A Simulated Annealing Arithmetic Based on Uniform Design

Some ideas of uniform design in the test design are introduced into Simulated Annealing Arithmetic and a new method of design based on uniform design is discussed. The global optimal solutions of nonlinear multi-peak function can be found by this method. A series of uniformly distributed points are generated by the principle of the uniform design in variable design space. These points are regarded as a series of start points of the optimization model. The Simulated Annealing Arithmetic is chosen to compute and a series of local minimum values can be gained. Before compared with each other, the best value of all local minimum values can be found out, the value is thought as the global minimum in some degree. According to the method, a program is compiled and an example of design is implemented. The result of the example testifies that the method is feasible.     

保护性耕作对黄土高原旱地春小麦成熟期农田温室气体通量日变化的影响

为了预测农田生态系统中CO2、N2O、CH4的排放对全球气候变暖的响应,及其温度对温室气体排放日变化的影响,利用CO2分析仪、静态箱-气象色谱法,对黄土高原旱区农田生态系统传统耕作(T)和保护性耕作(NTS)措施下春小麦成熟期CO2、N2O、CH4气体通量日变化进行原位观测。结果表明：2种耕作措施下农田土壤均表现为大气CO2、N2O的源和CH4的汇。CO2、N2O、CH4都有明显的日变化特征,传统耕作措施下CO2排放通量明显高于保护性耕作。CO2日排放通量最高峰出现在12:00,最低峰出现在2:00。N2O日排放最高峰出现在16:00,最低峰出现在0:00。保护性耕作措施能增加农田土壤N2O通量的排放。2种耕作措施下CH4吸收通量的最高峰均出现在14:00,保护性耕作措施下CH4吸收通量的最低峰出现在22:00,传统耕作措施则出现在2:00。采取保护性耕作措施能促进农田土壤对CH4通量的吸收。地表温度,5 cm地温与CO2排放通量都有极显著的正相关关系,且都与CO2通呈指数函数关系。N2O与各个耕层的土壤温度都有极显著的正相关关系,且与N2O排放通量呈线性函数关系。2种耕作措施下,CO2通量与地表温度的相关系数最高,N2O与10 cm地温的相关系数最高。CH4与地表温度具有极显著的负相关关系。     

导热系数测量方法与应用分析

在热力学的基础上,对导热系数测定方法进行了分类,分别介绍了稳态法和非稳态法,并对它们的原理、特点及适用场合进行了比较,认为保护热板法适用于保温材料导热系数的测量,而热线法则适合于食品材料导热系数的测量.     

Shear Ductility of Hybrid Fiber Reinforced High Performance Concrete Deep Beams

The shear tests were conducted on 18 different groups of deep beams with steel fiber and polypropylene fiber and two groups high performance concrete deep beams without fiber according to the orthogonal experimental design. By a definition of shear ductility index shear ductility of deep beams was analyzed quantitatively. The influence of six factors on improving shear ductility of deep beams was compared by direct-viewing analysis of the orthogonal experiment. The contributory factors such as the species of steel fiber, the volume fraction of steel fiber, the length/diameter aspect ratio of steel fiber, the volume fraction of polypropylene fiber, the ratio of web horizontal reinforcement and the ratio of web vertical reinforcement were analyzed. Results show that the volume fraction of steel fiber plays the most important role in improving shear ductility of deep beams exceeding the ratio of web horizontal reinforcement and the ratio of web vertical reinforcement, whereas species of steel fiber has minimum effect. Hybrid fiber can be used to greatly increase shear ductility of deep beams and shear ductility is at the most increased by 40.7% although it can not change the brittleness of shear damage. The full-range shear behaviors of deep beams through ABAQUS are analyzed and the calculated results are in good agreement with test results.     

干旱区苹果园内温度变化规律与果园气温预测

为了预测果园霜冻发生,提高防霜效果,果园内的最低温度及其出现时间预测非常关键。本研究利用宁夏陶林园艺场果园和银川气象台站的常规气象观测资料,分析果园内气温和最低气温的变化特征,并建立银川站与果园内的温度关系模型。结果表明：春季果园内日最低气温呈现波动状态,最低时接近-12℃,最高时达12.4℃,春季共有29天最低气温都达到0℃以下,气温低于0℃会对果树开花、坐果造成影响,日最低气温出现时间主要集中在晴天、阴天、雨（雪）天的5:00、6:00和23:00;秋季果园内日最低气温呈逐渐降低的趋势,最低时接近-13℃左右,最高时达16℃,部分时段温度过低对保障果实品质可能有一定影响,日最低温度在晴天、阴天、雨（雪）天集中出现的时间分别为7:00、8:00和23:00;果园内的日最低气温与银川站的日最低气温呈现明显的线性关系,据此建立了果园内最低气温的线性回归方程,历史回代检验表明,方程的预报绝对误差绝大多数在2℃以内,精度较好。研究结果可为果树的霜冻监测与防御提供依据,对趋利避害有重要意义。     

基于RS的森林乔木判别应用

本文以塞罕坝机械林场SPOT-5遥感图为判别对象,采用监督分类的三种不同分类器——最大似然法则,最小距离法则和平行六面体法则对林场乔木树种进行判别分类。结果表明最大似然运算法则适合该地区乔木分类,分类总精度为86.25%。运用最大似然法则的总分类精度要比运用最小距离法则得到的分类总精度提高12.14个百分点,而平行六面体法则在此次分类中不符合实际情况。     

不同施肥模式下保护性耕作春玉米产量及经济效益

保护性耕作采用少、免耕技术,地表有覆盖物,肥料一般不能通过翻耕、旋耕等方式与土壤混合,传统施肥模式不适用于保护性耕作。为解决保护性耕作推广过程中存在的施肥量不足、施肥模式单一、秸秆覆盖量少等问题,利用平衡施肥技术确定施肥量,采用裂区试验设计,主处理为耕作方式,包括翻耕、留茬免耕、整秆覆盖免耕,副处理为施肥模式,P、K肥随播种一次完成,尿素追施,一次追施、二次追施为副处理,进行保护性耕作不同施肥模式下春玉米产量与经济效益分析。结果表明,在施肥量一定的情况下,目标产量实现与耕作覆盖方式、施肥模式有密切关系。耕作方式与施肥方法最优组合为—A3B2(整秆覆盖免耕2次追肥),经济效益最高,对春玉米保护性耕作施肥管理要点进行了总结     

Micromechanis Analysis of Load-transfer Mechanism is Single-fibre Fregmentation Test

The paper presented a new micomechanics load-transfer model for single-fibre fragmentation test. The interfacial shear streength and the crack will develop along the interface. The fibre stochastic strength distribution was modelled by a two-parameter Wibull distribution. The influence of the interfacial bonding strength and fibre axial-tensile strength on stress states in components of composites was discussed. The interfacial state during the fragmentation process may be one of following three states: 1) fully bonding; 2) partial bonding; 3) fully debonding; according to the fibre axialtensile strength and interfacial properties (including interfacial bounding shear strength, interfacial friction coefficient and matrix radial pressure) after elastic constants and geometrical parameters of composites phases are given. The necessary conditions for these three states were discussed- Finally, a suitable definition of the critical fibre length was given and the critical length was constrouted by two parts :debonding fibre length and bonding fibre length.     

HACCP在欧李果汁生产过程中的应用

将HACCP体系应用于欧李果汁的生产中。根据对欧李果汁加工工艺流程环节工序的生物、化学、物理危害进行的分析,确定了3个关键控制点,制定了HACCP计划表,并且采取了相应的纠偏措施,将危害因素降低到最低限度,为保证欧李果汁的安全生产提供了可靠的依据。     

贺兰山东麓葡萄园区国家级观测站与自动气象站最低气温的对比分析

为了促进宁夏葡萄产业发展,提升葡萄气象保障能力,为今后格点化预报和专业预报服务提供支撑,本研究利用2009—2016年4—5月贺兰山东麓葡萄园区内27个自动气象站及7个国家级观测站逐时最低气温资料,对比分析代表酒庄的自动气象站（简称：酒庄站）与所辖区国家级观测站（简称：大监站）最低气温的差异性。结果表明：贺兰山东麓最低气温出现在20时—10时,以03—08时居多,其中07时出现次数最多;经历史资料分析和实况个例对比分析,均发现酒庄站最低气温与大监站最低气温之间存在明显差异,差异普遍在3℃以内。     

Global Integration and Local Identities: Engendering the Singaporean Chinese

Forces of global integration and local autonomy have impacted on debates over the definition and redefinition of gendered ethnic identities among the Chinese in Singapore. These discourses are examined in two historical contexts: contemporary government policy­making on gender issues; and the Chinese cultural reform movement at the turn of the century. Linking contemporary and historical discourses are themes of gendered identity formation in response to tense interactions between globalising forces and moves to assert local autonomy. Striking parallels are shown between gender constructions in the two periods in which engendering discourses were central to redefinitions of Chinese ethnic identities.     

Response Characteristics of Climate in the Shiyang River Basin to Global Warming

Meteorological data of 5 weather stations in the Shiyang River Basin on the eastern section of Hexi Corridor from 1961 to 2014 were analyzed using statistical analysis techniques such as linear trend and variance signifi cance test. The results showed that as the low temperature rose generally, temperature in stations nearby desert showed higher increase rate; annual extreme maximum temperature in stations nearby mountains showed more signifi cant increase, and annual extreme minimum temperature in stations nearby desert showed more signifi cant increase, and the increase tendency of extreme minimum temperature was more obvious than that of extreme maximum temperature; annual extreme maximum temperature in stations in desert showed higher instability; instability of annual extreme minimum temperature in all sampling points increased, and showed no obvious regularity between desert and mountain.     

高寒冷凉地区日光温室温度变化规律研究

为了探明高寒冷凉地区日光温室内温度变化特征,预报温室内温度变化规律,调控温室内温度高低提供依据,利用2012年10月—2013年5月大通县国家现代农业示范园区节能日光温室内外温度及大通县气象观测资料,分析高寒冷凉地区不同天气类型下日光温室温度变化规律。结果表明,高寒冷凉地区试验期间温室内平均温度日变化和秋、冬、春3季温度日变化均表现为典型的“单峰”型。晴天温度最低值出现在08时,多云和阴天推迟1 h;室内温度最大值：晴天＞多云＞阴天,最小值：阴天＞多云＞晴天,导致日较差：晴天＞多云＞阴天,不同季节室内温度日变化有所不同;不同天气类型温室内外各时次、日平均以及最大值、最小值间相关性表现为：阴天＞多云＞晴天,相关系数夜间均大于白天,最低温度在不同天气类型相关性均较高,最高温度晴天、多云天两者相关性不明显,阴天相关性较高;冬季温室内外温差较大,增温效果显著。     

Stickstoffdüngung und chemischer Pflanzenschutz in einem Dauerfeldversuch und die Ertragsgesetze von Liebig, L.iebscher, WOLLNY und MITSCHERLICH

Nitrogen fertilization and chemical plant protection in a long-term field experiment and the yield response laws of L iebig , L iebscher , W ollny and M itscherlich
An interpretation of L iebig 's "law of the minimum", L iebscher 's and W ollny 's "law of the optimum" and M itscherlich 's "law of constant activity" for two growth factors is presented. With three-quadrant diagrams (crop yield vs. N fertilization, crop yield vs. N uptake, N uptake vs. N fertilization) a long-term field experiment in Göttingen (Ackerbau-Systemversuch) is analyzed. This experiment started 1981 with the following treatments: 1. crop rotation (a: short rotation, sugar-beet, winter-wheat, winter-barley/vetch-green-manure; b: long rotation, sugar-beet, winter-wheat, winter-barley, lucerne, maize, faba beans); 2. chemical plant protection (a: with; b: without); 3. mineral nitrogen fertilization procedure (a: N-fixed, cumulative effects; b: N-rotating, one year's effects of different N fertilization); 4. mineral nitrogen fertilization (a: nil; b: suboptimal; c: optimal; d: hyper-optimal doses).
Without chemical plant protection resource use efficiency of applied nitrogen decreased according to L iebscher 's and W ollny 's "law of the optimum". In most cases this "law of the optimum" was applicable to the empirical data. L iebig 's "law of the minimum" and M itscherlich 's "law of constant activity" are exceptional cases, whereas L iebscher 's and W ollny 's "law of the optimum" has more general validity. For maximal resource use efficiency the growth factors have to be combined in optimal amounts.     

河北唐山深层地温变化特征分析

为探明唐山深层地温变化特征,供研究农业生态环境变化参考,利用1981—2010 年唐山国家基本气象站的0.8 m、1.6 m、3.2 m逐月平均地温资料,采用气候统计诊断分析方法,分析了近30 年唐山深层平均地温的年、季变化趋势及气候异常、突变等气候特征。结果表明：唐山0.8 m、1.6 m、3.2 m四季和年平均地温均呈升温趋势,0.8 m深度秋季增温最弱,1.6 m深度春季增温最强;0.8 m和1.6 m平均地温夏季最高、冬季最低,3.2 m平均地温秋季最高、春季最低;0.8 m和1.6 m月平均地温最低和最高分别出现在2 月和8 月,3.2 m月平均地温最低和最高分别出现在3 月和9 月;春季、夏季、冬季和年平均地温经历了2个偏暖和2个偏冷阶段,而秋季则经历了2个偏暖和1个偏冷阶段;四季和年均存在突变现象;0.8 m春季和冬季平均地温及3.2 m年平均地温未出现异常年份,其余均出现了异常偏暖或偏冷。     

土壤重金属污染植物修复研究动态

土壤重金属污染已成为严重的环境问题之一。简要介绍了植物修复的机理以及超积累植物的定义,就植物修复技术研究进展作一综述,为进一步利用植物修复技术治理土壤重金属污染研究提供依据,并指出目前植物修复尚未解决的问题及植物土壤重金属污染未来发展趋势。     

机插密度对不同类型水稻抗倒伏能力及产量的影响

以籼粳杂交稻品种甬优2640、甬优1640,杂交籼稻品种丰两优香1号、新两优6380为材料,设置6个密度(A:31.7 cm×30.0 cm、B:22.2 cm×30.0 cm、C:17.1 cm×30.0 cm、D:13.9 cm×30.0 cm、E:11.7 cm×30.0 cm、F:10.6 cm×30.0 cm),比较研究不同机插密度对不同类型水稻抗倒伏能力的影响。两年试验结果表明,产量随密度的增加呈先升后降的趋势,籼粳杂交稻和杂交籼稻均以13.9 cm×30.0 cm处理产量最高。密度对两种类型水稻影响也不完全一致,籼粳杂交稻在C~E密度下产量均高于10.5 t hm–2,且未发生倒伏或倒伏较少,能获得高产稳产;杂交籼稻只有在D密度下产量高于10.0 t hm–2,表观倒伏率较高,较难稳产。随着密度的增加,2个类型品种茎秆的倒伏指数逐渐增大,茎粗、单位节间干重、茎壁厚度都呈下降趋势。随着灌浆时间的增加,籼粳杂交稻倒伏指数先升高后降低,高峰值出现在抽穗后30 d,茎壁厚度、节间充实度、单茎茎鞘重先降低后升高,抽穗后30 d达最低值。杂交籼稻倒伏指数一直升高,茎壁厚度一直下降,节间充实度先下降,抽穗后30 d后略有下降或回升但不明显,单茎茎鞘重先降低后升高,抽穗后30 d最低,抽穗后30 d前后是发生倒伏的敏感时期。     

The chloride mask in COD determination of pickled mustard wastewater with high salt

Chlorides in the wastewater with high salt seriously interrupts the determination of chemical oxygen demand(COD). Therefore, chloride mask in wastewater has been an important and difficult issue in recent years. In the present work, experiment design is used for more accurate and precise COD determination method of pickled mustard wastewater. Two methods for masking chloride are adopted: HgSO4 masking method and AgNO3 masking method. After masking chloride, use the traditional reflux digestion method to test COD in the experimental sample. The results show that when the ratio of HgSO4 to Cl - is 40, the chloride mask results in a minimum error of 1.43%, and the minimum error is 0.21% when AgNO3 is used. Obviously, AgNO3 masking method is superior to HgSO4 masking method. However, when these two methods are used in pickled mustard wastewater, there is a COD value difference of 20 mg/L and HgSO4 masking method is more accurate. By considering the characteristics of the two methods above, a combined method is proposed, which AgNO3 is added equivalently according to the concentration of Cl - first, and then a few amounts of HgSO4 are added to prevent the free Cl - in wastewater. The facts show that combined method is more reliable.     

数字农业信息标准研究

农业信息标准化是数字农业建设的重要基础内容。对农业信息标准化的涵义和中国农业信息管理和使用的现状进行了分析,对开展数字农业信息标准工作应遵循的原则和目标进行了探讨,并提出了当前的工作重点。在此基础上介绍了作物生产信息表达标准研究进展：围绕作物生产需要,通过提取土壤、农业气象、作物生育规律和生产管理的术语体系和基础数据元目录,用专业名词术语和标准数据元来描述和量化作物生产研究对象与管理行为,提出了规范化的信息获取方法,建立了标准化的信息表达方法和存储交换格式,明确了数据的值域和应用范围,从而实现了农业信息在在语义上、标准上和内容上的统一。     

Factorial regression analysis of genotype by environment interaction in ryegrass populations, using both isozyme and climatic data as covariates

A sample of 58 natural ryegrass populations (Lolium perenne L.) from the French and Spanish oceanic coast was evaluated for three seasonal growth traits (i.e. spring, autumn and winter vigour traits) in 5 evaluation sites (three in France and two in Spain). This sample showed a high level of genotype (population) × environment (evaluation sites) interactions for the three agronomic traits. A factor regression analysis, using both isozyme frequencies of populations and climatic factors of evaluation sites as covariates, was carried out on a sub-sample of 30 populations in order to explain these interactions. This method succeeded in explaining most population × location interactions by the product of two covariates. For instance, for spring vigour trait, 72.8% of the interaction term could be explained by the use of two covariates: the PGI2-20 allelic frequency of populations and the minimum temperature of the coldest month of evaluation sites. This study shows the advantage of such a method for plant breeders who need to identify promising ryegrass populations for their breeding objectives. A number of genetic and evolutionary hypotheses are also discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.