北亚热带欧洲云杉造林整地与抚育试验研究

对"十一五"期间在湖北省宜昌市大老岭林场按4×3析因设计的欧洲云杉[Picea abies(L.)Karst.]造林不同整地与抚育方式试验林10年生(苗龄3a)观测数据进行了分析,研究了不同整地方式、抚育方式及其交互作用对欧洲云杉历年生长量的影响。研究结果表明:整地方式对欧洲云杉生长和造林保存率有一定影响,尤其对造林次年高生长量影响显著,A1(60cm×60cm×35cm)和A2(40cm×40cm×35cm)10年生立木单株平均树高比其它平均立木单株树高提高1.31%。抚育方式B2(7月上旬挖坑除草1次,在8月中旬再全面割灌1次的抚育方式),10年生立木单株平均树高比其它平均立木单株树高提高2.63%。尽管整地方式与抚育方式的交互作用对各年生长量的影响并没有达到统计意义上的显著水平,但整地抚育组合A1A2B2(处理6)的各年生长量均高于其它组合,10年立木单株平均树高比其它平均立木单株树高提高4.4%。     

不同整地方式对绿化树种球花石楠生长量的影响

开展3种不同整地方式对球花石楠幼树成活率、保存率、树高和地径生长量的影响研究,结果表明:成活率是处理ABC,保存率是BAC,树高和地径的生长量均是ABC。从方差分析和多重比较分析看,树高生长处理A和处理B、C间存在极显著差异,处理B与处理C间差异不显著。地径生长,3个处理间均存在极显著差异。从整地方式、造林成本对幼树的成活率、保存率、树高、地径的生长来看,较适合球花石楠的成活率、保存率、树高和地径生长的处理是处理B,即人工打塘处理。     

日本落叶松中龄林施肥效应研究

根据在鄂西大老岭林场进行的日本落叶松中龄林4种施肥量、3种N与P配比、2种施肥次数的3a试验效应研究,结果表明:不同施肥量、不同N、P比、不同施肥次数对日本落叶松中龄林生长影响不显著;但14a生B1材积生长比其它平均材积提高28.4%。施肥组合8(A1B1C1)各年生长量均高于其它组合的生长量,其材积比其它平均材积提高32.8%。     

木荷人工林造林密度对比试验初报

通过对不同林分密度下木荷人工林的生长情况对比分析,结果表明:在7年生时,造林密度对木荷树高、胸径、材积等生长量没有显著影响,但对其保存率和蓄积量有较大影响,以初植密度3 330株·hm^-2和1 995株·hm^-2为最好,其保存率分别为89.4%和88.0%,蓄积量分别为8.99和5.62 m^3·hm^-2。     

尾巨桉不同造林密度林分生长动态及林木分化特征

以尾巨桉(Eucalyptus urophylla×E. grandis) 3种不同造林密度(A密度:1 666株/hm~2,B密度:1 250株/hm~2,C密度:833株/hm~2)林分为研究对象,分析了1.5~5.5年生时不同密度林分生长动态、差异及林木分化特征,目的是为尾巨桉纸浆材、胶合板材或大径级锯材人工林培育提供参考依据。3种密度林分树高连年生长量排序是CBA,胸径、单株材积连年生长量的排序与树高相同;而不同密度林分蓄积连年生长量的排序则相反。3种密度间尾巨桉林分树高、胸径、单株材积、蓄积量均有显著差异;密度A、B、C的林木胸径变动系数分别是12%、15%、15%,最大与最小变动系数间仅相差3个百分点;林分树高与胸径之比值中,林龄5.5年时最大比值(B密度,比值为140.7)比最小比值(C密度,比值为134.8)仅大4.2%。分析表明,林分树高、胸径、单株材积连年生长量随密度增加而减小,林分蓄积连年生长量则随密度增加而增大;密度小的林分平均树高、胸径、单株材积显著高于密度大的林分,但密度小林分蓄积量则显著低于密度大的林分;林木分化及林木圆满度在不同造林密度间差异较小,且无明显规律。     

不同幼林抚育方式对马尾松林分生长的影响

分析不同幼林抚育措施对10年生马尾松林分的平均胸径、平均树高、造林保存率、单株材积及样地蓄积量生长的影响,结果表明不同的幼林抚育管理措施对马尾松造林成林及林分生长具有显著的影响。高标准的幼林抚育措施能显著促进马尾松的生长,提高林地生产力。     

不同整地方式对造林质量的影响

在黑龙江省半干旱地区通过全面整地、开沟整地、穴状整地和不整地对樟子松、云杉、落叶松和银中杨的造林成活率、保存率以及树高和地径生长量影响的试验研究,结果表明:开沟整地可大大提高针叶树的造林成活率和保存率,同时可有效提高樟子松和云杉的林木生长量。     

造林密度对四川桤木生长的影响

以四川桤木为试验材料，在相同立地条件下设置3种不同造林密度，试验结果表明：造林密度对3年生四川桤木单株平均胸径、树高、材积以及枝下高均有极显著影响，对单位面积蓄积量无显著影响；单株平均胸径、树高及材积生长量随造林密度的加大而减小，枝下高则相反；造林密度适宜（1667彬hm^2）时，其单位面积蓄积量约有增加，单株材积生长量明显加大，利于大径材培育。     

不同造林密度对思茅松中龄林生长量的影响

以不同密度的思茅松中龄林为材料,开展思茅松的生长量观测,对所调查的保存率、树高、胸径、冠幅、单株材积和活立木蓄积量进行统计分析.结果表明：不同密度的树高、胸径、冠幅和单株材积各处理间均存在极显著差异.保存率与密度成反比,活立木蓄积量与密度成正比,树高、胸径、冠幅和单株材积随密度的增大而减小,但不成规律性;密度对保存率和活立木蓄积量的影响最大,对胸径、冠幅和单株材积的影响次之,对树高的影响最小.综合对比分析、方差分析和多重比较分析得出：最适宜思茅松中龄生长的密度是2m×3m,可在生产中推广应用,最不适宜的密度是1 m×1 m.     

湿地松人工林造林整地与抚育方式效应分析与评价

4年生湿地松人工林造林整地与抚育试验观测结果表明：整地规格对湿地松幼林成活率没有显著影响，而抚育方式对湿地松幼林成活率有极显著影响，以穴状和带状抚育幼林成活率最高，为92.15%，而对照仅为82.17%。整地规格、抚育方式及二因子的交互作用对湿地松胸径、树高生长量没有显著影响，通过对整地、抚育方式湿地松生长量分析，结合经济评价，丘岗地湿地松造林以中穴整地、穴状和带状抚育为宜。幼林抚育能明显提高林地肥力，并且抚育强度越大，林地肥力恢复与提高越快；抚育能减少林地被种类、多度及盖度。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.