霍尔果斯口岸外来杂草的初步调查

为了解霍尔果斯口岸外来杂草的入侵现状,对该区进行野外实地调查。结合相关资料,从杂草种类、原产地、引入途径、入侵性等方面进行了分析。结果表明:霍尔果斯口岸外来杂草有33种,隶属于13科26属,主要集中在菊科和藜科;原产地以美洲和欧亚共同起源为主,主要的入侵方式为无意引入;发现检疫性杂草有苍耳属、菟丝子属、毒莴苣和节节麦。对霍尔果斯口岸外来杂草入侵所造成的危害进行探讨,并提出管理意见。     

四川口岸外来杂草的调查与监测

通过实地调查、监测和文献调研,对四川口岸外来入侵杂草的种类组成、分布、生活型、原产地、入侵途径以及危害程度进行了分析。结果表明:四川口岸常见杂草种类共48科、138属、196种,其中外来杂草14科31属39种,尚未见检疫性入侵杂草分布。外来杂草中,菊科植物种类最多,生活型以一年生草本为主;原产地以美洲为主,引入途径以人为无意引入为主;有11种入侵杂草给当地生态环境带来严重危害;在和我国其他省市分布的入侵植物种类资料对比后,提出了对口岸防控外来入侵植物的建议。     

进口大豆中杂草籽截获规律及检疫要点

[目的]研究归纳进口大豆杂草籽截获规律,提高口岸杂草籽截获的目的性.[方法]根据杂草籽日常截获及鉴定情况,结合山东口岸截获的实际情况进行分析总结.[结果]口岸截获杂草籽主要种类数是88种,主要集中于禾本科、菊科、旋花科、豆科、蓼科、锦葵科、苋科、大戟科、藜科9个科;检出检疫性杂草籽,共计48种,主要集中在菊科、禾本科、茄科、苋科;截获较多的有齿裂大戟、假高粱、豚草、刺蒺藜草、三裂叶豚草、苍耳属(非中国种)6种杂草籽.[结论]研究结果对口岸进口大豆的检疫截获及防控提供了理论和数据支持.     

惠州进境粮食存储加工场所外来杂草种类调查与分析

随着国际贸易的日益频繁，我国外来物种入侵数量呈上升趋势，本文对惠州进境粮食加工存放企业及周边开展外来杂草调查。本文通过实地调查，对惠州进境粮食加工存放企业及周边外来杂草的种类组成、分布、生活型、原产地、入侵途径和危害程度进行了分析。调查共发现外来杂草16科59种，其中检疫性杂草9种。菊科外来杂草种类最多，生活型以一年生草本为主；原产地以美洲为主，以无意引入为主，有6种外来杂草较严重地危害当地生态环境。本调查研究总结了惠州进境粮食加工存放企业及周边外来杂草的种类和类别，提出了防控建议，为构建进口粮食分类监管，构建生物安全防御体系提供参考。     

盘锦口岸外来有害生物初步调查与分析

[目的]为了解盘锦口岸外来有害生物现状,掌握盘锦口岸外来有害生物数据,为盘锦口岸开发、建设和管理提供参考依据.[方法]主要采取线路调查的方式,结合文献资料和分子生物学手段,对盘锦口岸外来有害生物种类、生活型和生境、原产地、入侵方式等进行研究.[结果]初步确定盘锦口岸杂草和昆虫种一共137种,其中杂草84种25科,外来种39种,检疫性杂草3种;昆虫56种30科,均为中国种.(1)菊科杂草种类最多,有29种,占总数的35.8％.(2)杂草以1年生和2年生为主.(3)原产于美洲的杂草最多,有24种,占总数的61.5％;其次是欧洲,有12种,约占30.8％.(4)杂草长势不佳,因此并没有发生入侵状况,发现后铲除即可.[意义]盘锦口岸新开放粮食泊位,建议各部门严格把关、加强监管监测,科学引种,加强公众教育,提高公众意识,完善外来有害生物防治体系.     

云南怒江干热河谷区农田外来入侵杂草的调查

云南怒江干热河谷区旱地农田杂草有34科139种，其中外来入侵杂草有13科34种。通过对云南怒江干热河谷区外来入侵杂草的种类组成、原产地、生长型和生境分析，表明云南怒江干热河谷区外来入侵杂草主要为菊科、苋科、禾本科、旋花科，共占总数的62％。来源于美洲的外来入侵杂草在怒江干热河谷区容易入侵并造成较大危害。草本和藤本杂草具有较强的入侵能力，高大乔木的入侵能力较小。     

湖南口岸外来入侵植物现状分析

本文基于野外调查及文献等资料,对湖南省口岸外来入侵植物的物种组成、生活型、原产地进行了分析,并探讨了入侵植物物种数与口岸海拔、温度、降水量、货物吞吐量4个因子的相关性。结果表明：湖南口岸外来入侵植物共计66种,隶属于16科45属,以菊科（17种）、苋科（9种）、禾本科（8种）、豆科（5种）、车前科（5种）这五个大科为主。生活型上以草本植物入侵为主;原产地上以来源于美洲的外来入侵植物最多,其次是欧洲和亚洲。入侵植物物种数与口岸年均温呈正相关,随口岸年降水量和货物吞吐量的增加而呈上升趋势。本文对湖南口岸外来入侵植物的现状分析可为后续进出境植物检疫、有害植物监测、农业部门采取防控措施等工作提供切实依据。     

曹妃甸口岸进境矿砂中的传带外来杂草

通过对曹妃甸口岸2010—2014年进口矿砂中监测到的杂草进行统计与分析,初步确定曹妃甸口岸新发现杂草有17科35属41种,外来杂草23种。对外来杂草原产地分布进行初步分析,结果表明,进口矿砂中传带的杂草种类繁多,检疫性杂草入侵风险较大,建议加强对进口矿砂的检疫和后续监管,防止外来有害杂草在口岸辖区内定殖扩散,造成危害。     

云南昆明地区常见农田杂草种类组成与原产地研究

探讨云南省昆明地区常见农田杂草种类组成及外来入侵杂草的来源,为农田杂草防控提供理论依据。昆明地区常见农田杂草分属34科共计151种;优势科的现象十分明显,其中菊科(Compositae)占31种,禾本科(Gramineae)占22种,十字花科(Cruciferae)占10种。在所调查的151种杂草植物中,外来杂草有48种,其中菊科外来杂草植物有13种;48种外来杂草植物中,来自美洲大陆的外来杂草共占28种,来自非洲大陆的外来杂草植物占3种,来自欧洲大陆的外来杂草占10种。昆明地区常见的农田杂草以菊科、禾本科、十字花科、蓼科杂草植物为主,占调查总杂草种数的47.1%;昆明地区常见农田外来杂草以菊科、苋科、禾本科杂草植物为主,占总调查外来杂草种数的45.8%;昆明地区常见农田外来杂草以来自美洲大陆地区的草本植物为主,占总外来杂草植物种数的58.3%。因此,在农业生产中,要加强对菊科、苋科、禾本科杂草植物的监管及有效防控;在引进外来植物物种时,要对来自美洲的植物特别是菊科植物加强风险评估及鉴定。     

京唐港口岸进境大豆截获杂草种子情况分析及建议

自2011年以来共截获杂草疫情总计20科59属94种,其中禾本科达29种,菊科19种;检疫性杂草共7科12属21种,包括菊科11种,禾本科5种,锦葵科、十字花科、苋科、大戟科、茄科各1种。不同国家进境的大豆携带杂草种子种类、数量差异较大,其中以阿根廷居首位;检疫性杂草种子检出率较高。针对上述情况,提出针对性建议,严防外来杂草疫情传入。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.