息系统中,远程无线网络通信协议至关重要,担负着远程主机和移动终端之间进行信息交换和实现信息同步的功能。由于农田信息复杂多样,无法设计出通用的网络传输协议,必须根据实际应用中具体的需求而制定,因此该文提出了基于TCP/IP远程农田网络通信协议。利用此协议,移动式智能服务信息系统实现了远程主机对移动终端PDA的有效管理,实现了远程主机与无线移动终端之间的信息无缝连接,为实现对农田土壤水分、温度等数据的监控奠定基础。     

基于GIS的农田土壤水分状况管理模型及应用

基于GIS开发了土壤水分和土壤电导率的简单专题图及精细专题图模块。简单专题图为运行于农田PDA的嵌入式GIS系统提供采样异常点检查验证;精细专题图为运行于上位机的农田信息处理系统提供信息可视化管理。简单专题图调用GIS组件方法获得并据此建立了采样管理模型;精细专题图中,土壤水分采用克里金插值算法预测的均方根百分比误差（RMSPE）为5.489%;土壤电导率插值模型采用泛克里金算法预测的RMSPE为18.451%。基于精细农田信息专题图,根据特定作物不同生长时期需水量的专家推荐值建立了土壤水分管理模型,利用该模型进行的一次灌溉决策显示,土壤含水率方差从灌溉前的1.9168调整到了灌溉后的0.8906。试验表明,采样管理模型能够指导田间采样,农田水分管理模型能够指导农田灌溉。     

基于物联网的荔枝园信息获取与智能灌溉专家决策系统

为实现荔枝园环境的实时远程监控和精准管理,设计基于农业物联网的荔枝园信息获取与智能灌溉专家决策系统,该系统通过信息采集终端模块实时采集荔枝园的土壤含水率、空气温湿度、光照强度、风速和降雨量等环境信息,通过无线传感网将数据包发送到网关上,网关通过通用无线分组网(general packet radio service,GPRS)将处理后的数据包传输到云服务器,专家系统根据采集到的环境数据,结合专家知识,建立多个决策数学模型,实现计算作物需水量、预报灌溉时间、灌溉最佳定量决策、根据灌溉制度决策等决策功能,将决策结果反馈到控制终端模块进行智能监控。经试验,对比系统多参数决策和一般的单参数决策得出的结论,多参数决策的准确性更高;灌溉区域的土壤含水率平均值为17.4%,满足荔枝树生长所需的土壤含水率条件,说明系统的灌溉决策具有比较强的实时性。且系统预测能达到75%的准确率,说明系统的预测实时性比较好。该系统实现了荔枝园的环境信息获取与智能灌溉,能指导用户更好地管理荔枝园。     

集成3S，ZigBee和射频识别的土壤采样远程智能管理系统

为实现农田土壤样本采样及管理智能化,设计了基于3S(GIS:geographic information system;GPS:global positioning system;RS:remote sensing)、ZigBee无线通信、射频识别(radio frequency identification,RFID)、4G等技术的土壤采样智能管理系统,该系统由采集节点、协调器网关、移动终端和远程管理软件组成,其中采集节点用来获取土壤样本的地理位置信息、RFID电子标签数据以及土壤环境的温湿度。协调器网关由ZigBee协调器连接4G模块组成,实现ZigBee无线网络转换为4G网络。4G模块经配置软件配置好服务器IP和端口号等信息后,将采集节点获取的数据传输到远程服务器的管理软件中。通过系统稳定性试验测试,丢包率为0.2%,该系统具有较高的可靠性。移动终端采用掌上电脑PDA(personal digital assistant),实现土样采集的现场监测管理。远程管理软件应用Web、SQL Server(structured query language server)、Socket等技术开发了数据接收显示、百度地图、数据自动成图(2D、3D)等功能模块。利用GPS信息在百度地图中可以实现采样点的实时跟踪,调用数据库数据或者本地试验数据可以自动生成有关土壤信息的空间分布图。该系统采集土壤样本信息的同时也可获取相应的土壤样本养分信息,将土壤养分信息数据按照RFID标签导入土壤管理软件中对应的土样信息栏,生成了土壤养分空间分布图,为后续变量施肥提供决策支持。     

温室环境远程监控与诊断管理系统设计

基于远程监控技术、Web技术和面向对象技术,本文初步设计实现了一个温室环境诊断与管理系统。通过实时远程监控技术自动获取的现场数据,并结合历史数据的分析与挖掘、农业专家经验与知识,该系统可以有效地对温室的环境进行诊断与综合评价,进而为调控管理提供决策支持服务。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.