科尔沁沙地75种植物结种量种子形态和植物生活型关系研究

研究了科尔沁沙地75种植物的结种量、种子形态、植物生活型关系.结果表明,灌木和半灌木(小半灌木)的结种量比草本植物的大;就草本植物而言,多年生植物的结种量较一、二年生植物的小;植物结种量和种子重量之间存在显著负相关;植物结种量和种子形状之间存在显著负相关,即种子越接近圆球形,结种量越大;占绝大多数的草甸植物结种量相对较小;而在物种数占总物种数的百分数相近时,草原植物的结种量最小,沙生植物的最大,杂草植物居中.     

米氏冰草种群种子产量与种子雨的时间动态

对呼伦贝尔沙化草地半固定沙地和固定沙地的米氏冰草（Agropyron michnoi）种群种子雨时间动态及有性繁殖特性进行了研究。结果表明,米氏冰草种群的种子雨时期集中在8月8日－9月22日,持续45 d。米氏冰草种群种子雨强度的波动变化均与最大风速呈线性回归关系。不同生境之间,半固定沙地的米氏冰草的种子雨强度总是显著高于固定沙地。半固定沙地的米氏冰草的有性繁殖体的穗长、穗宽、单穗质量、每穗上的小穗数量及种子百粒重等均显著高于固定沙地。在半固定沙地和固定沙地种子雨数量分别占其种子产量的29%和10%。因此,沙地微生境的变化对米氏冰草种子雨散布的时期及波动规律无影响,而对其有性繁殖体的形态特征具有显著影响。     

施肥处理对老芒麦种子质量和产量的影响

在河北省坝上地区鱼儿出牧场中国农业大学科技攻关实验站内，以种植2种和3年的老芒麦为试验材料，通过施肥处理（尿素130kg/hm^2＋磷酸二铵70kg/hm^2），研究测定种子产量和质量的变化。试验结果表明：施肥可以提高不同种植年限老芒麦种子产量，但对老芒麦种子质量的影响不一致，可明显提高种植第3年的种子质量，在种子活力测定中，加速老化测定、脱氢酶活性和酸性磷酸酯酶活性测定能较好地反映施肥对种子质量的影响，而活力指数、电导率值和浸种液含糖量测定结果变化不大，无法表现种子质量的变化。     

新疆狗牙根制种田土壤杂草种子库的研究

对新疆狗牙根制种田土壤杂草种子库进行了研究,结果表明:土壤种子库杂草种类有灰藜(Chenopodium album)、野西瓜苗(Hibiscus trionum)、狗尾草(Setaria viridis)、稗(Echinochloa crus-galli)、反枝苋(Amaranthus retroflexus)、田旋花(Convolvulus arvensis)和扁蓄(Polygonum avicu-lare)等,均主要分布在0~10 cm的土层内,杂草种子量达9180.83粒/m2,其中又以灰藜、反枝苋为优势种,占杂草总量的50%以上。0~10 cm,10~20 cm和20~30 cm土层杂草种子发芽率均在20%以下,总活力在50%左右。同时,阐述了新疆狗牙根制种田土壤种子库杂草种子的来源,提出了减少杂草种源的对策。     

种子水引发的研究进展

综述了种子水引发的方法、影响因素、引发的生理生化机制和对种子休眠的影响等方面的研究进展,并讨论了其在草类植物种子的应用和未来研究应关注的问题。     

不同种衣剂配方对达乌里胡枝子种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响

在原来的达乌里胡枝子种子包衣配方研究基础上,选用杀菌剂(多菌灵,50％可湿性粉剂)、保水剂(SAP,高吸水性树脂)、填充材料(玉米秸秆粉)等包衣材料对"晋农1号"达乌里胡枝子种子进行包衣,研究不同配方对达乌里胡枝子种子发芽和出苗的影响.试验结果显示,药种比1:60的多菌灵可以有效解决种子萌发时发霉腐烂、失去种子活力的问...     

我国草种业发展现状与对策

从牧草种子和草坪草种子的生产、经营以及管理等主要方面对我国近年来草种业的发展状况及存在的问题进行了讨论 ,并提出几点建议和对策。     

家系、种子产生部位和土层深度对黄帚橐吾种子萌发出苗的影响

黄帚橐吾(Ligularia virgaurea)是青藏高原高寒草甸一种典型的毒杂草。本研究主要分析了无光照条件下温度对黄帚橐吾种子萌发的影响,家系、种子产生部位和土层深度对黄帚橐吾种子出苗的影响。结果表明:温度对黄帚橐吾种子萌发率有显著的影响,随着温度升高萌发率下降,变温18/28℃下黄帚橐吾种子萌发率为87.33%,5/15℃下黄帚橐吾种子萌发率最高,达95.33%。土层深度对黄帚橐吾种子出苗率有显著的影响,土层越深,出苗率越低。土层深度为0 cm时,出苗率最高,达61.66%;土层深度为3 cm时,出苗率锐减;土层深度5 cm时,出苗率为0。家系和种子产生部位对黄帚橐吾种子大小、出苗率均有显著的影响。     

农户生产水平的“腾格里”无芒隐子草种子脱粒与清选技术研究

"腾格里"无芒隐子草是2016年由我国草品种审定委员会审定登记的野生栽培品种(登记号:499),抗旱性极强,在干旱半干旱地区的生态治理、园林绿化和草原恢复中具有非常重要的推广价值。但目前急需加快种子扩繁和解决种子脱粒与清选等技术问题。在甘肃省榆中县小区预试验基础上,进一步在河西走廊民勤县农户生产规模条件下开展了"腾格里"无芒隐子草适宜的种子脱粒和清选技术研究。结果表明,对农户生产规模下(3.5hm2左右及以下)的无芒隐子草种子,在采用的50kg石磙碾压不同遍数处理中,以45～55遍碾压处理的种子收获率最高,与手工完全脱粒对照相比,收获率达78%以上,并且对种子发芽率与活力无显著影响(P>0.05)。另外,利用4.5m·s-1风速并配以筛孔尺寸为0.7mm的筛子过筛清选2遍,种子净度可达86%,与仅过筛而未风选的对照比较,种子净度提高了20个百分点。上述结果对"腾格里"无芒隐子草的规模化生产以及推广利用具有重要的指导意义。     

浸种处理对圆叶决明种子萌发的影响

摘要：为寻求圆叶决明(Chamaecrista rotundifolia)种子硬实破除技术,开展热水和硫酸浸种处理对2个圆叶决明品种种子萌发的影响试验。结果表明,未浸种条件下闽引圆叶决明、闽引2号圆叶决明种子硬实率分别达56.3%、76.0%。初始温度为100 ℃热水浸种3 min,闽引圆叶决明种子硬实率降至11.7%,发芽率升至42.7%,发芽指数达32.1,高于其他热水浸种处理。不同热水浸种处理闽引2号圆叶决明的种子硬实率无显著差异。98%硫酸浸种10 min,闽引圆叶决明、闽引2号圆叶决明的种子硬实率分别降至1.3%、0,而且发芽指数均达峰值,分别为58.9、37.0,相应的发芽率分别为64.7%、80.0%。     

美国草种产业概况与启示——农业部赴美国草种生产加工与检验技术培训团总结报告

总结了农业部赴美国草种生产、加工与检验技术培训团在美国学习与考察的主要成果,分析了美国草种生产的主要特点,介绍了美国在草种生产与质量控制方面的先进经验,并提出促进我国草种业发展的具体建议,以期为进一步提高我国草种业生产水平提供参考.     

不同脱粒方法对狼尾草种子数量和质量的影响研究

比较了8种脱粒方法对威提特东非狼尾草Pennisetum clandestinum cv.whittet种子数量和质量的影响,结果表明,人工锤打脱粒法获得的种子破损率最低,纯净度和发芽率最高;木刀脱粒机脱粒法(筛孔直径0.8 cm)获得的种子数量最多, 10 kg种子材料可获得937.3 g种子,种子的破损率也较小,为8.37%,种子的纯净度为88.33%,种子的发芽率高达92.33%,仅次于人工锤打脱粒法.综合排名表明,人工锤打脱粒法和木刀脱粒机脱粒法(筛孔直径0.8 cm)同为第一,但人工锤打脱粒种子数量偏低,费时费力,经济效益不高.因此,最终确定木刀脱粒机脱粒法(筛孔直径0.8 cm)为威提特东非狼尾草种子脱粒的最佳方法.     

Conflicting selection pressures on seed size and germination caused by carnivorous seed dispersers

Plants produce nutritious, fleshy fruits that attract various animals to facilitate seed dispersal and recruitment dynamic. Species-specific differential selection of seed size by multiple frugivorous disperser assemblages may affect the subsequent germination of the ingested seeds. However, there is little empirical evidence supporting this association. In the present study, we documented conflicting selection pressures exerted on seed size and germination by five frugivorous carnivores on a mammal-dispersed pioneer tree, the date-plum persimmon (Diospyros lotus), in a subtropical forest. Fecal analyses revealed that these carnivores acted as primary seed dispersers of D. lotus. We also observed that seed sizes were selected based on body mass and were species-specific, confirming the “gape limitation” hypothesis; three small carnivores (the masked palm civet Paguma larvata, yellow-throated marten Martes flavigula, and Chinese ferret-badger Melogale moschata) significantly preferred to disperse smaller seeds in comparison with control seeds obtained directly from wild plants whereas the largest Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) ingested larger seeds. Seeds dispersed by medium-sized hog badgers (Arctonyx albogularis) were not significantly different from control seeds. However, regarding the influence of gut passage on seed germination, three arboreal dispersal agents (martens, civets, and bears) enhanced germination success whereas terrestrial species (ferret-badgers and hog badgers) inhibited the germination process compared with undigested control seeds. These conflicting selection pressures on seed size and germination may enhance the heterogeneity of germination dynamics and thus increase species fitness through diversification of the regeneration niche. Our results advance our understanding of seed dispersal mechanisms and have important implications for forest recruitment and ecosystem dynamics.     

多花木蓝和二色胡枝子种子硬实特性与活力关系的研究

将多花木蓝和二色胡枝子种子在恒温25℃下吸胀,每24 h取出吸胀种子,14 d后未吸胀的种子为硬实种子(H)。硬实种子切破种皮后吸胀24 h,与非硬实种子进行发芽试验和各项活力指标测定。结果显示,每日内吸胀的种子数量随时间推移以一定的比例下降,多花木蓝种子吸胀相对缓慢,第5天以后吸胀率降到1%以下,胡枝子种子第3天以后吸胀率就降到1%以下。2种牧草种子都显示出硬实种子的发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数、脱氢酶活性、酸性磷酸酯酶活性均高于非硬实种子,而电导率值、浸出液可溶性糖含量和丙二醛含量低于非硬实种子,这表明硬实种子的活力高于非硬实种子。而非硬实种子中,根据以上各活力指标判断,晚吸胀的种子比早吸胀的种子活力高。     

几种种子处理方法对牧草种子带菌及发芽的影响

用百菌清、高锰酸钾、甲醛及开水烫种对牧草种子进行消毒处理。结果表明,用百菌清、高锰酸钾对紫花苜蓿、无芒雀麦、披碱草、羊茅等种子杀菌效果好;甲醛溶液效果较差;开水烫种对较大的豆科牧草种子杀菌效果较好,而对小粒豆科种子及禾本科牧草种子有较大伤害。     

开花位置和开花时间对华北驼绒藜结实率及种子千粒重的影响

本研究对华北驼绒藜(Ceratoides arborescens)生长4年和生长8年居群不同冠层、株丛上主枝和一级侧枝,以及不同花期花的结实率和种子千粒重进行了测定和分析。结果显示,1）株龄较小的植株结实率较高,所结种子千粒重较大,可能与年龄小的植株分枝少,养分集中有关。2）结实与花在花序上的位置有关。无论在主枝条上还是在侧枝上,先开花的部位结实率高,种子千粒重也较大。3）对整个居群来说,冠层的中层结实率最高,种子千粒重最大,冠层下层结实率和种子千粒重最小。4）盛花期开的花结实率高,种子千粒重也大,末花期次之,始花期花的结实率最低,种子千粒重也最小。     

Spatial and temporal effects on seed dispersal and seed predation of Musa acuminata in southern Yunnan, China

Wild bananas are abundant in tropical areas and many ecologists have observed that the succession process is quicker following increased disturbance. This study was conducted to analyze animal-seed interactions and their effects on the seed fate of a wild banana species (Musa acuminata) in tropical southern Yunnan (China) through experiments considering spatial (site and habitat) and temporal (seasons) variation. The largest proportion of fruits (81%) was removed by frugivorous seed dispersers, especially by bats at nighttime. Only 13% of the fruits were removed by climbing seed predators (different species of rats). In the exclosure treatment, rodents accounted for a significantly higher total artificially exposed seed removal number than ants, but with spatial and temporal differences. The highest seed predation rate by rodents (70%) was found in forest with wild banana stands, corresponding with the highest rodent diversity (species numbers and abundance) among the habitat types. In contrast, the seed removal number by ants (57%) was highest in the open land habitats, but there was no close correlation with ant diversity. Seed removal numbers by ants were significantly higher in the dry compared to the rainy season, but rodent activity showed no differences between seasons. The overall results suggest that the largest proportion of seeds produced by wild banana are primarily dispersed by bats. Primary seed dispersal by bats at nighttime is essential for wild banana seeds to escape seed predation.     

Seed density affects post‐dispersal seed predation: evidence from a seed removal experiment of 62 species

Post‐dispersal seed predation plays an important role in plant demography and biodiversity maintenance. However, the effects of seed density on seed predation from previous studies have been inconsistent. We dissected the effects of density on the 2‐step processes of seed predation using 101 520 seeds from 62 plant species in an alpine pine forest for 3 consecutive years. In this study we explained the current controversy surrounding the effects of density on seed predation. Seed encounter frequency (at least 1 seed being predated from an experiment depot) showed positive density dependence, while seed exploitation (the proportion of seeds being predated of the encountered depots) showed negative density dependence. Both density effects showed a consistent trend but with different magnitudes of effect across years. Final seed predation is the combination of seed encounter and seed exploitation. Final seed predation could be either positively or negatively density‐dependent and was contingent on the magnitude of the difference between positive density‐dependent seed encounter and negative density‐dependent seed exploitation. Our results also indicated that studies including only a few species would produce biased results, because the density effect on seed predation differed greatly among plant species. Future studies should include a large number of plant species that possess a wide range of diverse seed traits to avoid potential bias and produce more comprehensive and accurate results.     

种子生态学研究现状

从种子经历的生命历程——发育、传播、捕食、种子库、休眠与萌发和种子性状6个方面综述种子生态学领域国内外研究现状和一些新结果。对重要的专业术语给出定义及英文注释,涵盖了一些领域内核心的假说、理论和有争议的研究问题,旨在让读者了解种子生态学的主体内容和研究近况。针对研究现状和气候变化背景,建议今后广泛深入开展不同环境和气候条件下母本效应及种子多功能性状间关系的研究。     

卫星搭载对新麦草二代种子活力的影响

不同含水量的新麦草种子经卫星搭载,返回后对其二代种子进行室内分析。结果发现,卫星搭载对新麦草二代种子发芽能力、种苗生长、种子浸出液电导率有显著影响,具体变化因品种而异。种子含水量对卫星搭载效应有重要影响,当含水量为10%-12%,卫星搭载效应减弱;当含水量偏离这一范围时,卫星搭载效应增强。