我国进境粮食检验检疫监管风险与应对

近年来,我国进口粮食数量不断增长,给我国的生态环境、安全卫生等方面带来了严重的风险隐患,如何进一步加强进境粮食检验检疫监督管理是当前的一项重大课题。本文对我国现阶段进境粮食检验检疫监管中存在的风险进行了深入分析,并在监管制度、国际合作、工作体系、技术性措施等方面提出了相关的对策和建议,有助于提高进境粮食检验检疫工作质量。     

日本进境粮食检验检疫监管体系和检疫程序研究

日本耕地面积少,不得不大量依靠进口来解决粮食产量不足的问题。为了防止因进境粮食传入病虫害,保护日本国内的农牧业生产安全,日本政府非常重视进境粮食检验检疫工作,不仅在海空港实施严格的检疫,粮食进口检验检疫程序也非常复杂。通过比较分析日本的进境粮食和检验检疫技术措施,对于我国开展相关工作有很强的借鉴和学习意义。本文从日本进境粮食的管理机构、法律法规和检验检疫程序等几个面开展研究,对于我国相关管理和科研机构有一定的参考和借鉴价值。     

违规进境植物及其产品检疫处置措施探究

在口岸植物检疫工作中,违规进境植物及其产品因不符合相关要求,不能受理报检,但其又存在检疫风险,这种情况时有发生。对此现有法规"进境检疫"中没有应对的措施。本文通过对国际标准的研究并结合我国植物检疫实践分析,认为可引入"扣留"这一行政强制措施,赋予检验检疫机构在第一时间内掌控检疫物的法定权力,从而实施相应的检疫监管,防止疫情传入。这是对现有检疫处置措施的创新,也有利于进一步完善进境植物检疫法规体系。     

浅谈大豆带病种子的诊断及危害

本文以检疫工作实践为基础,总结介绍了进境大豆检疫中几种常见种传病害的病粒症状、危害情况及防治措施.通过对大豆带病种子的直接检验,可现场识别部分种传病害,大大提高检验检疫效率.     

内蒙古口岸农业“走出去”俄罗斯返销粮食疫情分析及建议

本文概述了内蒙古口岸2014—2016年进口的农业"走出去"俄罗斯返销粮食检疫截获情况,分别从截获种群类别、截获频次和检疫性有害生物截获等方面进行了疫情分析。结果表明在相关措施的保障下,农业"走出去"俄罗斯返销粮食疫情风险总体较低。本文从粮食安全、风险评估、检疫监管、提升水平等方面对俄罗斯返销粮食检疫工作进行总结,并提出了建议。     

进境大豆检验检疫监管质量控制体系初探

入世以来,我国农产品大进大出的格局基本形成,其中进口粮谷数量大,流向广,危险性有害生物、有毒有害物质、转基因产品都是检验检疫监管极为敏感的内容。进口粮谷中大豆不仅进口量最大,而且全部为转基因产品,携带危险性有害生物和有毒有害物质几率也很高。连云港口岸是全国重要的进境大豆接卸口岸之一,近年进口量都在200万t以上,流向辖区内大型现代化临港油脂加工厂和辖区外的江苏、河南、陕西、山东、四川、湖北、新疆等地。为做好检验检疫监管工作,我们尝试开展了进境大豆检验检疫监管质量控制体系(简称进境大豆监管质量控制体系)的建立,取得了一些成绩,也积累了一些经验,在此予以介绍。1进境大豆监管质量控制体系的内涵进境大豆监管质量控制体系的建立就是通过对影响质量的危害性分析和关键点控制,建立一个预防性的、全过程控制的全面质量保证体系,ISO9000管理体系和HACCP管理体系在不同质量管理领域的成功应用为此提供了很好的借鉴。对进境大豆从检疫审批、口岸检验检疫到港口装卸、储存、运输、加工及土块和下脚料收集处理、进口数量核销、产品质量安全和疫情监测、检验检疫机构内部衔接等诸多监管环节进行风险分析和关键点控制,建立一套涉及各方全员参与的全过程...     

河南省进境带疫大豆检疫监管及其效果报告

自2000年至2001年10月,河南出入境检验检疫局植物检验检疫处检疫监管了大批进境大豆,取得了一些经验和体会。1 我省进境疫粮的特点1.1 批次多,数量大。截止2001年10月底,植检处已检疫监管进境带疫情的大豆28.4万t,批次之多,数量之大是我省历年所     

泰国对进境动物的检疫要求

动物的进境程序 1.动物至少在进境前15天须得到进境口岸检疫兽医官的许可。 2.进境许可证及检疫要求由泰国农业合作部畜牧发展局局长签发。 3.只有携带由出口国官方检疫兽医官出具的动物健康证书(证明符合进口国要求并有官方印章),进境许可证才是有效的。按照部法规,须交纳检疫费。 4.所有进境动物在到达进境口岸时,在船上或着陆地必须接受卫生检查,检疫合格后方可进境。 5.按照检疫要求,着陆后动物需经过一段时间的检疫。畜牧发展局局长可授权规定其他合理的检疫要求。 6.动物隔离检疫期间,货主应支付全部费用。     

泰国对进境动物产品的检疫要求

动物产品的进境程序 1.动物产品至少在进境前15天须得到进境口岸检疫兽医官的许可。 2.进境许可证及检疫要求由泰国农业合作部畜牧发展局长签发。 3.只有携带由出口国官方检疫兽医官出具的动物产品健康证书(证明符合进口国要求并有官方印章),时境许可证才是有效的。按照部法规,须支     

浅谈国际植物检疫措施对我国进境植检工作的启示

进境植物产品传播有害生物的风险日益增大,加上检疫难度提高、检疫工作量增大和快速通关放行的要求,迫切需要借鉴国际先进经验,建立符合现行国际惯例的植物检疫技术措施。在搜集整理国际通用的植物检疫措施的基础上,对我国进境植物检疫工作存在的不足进行了初步探讨,并提出相应建议。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.