鲜食糯玉米淀粉RVA谱特征值分析及其与主要品质性状相关性研究

以26个不同糯玉米品种为试验材料,测定其RVA谱特征值以及总淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量、直链淀粉含量等淀粉品质性状及品尝品质性状,分析不同糯玉米品种的RVA谱特征值间及其与主要品质性状间的相关性。结果表明,RVA谱特征值间的峰值黏度与谷值黏度、崩解值、终值黏度呈极显著正相关;谷值黏度、崩解值与终值黏度两两间呈极显著正相关;总淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量、直链淀粉含量与RVA谱特征值均未达到显著相关;糯性与峰值黏度、谷值黏度、崩解值、终值黏度呈显著负相关;果皮厚薄与峰值黏度、谷值黏度、终值黏度呈极显著负相关。     

氮钾配施对济南17淀粉理化特性的影响

为给优质小麦的高产保质栽培提供借鉴，研究了氮钾配施对高产优质面包强筋小麦品种济南17籽粒淀粉理化特性的影响。结果表明，氮肥对济南17面粉直、支链淀粉和总淀粉含量均有一定的影响，氮肥水平提高，直、支链淀粉合成增加，淀粉总含量增加，但对淀粉化学特性的影响较小。后期施氮量提高，蛋白合成增加，直链淀粉合成能力相对减弱，但淀粉中直／支链淀粉比例相对稳定，峰值粘度没有明显变化。增施钾肥，面粉中直链淀粉含量下降，而支链淀粉和总淀粉含量显著上升，因此直／支链淀粉含量比例显著下降，但以中钾条件下支链淀粉和总淀粉含量最高。随着钾肥水平的提高，峰值粘度显著升高，但对膨胀势影响不显著。总之，氮肥处理对济南17面条品质的影响不大，但在合理的范围内增施钾肥可以显著改善淀粉理化特性，提高面条品质。     

利用响应面法研究改良剂对宁麦15面条品质的影响

为了研究不同改良剂对宁麦15面条品质的影响,以宁麦15面粉为基础粉,采用响应面法中心组合试验设计,研究了谷朊粉、瓜尔豆胶和羟丙基淀粉含量对面条感官得分的影响,并建立了面条感官得分与因素变量的二次回归模型方程,该模型回归显著。响应面分析结果表明,最佳配粉工艺条件为:谷朊粉含量1.2%、瓜尔豆胶含量1.5%、羟丙基淀粉含量2.5%。在此工艺条件下面条感官得分预测值为80.9分,验证值为80.2分,与预测值的相对误差为0.87%。因素之间的交互作用显著影响面条感官得分,与不使用改良剂的感官评分70分相比提高了14.6%。     

Dough rheological properties and noodle-making performance of non-waxy and waxy whole-wheat flour blends

Dough rheological properties and noodle-making performance of non-waxy whole-wheat flour (WWF) with partial- or full-waxy (PW- or FW-) WWF substitution were studied. The substitution levels were 0, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 g/kg, respectively. FW-WWF reduced the peak viscosity and pasting temperature of WWF blends as its substitution level was increased due to its higher proportions of B-type starch granules and short amylopectin chains, while PW-WWF increased peak viscosity with the increasing substitution level because of its higher amylopectin content. As demonstrated by farinograph and rheometer measurements, FW-WWF interfered with gluten development because of the increased competition for water by arabinoxylans and amylopectin; however, PW-WWF enhanced dough strength due primarily to its increased protein content. Consequently, FW-WWF showed a detrimental effect on cooked noodle texture as the cooked noodle hardness was reduced by 50% at the 1000 g/kg substitution level. In contrast, PW-WWF enhanced noodle integrity and elasticity by increasing cooked noodle cohesiveness and resilience by 10.1% and 14.8%, respectively, at the 1000 g/kg substitution level. The results suggest that with waxy WWF substitution, the changes in starch composition, arabinoxylans, and protein content could modify the interactions among flour components and influence the quality characteristics of noodle products.     

糯小麦配粉对普通小麦品质性状和鲜切面条品质的影响

为了明确糯麦配粉对小麦品质的影响,利用中国北部和黄淮冬麦区的三个小麦主栽品种京411、豫麦49和豫麦34,研究了添加10%、15%、20%、25%和30%不同比例的糯小麦面粉后其蛋白质、淀粉特性及面条品质的变化.结果表明,随着添加比例的提高,面粉蛋白质含量和沉淀值有所增加,和面时间和衰落势无显著变化.直链淀粉含量随添加量的增加而逐渐降低,高峰粘度和反弹值则均有所下降.直链淀粉含量与面条的粘弹性、光滑性和总评分呈二次曲线关系,直链淀粉含量为24%～25%时,面条的粘弹性、光滑性和总评分最好,添加15%～20%的糯小麦面粉即可达到这一效果.添加糯小麦面粉对面条色泽和表观状况无显著影响.     

播期和密度对不同玉米品种淀粉糊化特性和子粒品质的影响

以农大108和青农105为材料,设置3个播期和6个密度处理,研究播期和密度对两个玉米品种淀粉糊化特性和子粒品质的影响。结果表明,品种间比较,淀粉峰值黏度、谷值黏度、崩解值、回复值、峰值时间、糊化温度差异显著;播期对糊化特征值及子粒淀粉、蛋白质含量的影响较大,密度的影响较小。晚播条件下,峰值黏度和谷值黏度显著升高,糊化温度显著降低;中播条件下,淀粉含量最低,蛋白质含量最高。因此,试验播期范围内,晚播有利于改良淀粉糊化特性,适期播种有利于改良子粒品质。     

小麦Wx蛋白及主要淀粉性状与面条品质的关系

为了研究小麦Wx蛋白及淀粉主要性状与面条品质的关系，对26个小麦品种的Wx蛋白含量、直链淀粉含量、峰值粘度、膨胀势进行了测定，并探讨了其与面条品质的关系。结果表明．三种Wx蛋白亚基的含量与面条品质均呈显著负相关．相关系数分别为-0．598、-0．446和-0．451；直链淀粉含量与面条品质呈显著负相关，相关系数为-0．711；峰值粘度和膨胀势与面条品质呈显著正相关，相关系数分别为0．614和0．601。表明三种Wx蛋白亚基及直链淀粉含量、峰值粘度、膨胀势均与面条品质有密切关系，呈显著相关（正向或负向）。     

小麦重要品质性状的遗传分析和面条专用型小麦的筛选

分析了 32个小麦品种 (或稳定品系 )的蛋白质和湿面筋含量、面粉 RVA粘度特性及其相互关系 ,结果表明 :(1)蛋白质和湿面筋含量以及 7个 RVA粘度性状在不同品种 (品系 )间存在着广泛的遗传变异 ,并且都具有较高的广义遗传力 ;(2 )蛋白质和湿面筋含量与到达高峰粘度的时间呈显著正相关 ,与其它 RVA粘度指标相关系数的高低因性状而异 ,未达显著水平 ;(3)依据蛋白质和湿面筋含量聚类的结果与依据 7个 RVA参数聚类的结果有较大差异。依据 RVA粘度性状聚类的结果表明 ,生态类型相似的品种 (品系 )有聚集在一起的趋势 ,而以蛋白质和湿面筋含量聚类时没有类似的现象存在。本研究按照两种聚类结果对蛋白质、湿面筋含量和 RVA粘度参数综合考虑 ,筛选出 10个优质面条加工潜力较大的品种 (品系 ) ,并对优质面条小麦的评价体系做了讨论。     

Quality and antioxidant properties of instant noodles enhanced with common buckwheat flour

The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of incorporating common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) into instant noodle formulations. Australian Soft (AS) and Baker's flours were used to evaluate the effects of varying buckwheat contents (0–40%) on noodle quality. The results of texture analysis indicate that noodles made using AS flour produced softer texture whereas there was minimal effect for Baker's flour when buckwheat was incorporated. The colour, measured by L* values, decreased with increased addition of buckwheat for both flours. Fat uptake for noodle samples made from AS flour was only marginally affected, but increased for Baker's flour, when higher levels of buckwheat flour were added. The antioxidant rutin was detected in noodles made from both wheat flours, generally increasing with % buckwheat flour added. These findings indicate that the incorporation of 20% buckwheat into the formulation can be used to enhance the quality of instant noodles.     

不同采收期对沪五彩花糯1号品质的影响

以沪五彩花糯1号为试材,设6个采收期,研究采收期对子粒品质和糊化特性的影响。结果表明,采收期为授粉后20 d时,沪五彩花糯1号感官和蒸煮品质综合评分达最高,为85.6分。蛋白质和可溶性糖含量随采收期推迟而降低,而淀粉则相反。不同采收期下的峰值粘度、谷值黏度、终值黏度、崩解值和回复值变异系数要大于峰值时间和糊化温度的变异系数,说明除峰值时间和糊化温度之外,峰值黏度、谷值黏度、终值黏度、崩解值和回复值受采收期影响较大。与淀粉和可溶性糖相比,子粒中的蛋白质对糊化特性的影响较大。     

Rheology and texture of starch gels containing iodine

The objective of this study was to investigate the textural and rheological properties of starch gels containing different levels of iodine. The research goal is to understand the architectural organization of granules by utilizing iodine as a marker. Corn (CS), wheat (WS), potato (PS) and tapioca (TS) starch gels containing varying concentrations of iodine were prepared in a Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA). The gels were analysed by using a rheometer for small-deformation properties and also by using a texture analyser for large deformation properties following storage for 1 or 7 days. With increasing concentration of iodine, the firmness of gels decreased and the extent of decrease varied for the different starches. The extent of change in complex modulus (G*) of the gels was highest in the A-type starch, CS, but was different from WS, which is also an A-type starch. The G* for PS gels (B-type) decreased with the addition of 0.1% iodine but there was no significant difference upon increasing the iodine concentration. The G* for the C-type TS gels was lower than 15 Pa. These observations suggest a difference in the microstructure of the starch gels formed, likely resulting from differential leaching of polymers.     

中麦175馒头和面条品质稳定性分析

为给优质小麦育种和生产提供参考依据,以优质小麦新品种中麦175于2010-2011年度在河北和北京14个地点的样品为材料,分析了磨粉品质、面粉和面片颜色、面团流变学和淀粉糊化特性、馒头和面条加工品质。结果表明,中麦175为馒头和面条兼用型优质品种,特点是软质、中偏弱的面筋强度、面粉颜色白,多数品质性状较稳定,籽粒硬度、PPO活性、面片a*值、稳定时间、拉伸面积、延展性和最大抗延阻力的变异系数较大,馒头加工品质地点间变异大于面条。磨粉品质和面团流变学参数对馒头加工品质有显著影响,籽粒硬度和出粉率对馒头表面颜色有显著负向影响,相关系数分别为-0.82(P<0.01)和-0.58(P<0.05);面粉L*值高,馒头加工品质好,二者相关系数为0.72(P<0.01);吸水率与馒头总分呈显著负相关(r=-0.84,P<0.01),稳定时间、拉伸面积、延展性和最大抗延阻力与馒头总分呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.85(P<0.01)、0.77(P<0.01)、0.62(P<0.05)和0.70(P<0.01)。降低PPO活性和吸水率,提高蛋白质含量、出粉率和黄色素含量可以改善面粉和面片颜色的亮白度,增加部分黄度,形成消费者可接受的奶白色。淀粉糊化特性对馒头和面条加工品质无显著影响。上述信息对改良小麦品质的稳定性有重要意义。     

施氮量对机插稻主要米质性状的影响

以粳型超级稻宁粳3号和常规粳稻镇稻11号为材料,在机械插秧条件下,研究施氮量(0、90、180、270、360 kg/hm2)对粳型超级稻主要米质性状及淀粉粘滞谱(RVA谱)特征的影响。结果表明:施氮量对两个品种的稻米加工品质、营养品质、蒸煮食味品质及淀粉RVA谱3个曲线峰值的影响达到显著或极显著水平,对淀粉RVA谱其他特征参数的影响因不同品种而异;增加施氮量使两品种外观品质变差。随施氮量的增加,两个品种的糙米率、精米率、整精米、精米蛋白质含量呈增加趋势,而稻米的直链淀粉含量、食味值和淀粉RVA谱曲线峰值(峰值黏度、热浆黏度和冷胶黏度)呈现下降趋势。表明增施氮肥在提高粳型超级稻和常规粳稻加工和营养品质的同时,降低了稻米食味品质,并使稻米淀粉粘性变劣。     

济麦19面团流变学和淀粉特性与面条品质分析

对近年来不同地区济麦19的面团流变学和淀粉特性与面务品质进行了统计分析,以期为当前的高产优质小麦育种和生产提供理论和技术指导。结果表明,环境和年份对济麦19的面团和淀粉特性以及面条品质均有一定的影响,蛋白质含量和淀粉特性、面务品质相对比较稳定,而面团流变学指标变异幅度较大。蛋白质含量高,面团流变学特性好是其面务品质优良的根本原因,与国内外14个评分大于85分的优质面条小麦品种相比,其淀粉特性尚存在一定的差距,从而影响了其面务品质进一步提高。但从总体上看,济麦19属于中强筋小麦类型,可以加工高档面条和水饺粉。     

Characterization of sorghum grain and evaluation of sorghum flour in a Chinese egg noodle system

Sorghum is a gluten free grain that has potential to be used as an alternative to wheat flour for the Celiac Sprue market. There are thousands of sorghum lines that have not been characterized for grain, flour or end product quality. The objective of the research was to gain an understanding among grain sorghum quality factors and Chinese egg noodles quality. Four sorghum hybrids were characterized and evaluated for kernel characteristics, proximate analysis, flour composition and end product in a Chinese egg noodle system. Kernel size and weight affected the flour particle size and the amount of starch damage. Flour with fine particle size and high starch damage conferred noodles with high firmness and high tensile strength. Water uptake was highest for flour with smaller particle size (38 μm at 50% volume) and higher starch damage (6.14%). Cooking losses for all samples were below 10%. Starch of particle size <5 μm (C-type) contributed to firmer and higher tensile strength noodles. Water absorption was significantly affected by flour particle size, starch particle size and starch damage. Through control of sorghum grain and flour quality characteristics it is possible to manufacture a Chinese egg noodle with good physical attributes.     

小麦蛋白质与面条品质关系的研究进展

为促进我国面条工业生产并为面条专用小麦良种的选育提供科学依据,对近年来小麦蛋白质与面条品质关系的研究进行了综述。总体来看,蛋白质含量和质量从各个方面影响面条品质。蛋白质含量与面条白度、表观状态呈负相关,与面条质构特性,尤其是煮熟面条的硬度、弹性呈正相关。较高的麦谷蛋白含量可以提高面条的硬度、咀嚼性、粘合性和抗拉伸能力。在一定范围内,蛋白质质量（面筋含量和质量、沉降值、流变学特性）的提高有助于面条蒸煮品质的改善和感官评分的提高,但蛋白质质量过高（湿面筋含量〉35%,沉降值〉60mL,稳定时间〉16min）会导致面条外观品质变劣,评分下降;高分子量谷蛋白亚基5＋10可能与较好的面条品质有关。一般认为,优质面条小麦的蛋白质品质指标为：蛋白质含量12%～14%;湿面筋含量28%～34%,沉淀值40～45mL,稳定时间5～15min。     

Effect of iodine on polymer leaching and granule swelling of starches from different botanical sources

Iodine complexation with linear glucan polymers in starch granules is a function of the length of the available polymers and their arrangement within starch granules. In previous studies, this complex formation between iodine and glucan polymers has been shown to alter the pasting properties of starches from different botanical origins. In this study, the effect of iodine on the swelling capacities of corn (CS), wheat (WS), potato (PS) and tapioca (TS) starches was investigated by heating 8% starch slurry with different levels of iodine in a Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA). Increasing concentrations of iodine had an inverse effect on the swelling capacities of starches even though the granules were highly swollen, as observed in the micrographs. Furthermore, the composition of the leachate was different for the starches, suggesting that the swelling capacity was influenced largely by an increase or decrease in the amount of leachate and the absorption spectra of the leachate. The same amounts of iodine resulted in widely different swelling capacity values for the different starches, likely, suggesting differences in their granular architecture.     

小麦面条加工品质研究进展

本文从面条煮面品质鉴定方法、面条品质与小麦（面粉）品质的关系和小麦面条品质遗传改良等方法阐述了国内外小麦面条加工研究进展。面粉的理化特性对各类面条品质均有重要影响。对日本式加盐白面条而言，淀粉质量较蛋白质（面筋）含量与质量更为重要，淀粉质量对中国面条也有重要作用；面筋强度、淀粉糊化特性、面条色泽及其稳定性是小麦面条品质改良最基本的选择指标。自20世纪80年代以来，国外把面条品质遗传改良的重点放在对淀粉质量的改良上，把淀粉糊化峰值粘度、面粉膨胀体积、直链淀粉含量等做为日本加盐白面条品质改良的选择指标，利用面粉膨胀体积法、凝胶电泳和分子标记法对育种早代材料进行面条品质鉴定筛选。     

面条品质评价指标及评价方法的研究

为了全面科学地评价小麦品种的面条加工特性,测定了29个北方小麦品种的面粉品质和鲜湿面条的制作品质,采用相关分析和多元回归分析方法,分析了面粉品质指标与鲜面条加工品质之间的关系.结果表明,面条的蒸煮损失率、拉伸强度、拉断力、延伸率与面条综合得分间的相关系数分别为-0.429、0.944、0.796和0.398,相关性很强,可以用作面条品质的辅助评价指标,即辅助综合得分来评价面条品质;面团的形成时间、稳定时间及弱化度与面条的综合得分和蒸煮损失率均呈极显著相关,面粉中的总淀粉含量与面条的综合得分呈显著相关,并且面粉白度、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉淀值、吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度、总淀粉含量、直链淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量、支直链淀粉比等12项指标都不同程度地进入了面条的上述5个品质评价指标的回归方程,进一步说明用这5个指标来综合评价面条品质是可取的.根据面条各品质指标的相关性推出各品质指标在面条综合评价中所占的权重,再将利用回归方程算出的5个面条品质评价指标的数据进行标准化处理以消除量纲的影响后,即可计算出某个小麦品种所生产面条的综合评价分数.本研究即通过这一方法从29个供试小麦品种中优选出了6个优质面条用小麦品种,它们分别是洛展1号、泰山23、温麦4号、太空6号、淮麦16、温麦8号.     

氮肥追施量对香稻1601品质和淀粉RVA谱特征值的影响

以自育品系香稻1601为材料,研究不同氮肥追施量对其品质和淀粉RVA谱特征值的影响,为探明氮肥施用量与香稻品质关系提供数据支撑。试验结果表明:随着氮肥追施量的增加,稻米蛋白质含量增加,食味品质下降趋势,淀粉RVA谱曲线整体下降,峰值黏度、热浆黏度、冷胶黏度均呈下降趋势,崩解值和消减值先升高后降低,糊化温度和峰值时间无显著差异。相关分析表明,峰值黏度和冷胶黏度与大米蛋白质含量极显著负相关,相关系数-0.889和-0.843,与食味值存在极显著或显著正相关,相关系数0.896和0.763。