基于层次分析-熵权法的内蒙古农牧交错带农业用水水平综合评价

在我国北方干旱半干旱地区,农业灌溉是水资源消耗的主要途径,农业水资源利用效率的高低,直接决定着区域可利用水资源量。为探究我国北方农牧交错带农业用水水平,以内蒙古农牧交错带农业灌溉用水为研究对象,在综合分析用水现状的基础上,通过层次分析—熵权法和模糊综合评价相结合的方法,选取体现农牧交错带农业用水特征的代表性指标,构建农牧交错的农业用水水平综合评价体系,对2020年内蒙古农牧交错带农业用水进行综合评价。结果表明：内蒙古农牧交错带各旗县间农业灌溉用水量相差较大,整体呈现东高西低趋势,灌溉水量为582.41～4 905.86 m³/hm²,灌溉水利用效率为51%～84%;各旗县农业用水综合评价得分为2.26～3.67,农业用水水平整体处于中等偏上,29个旗县中较高水平占比44.80%,中等水平占比55.20%;与作物水分利用效率(WUE)对比,构建的综合评价体系可以更真实地反映出农牧交错带农业用水实际情况,对于农牧交错带中农业用水水平处于中等偏下水平的旗县地区,需加大力度发展农业节水措施,提升农业水资源利用效率。     

北方农牧交错带农田风蚀成因与防治

我国北方农牧交错带是指自东北西部科尔沁草原向西南沿长城至兰州附近长2 000多km、宽200~300 km的特殊地带,区内年降水量在400 mm以下,生态环境脆弱,土地生产力的丧失是风蚀对土壤吹蚀累积影响的结果。分析了农牧交错带农田风蚀的成因和风蚀对农田生产力的影响,认为通过实施农田保护性耕作措施控制风蚀是可行的,从植被覆盖及农田耕作时间、措施上对风蚀进行控制应是防治风蚀研究的重点。     

基于SPOT-VGT NDVI时间序列的农牧交错带植被物候监测

为了分析中国农牧交错带植被典型物候期(生长开始日期,生长结束日期和生长季长度)的变化趋势,利用2001-2010年SPOT-VGT NDVI(SPOT-VEGETATION normalized differential vegetation index)数据,基于Savitzky—Golay滤波和动态阈值法,提取了中国北方农牧交错带植被物候期,探讨研究区植被物候期的空间差异和时间变化。研究表明,农牧交错带植被的生长季一般从4月中旬到5月下旬开始,9月下旬至10月下旬结束;从西南部到东北部,植被物候表现出明显的空间差异;农田植被物候期与自然植被略有不同;对研究区10a物候期线性拟合,得出研究区大部分植被覆盖区域生长季开始日期呈现提前趋势,提前日期大约为1～10d左右;除部分地区外,2001-2010年农牧交错带植被生长季结束日期没有明显变化趋势;10a间研究区大部分草地生长季延长,也有一部分地区的生长季出现缩短趋势。研究提取结果与已有的相关研究结果较为一致,可为农牧交错带生态环境评价和保护提供一定的参考。     

北方农牧交错带气候变化与旱涝响应特征

依据北方农牧交错带1961-2012年46个气象站气温、降水数据,采用气候倾向率、Mann-Kendall检测及Kring插值法,对该区气候变化及旱涝时空特征进行了分析。结果表明:(1)近52 a,北方农牧交错带气候呈现暖干化趋势,1986年后暖干化趋势有所加强。(2)不同区域不同时段,气温、降水表现出不同的变化特征。(3)全区及3个子区旱涝等级均呈上升趋势,不同区域旱涝等级变化趋势差异显著。(4)北方农牧交错带大涝呈"片状"分布,大旱呈"斑点状"分布。全区整体相对较易发生大旱,东北段相对更易发生大涝,华北段更易发生大旱。     

中国北方农牧交错带植被动态研究进展

通过回顾植被动态研究的历史,简要概述了植被动态的发展。综述了我国北方农牧交错带历年来植被动态的研究现状。研究指出植被动态变化与农牧交错带内气候、自然环境演变、农牧业经营方式的转变及土地利用有着密切的关系。结合前人的研究,根据农牧交错带内存在的生态环境问题,提出应从北方农牧交错带植被动态与生物多样性、生态环境、生态系统健康以及对全球变化响应的关系进行研究,揭示其受损及恢复机理,为农牧交错带受损的生态系统恢复与重建、区域可持续发展提供理论依据。     

辽宁土石山区侵蚀沟分布与危害分析研究

辽宁省划分为东北黑土区和北方土石山区2个一级区,以土石山区为主,涉及11个市,72个县(市、区),总面积达93 869万km~2,约占全省土地面积63.40%。沟道侵蚀是该区水土流失的集中体现和严重区域,经统计,辽宁土石山区共有侵蚀沟道74 124条。分析侵蚀沟特点、成因及危害,对开展该区域的侵蚀沟道综合治理工程、指导其水土保持工作具有重要作用。     

北方农牧交错带界线变迁区的土地利用与景观格局变化

交错带是相邻生态系统的边缘交汇带,是陆地生态系统对全球变化和人为干扰响应较为敏感的地段。在全球气候变化和人为干扰的影响下,北方农牧交错带的地理位置和界线不断变迁,界线变迁区的土地利用和景观格局也处于快速的变化之中。该文基于气象和土地利用数据,利用遥感、GIS技术和景观生态学方法,界定了北方农牧交错带及界线变迁区的地理位置,并分析了1986-2000年界线变迁区的土地利用和景观格局时空变化特征。结果显示:(1)北方农牧交错带的西北界、东南界缓冲区土地利用结构变化、不同地类之间的相互转化及土地利用动态度变化存在明显区域差异;(2)西北界、东南界缓冲区景观重心迁移的距离和方向、景观格局变化呈现出不同的特征。     

北方农牧交错带界线的变迁及其驱动力研究进展

在气候变化与人类活动的影响下,北方农牧交错带界线不断变迁。定量辨识气候变化和人类活动对北方农牧交错带界线变迁的贡献程度,是当今气候变化领域的热点问题。该文基于国内外相关研究,概括了不同视角下北方农牧交错带的定义方法,分析了气候变化与人类活动对北方农牧交错带界线变迁的驱动作用,总结了定量分析驱动力贡献程度的方法及主要结果。同时指出目前研究还存在定义、数据、方法和解释方面的问题。针对以上问题,提出了多要素综合定义、驱动力定量分析、高时空分辨率数据的收集以及深层次因果关系的解释等解决方法。该文可为敏感区域土地利用的合理规划和气候变化的减缓与适应措施的制定提供科学依据。     

北方农牧交错带县域典型农业生态系统结构的对比演变

为了能准确地描述农业生态系统结构的合理性,并从时间序列上反映系统产业结构的动态演变特征,立足北方农牧交错带,在近31a的时间尺度上,以偏农区的榆阳区和偏牧区的乌审旗县域典型农业生态系统作为比较研究对象,采用系统组分优势度、系统结构优势度和系统稳定性指数作为研究模型,对两地农业生态系统的产业结构进行了综合分析和评价,显示种植业是偏农区农业生态系统的主导产业,其组分优势度在后期下降较快;林业在两地农业生态系统中的组分优势度均较小;畜牧业是偏农区最具发展潜势的产业,是偏牧区国民经济发展的支柱产业;渔业组分优势度在两地均为最小,基本对系统无贡献;偏农区农业生态系统结构较为优越,而偏牧区农业生态系统稳定性较为突出。结合研究结果,并就种植业、林业、牧业和渔业在北方农牧交错带偏农区和偏牧区的发展提出了建设性意见,以期为当地及北方农牧交错带农业生态系统产业模式优化和农牧业可持续发展提供理论依据和科学借鉴。     

绿洲灌区小麦水分生产率在不同尺度上的变化

水分生产率是衡量农业生产水平和农业用水科学性与合理性的综合指标。文章根据民乐县洪水河灌区1995-2006年的气象、灌溉用水量、灌溉面积、作物产量资料,从田间、斗渠、干渠、灌区4个不同尺度分析了小麦灌溉水分生产率年份间的变化情况。结果表明：不同尺度上平均灌溉水分生产率不同,田间尺度为1.414 kg/m3,斗渠尺度为1.013 kg/m3,干渠尺度为1.089 kg/m3,灌区尺度为0.894 kg/m3,并且不同尺度上的灌溉水分生产率在年份间的差异也比较大。2001年洪水河灌区实施了节水灌溉工程,不同尺度上的平均灌溉水分生产率在2001-2006年较1995-2000年有所提高,田间、斗渠、干渠、灌区分别提高了7.9%、19.4%、16.5%、7.4%,说明目前斗渠、干渠尺度上节水力度大,节水效益明显,而灌区尺度还有较大的节水潜力,应成为未来农业节水研究的重点。     

Agri-Engineering and Irrigation Technology for Hill Agriculture in Germany

Agricultural use in Germany ends at a slope angle of about 25%. For slope gradients >25% the exclusive use as grassland; first of all predominantly as meadow, then as pasture begins. At a slope angle of more than 45% the possibility of mechanized processing ends. On suitable locations crop growth up to a slope gradient of 60% is possible. Wine is an example; but here the slopes are more or less terraced. The agricultural use of slopeland increases the appearance of water erosion. In Germany altogether 28% of the arable land are endangered through water erosions. To decrease the erosion danger in maize, sugar beets, and occasionally also at cereals direct seed in dead plant residues (mulch), combined with non plough soil tillage is used more and more. Especially in low range mountains the drizzling-irrigation of spring water on grassland was wide spread in former times. Irrigation is an important instrument for stabilization and increasing yields. However, irrigation water is only in limited quantities available. Because of these limited water quantities, water saving irrigation systems are needed. One method is the transition of basin irrigation to sprinkler systems. Sprinkler irrigation requires no levelling of the irrigation farmlands. The employment of these machines has at least three disadvantages: 1. The machines demand relatively large farmlands; there the productivity can be raised noticeably. On the other hand small farm-structures are little suitable. 2. Usually high investments are necessary, combined with imports from industrialized countries. 3. On unfit locations the employment of modern sprinkler machines causes irrigation erosion. Irrigation erosion can appear, when the intensity of the artificial rain exceeds the infiltration intensity of the soil at the location. For the most of the sprinkler machines this fact applies.     

不同矿化度咸水造墒灌溉对棉花生长发育和产量的影响

采用裂区设计, 灌溉量作为主处理, 灌溉水的矿化度作为副处理, 研究了播前不同灌溉量下不同矿化度咸水对棉花生长发育及产量的影响。研究结果表明, 不同矿化度咸水灌溉对棉花出苗时间和出苗率的影响差异较大, 随灌溉水矿化度的增大, 棉花出苗速度变缓, 出苗率降低, 其中4 g·L^-1 以下的咸水灌溉处理棉花出苗率在90%以上, 6 g·L^-1 矿化度处理平均出苗率仍可达85%左右, 但出苗时间推迟。播种前咸水灌溉量以22.5~34.0 mm 为宜。灌溉水矿化度对棉花生长发育的影响程度前期大于后期, 前期大于4 g·L^-1 矿化度处理表现出明显的抑制生长作用, 后期大于6 g·L^-1 矿化度处理才表现出明显的抑制生长作用。从产量上看, 棉花的咸水矿化度计算阈值为3.38 g·L^-1, 即在矿化度小于3.38 g·L^-1 时, 咸水灌溉的棉花产量与淡水灌溉产量差异不明显, 高于此矿化度阈值时, 棉花产量呈直线下降趋势; 但低于8 g·L^-1 咸水灌溉的棉花产量均显著高于纯旱地的棉花产量。     

沈抚污水灌区石油烃对土壤及水稻的影响

本文通过对沈抚灌区土壤及水稻的采样分析,同时结合水稻盆栽试验,分析测定了污灌区土壤中石油烃的残留及其对水稻生长的影响。结果表明土壤中石油烃含量同污灌年限、物理性粘粒含量及土壤质地等有着一定的相关关系,土壤中石油烃含量越高对水稻生长发育的影响越大。     

灌水对水肥一体化制种玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响

研发和推广应用高效节水技术是提升扬黄灌区制种玉米产量、支撑制种玉米产业增效和持续发展的重要途径。为了给建立制种玉米水肥一体化技术模式下的科学高效灌溉制度提供科学依据。在甘肃扬黄灌区滴灌水肥一体化条件下,研究了不同灌溉定额和灌水次数下制种玉米的产量表现和水分利用效果。结果表明,灌溉定额从2 250 m3/hm2增加到3 000 m3/hm2时,制种玉米增产幅度达33.84%,但灌溉定额高于3 000 m3/hm2并继续增大时增产效果不明显,生育期耗水量增加,水分利用效率降低明显。灌水次数从10次增加至20次时,制种玉米产量及水分利用效率均呈降低趋势,灌水次数多于15次并继续增加时,制种玉米减产显著。灌水次数和灌溉定额之间不存在互作效应。在灌溉定额偏低条件下,增加灌水次数会造成制种玉米严重减产。当生育期灌溉定额为3 000 m3/hm2、灌水次数为10次时,折合产量较高,为7 386.9 kg/hm2,较其余处理增产-2.77%～93.58%;水分利用效率最高,为17.83 kg/(mm·hm2),较其余处理提高5.32%～78.30%;种植纯收益较高,为29 683.6元/hm2,较其余处理增加-511.8～20 675.4元/hm2;产投比最高,为3.03,较其余处理增加0.07～1.38。可见,灌水10次、灌溉定额为3 000 m3/hm2时灌溉水利用效果相对优化。     

内蒙古河套灌区灌排水离子组成及淋洗盐分用水量评价

以河套灌区“盐分去向”为研究背景, 通过调查灌区土壤及各级灌排渠系水阳离子含量变化及室内模拟灌溉水淋洗土柱试验, 分析灌溉水经过土壤到排水阳离子组成的变化规律, 探讨用Na⁺浓度评价淋盐排灌水量比的可行性。结果表明, 与灌溉水相比, 各级排水干渠排水所含盐分中Na⁺所占比例明显增加, 平均约为87%; Ca²⁺所占比例减少, 平均约为7%。排水的全盐浓度(EC)和Na⁺浓度有显著相关关系, 说明Na⁺浓度对排水的全盐浓度有显著影响。灌溉水的2/3 Ca²⁺以非水溶性钙盐积聚在土壤, 排出量较少, 但灌区全年的Na⁺收支基本平衡。淋盐排灌水量比评价分析结果表明, 用Na⁺浓度评价淋盐排灌水量比要优于用全盐浓度(EC); 要维持灌区Na⁺收支平衡, 排灌水量比应保持在0.12~0.15, 针对现有灌区年引水量50 亿t, 年排水量要达到6~7 亿t。     

Influences of nitrogen treatments and irrigation methods on soil chemical properties

Abstract

Changes in soil chemical properties were investigated in conjunction with an ongoing study of fertility and irrigation relationships of cotton. Four irrigation methods and five nitrogen fertilization rates were the primary focus of the study. The four irrigation regimes studied were: high frequency center pivot, low frequency center pivot, furrow irrigated, and unirrigated. Nitrogen rates were 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 lb N/A. Soil samples were collected from each plot in 6‐in‐ increments to a depth of 24 in. in 1982 and again in 1986 after four years of continuous cotton production. The soil samples were analyzed for pH, organic matter (OM), P, K, electrical conductivity (EC), and NO₃ ^‐‐N. All background soil characteristics were found to vary with depth with the exception of NO₃ ^‐‐N. The follow‐up sampling and testing in 1986 showed significant differences in soil properties as a function of irrigation, N‐fertilization, depth, and their interactions. Nitrates were accumulated in the 18 to 24‐in. depth under high (120 lb N/A) fertilization, and in the 0 to 6‐in. depth under the four lower treatments (0, 30, 60, and 90 lb N/A). Soil pH was highest in the furrow and high frequency center pivot irrigated regimes and lowest in the unirrigated regime. Soil pH also decreased with depth. Electrical conductivity of the soil was highest in the high frequency regime and not significantly different among the other three irrigation methods. The 0M content of the soil was greatest in the high frequency regime but not significantly different in the low frequency, furrow, or unirrigated blocks. Soil 0M was found to decrease with depth through 18 in. in all cases. The P and K status of the soil was not changed as a result of the N fertilization or irrigation treatments.     

再生水灌溉方式对重金属在土壤中残留累积的影响

不同灌溉技术（沟灌、地下滴灌）和灌水方式（充分灌溉、分根交替灌溉）下再生水灌溉对重金属在土壤中残留影响的田间试验表明：其他条件相同时,收获后充分灌水小区土壤重金属Cd含量高于分根交替灌水小区;再生水（二级处理污水）地下滴灌小区高于二级处理污水加氯地下滴灌小区;二级处理污水沟灌小区高于清水灌溉小区;充分灌溉下二级处理污水滴灌小区低于沟灌小区,而分根交替灌溉下沟灌低于滴灌。土壤Pb含量的变化规律与Cd基本相似,除滴灌下二级处理污水区低于二级处理污水加氯小区,无论充分灌溉还是分根交替灌溉均为滴灌低于沟灌。不同处理收获后土壤Pb含量均有不同程度降低;而二级处理污水灌溉小区土壤cd含量较试验前增加0．62％～7．78％,其他处理均有不同程度减小。试验结果为再生水资源的农业安全利用提供了技术依据。     

污水灌溉的现状与展望

水污染问题是当前农业发展亟待解决的问题。利用污水进行污水回灌农田是一种低费用、低能耗的污水处理途径,也是保障水资源可持续利用的有效措施之一。本文在简要回顾国内外污水回用灌溉农田的历史和发展现状的基础上,总结了污水灌溉在理论研究、技术研究等方面取得的主要成果,并针对我国污水灌溉中存在的问题,指出了目前和未来该领域研究的重点,以期推动污水灌溉的规范化、科学化、健康化发展。     

Turfgrass Nutrition and Irrigation Water Quality

Turfgrass sites are increasingly irrigated with low-quality water sources, which may complicate nutritional programs by excessive addition of nutrients or problem ions by causing imbalances. Irrigation sources of most concern are nutrient-rich reclaimed water (i.e., reuse water) and those containing high concentrations of soluble salts. Factors contributing to difficulties in fertility programming are (a) increased temporal and geospatial (by soil depth and across the landscape) variability in soil nutrient/ion status; (b) addition of high levels of chemical constituents to the soil–plant system via the irrigation water, irrigation water treatments (i.e., acidification), and soil amendments such as gypsum; (c) salinity leaching programs that also leach soil nutrients; (d) changes in irrigation lake water quality, such as seasonal fluctuations due to rainfall dilution (i.e., dry and rainy seasons), intake locations across the lake surface, or lake depth; (e) attention to environmental and sustainability issues; and (f) on saline sites, achieving fertilization goals are more complex, requiring attention to maintaining root viability, maximizing grass salinity tolerance, and addressing unique nutritional requirements of new halophytic grasses. Addressing these issues requires proactive and frequent soil, water, and tissue testing; appropriate soil tests; and improved means to quantify spatial soil nutrient and salinity status via spatial mapping.     

Nitrogen Volatilization from Arizona Irrigation Waters

A laboratory study was initiated to investigate the effects of temperature (25, 30, 35, and 40 °C) and water quality on the loss of fertilizer nitrogen (N) through volatilization out of irrigation waters collected from 10 different Arizona sources. A 300‐mL volume of each water source was placed in 450‐mL beakers open to the atmosphere in a constant‐temperature water bath with 10 mg of analytical‐grade ammonium sulfate [(NH₄)₂SO₄] dissolved into each sample. Small aliquots were drawn at specific time intervals over a 24‐h period and then analyzed for ammonium (NH₄ ⁺)‐N and nitrate (NO₃ ^?)‐N concentrations. Results showed potential losses from volatilization to be highly temperature dependent. Total losses (after 24 h) ranged from 30–48% at 25 °C to more than 90% at 40 °C. Volatilization loss of fertilizer N from irrigation waters was found to be significant and should be considered when making decisions regarding fertilizer N applications for crop production in Arizona particularly when using ammonia‐based fertilizers.