小麦 TaWIN1基因的克隆和表达分析

14-3-3蛋白家族在植物生长发育和逆境胁迫响应中发挥着重要作用。 TaWIN1基因是小麦14-3-3基因家族成员之一,为了进一步了解该基因的功能,本研究以普通小麦中国春为材料克隆了 TaWIN1基因并进行了生物信息学分析和表达分析。结果表明, TaWIN1基因含有801 bp的开放阅读框,编码266个氨基酸,含有完整的14-3-3蛋白家族结构域;该基因的编码蛋白为酸性蛋白,不具有跨膜区,可能定位于细胞质;进化分析显示,小麦TaWIN1蛋白与大麦14-3-3E、二穗短柄草GF14-D的亲缘关系最近; TaWIN1基因在小麦不同发育时期和不同组织中均有表达,但在10 mm幼穗中的相对表达量最高,其次为苗期叶片和旗叶,在根中表达量最低;根中 TaWIN1基因在干旱、高温、低温和盐胁迫下均显著上调表达;叶片中 TaWIN1基因在干旱、低温和盐胁迫下均显著上调表达,而在高温下则显著下调表达。     

实时荧光定量PCR检测木薯海藻糖合成酶基因（MeTPS1-3）干旱胁迫下的表达

采用实时荧光定量PCR的方法测定木薯SC124和KU50两个品种在模拟干旱胁迫下海藻糖合成酶基因（MeTPS1-3）的转录水平变化。结果显示,与正常水分组相比：干旱处理2 h后,SC124根、茎、下部成熟叶和上部幼叶MeTPS1-3基因的表达量没有明显变化;而在KU50中,根部相对表达量上升了12倍,茎、下部成熟叶和上部幼叶没有明显变化。干旱处理24 h后,SC124根部相对表达量上升约30倍、茎部有微小的上升、下部成熟叶片却有小幅下降、上部幼叶部位上升约4倍;在KU50品种中,根部上升约14倍,茎部有微小的下调,下部成熟叶和上部幼叶表达量下调。木薯遭受干旱胁迫时,根部MeTPS1-3基因上调表达最明显,由此推测其在木薯抗干旱胁迫中起重要调控作用。     

花生DREB类转录因子基因AhDREB3的序列及非生物胁迫下表达分析

DREB类蛋白属于AP2/ERF转录因子家族的一个亚家族,在植物非生物胁迫抗性调控中具有重要功能。为了挖掘花生逆境胁迫相关功能基因AhDREB3,从已公布的花生基因中找到干旱应答元件结合蛋白3（AhDREB3）的编码基因全序列,做编码蛋白的进化分析。根据已知序列设计引物,通过荧光定量PCR检测了该基因在低温、高盐和干旱胁迫下及对外源ABA响应和表达。荧光定量PCR结果显示,AhDREB3基因在花生的叶片和根中对低温没有响应,对高盐（叶片和根）和干旱（根）胁迫有较大响应,说明它可能参与了花生对高盐和干旱胁迫的适应性调控。此外,AhDREB3基因的表达在花生叶片和根中对外源ABA响应变化小,暗示了该基因在花生中可能通过不依赖于ABA的方式起作用。     

小麦冷休克蛋白基因TaCSP的克隆及表达分析

为深入研究小麦冷休克蛋白(cold shock proteins,CSPs)基因,根据大肠杆菌(E.coli)CSPs蛋白保守氨基酸序列,借助生物信息学技术检索小麦EST序列,采用同源序列法拼接了小麦3个冷休克蛋白基因,并以小麦叶片总RNA为模板,采用RT-PCR对其进行扩增;同时,采用荧光定量PCR对3个基因的组织表达特性以及ABA、低温、高温、干旱和盐胁迫条件下的表达模式进行了研究。结果表明,小麦3个冷休克蛋白基因TaCSP1、TaCSP2和TaCSP3全长分别为290、374和377bp,各编码69、69、80个氨基酸残基。序列分析表明,TaCSP1、TaCSP2和TaCSP3之间氨基酸相似性为72.9%~84.3%,与大肠杆菌来源CSPs的相似性为40.0%~79.7%。荧光定量PCR表达谱分析显示,TaCSPs在抽穗期小麦的根、茎、叶和幼穗中均能表达。胁迫分析表明,3个冷休克蛋白基因在小麦幼根中的表达,在低温和ABA处理下,表现为早期诱导、后期抑制,在高温、干旱和盐胁迫下,则表现为早期抑制、后期有所恢复。克隆获得的小麦3个冷休克蛋白基因在根组织中强烈表达,并受ABA和冷胁迫诱导,推测其在小麦抵御逆境胁迫过程中发挥重要作用。     

玉米ZmSAMS1基因在盐、干旱等逆境胁迫下的表达分析

采用Northern杂交对玉米S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶基因ZmSAMS1在玉米幼苗期根、茎、叶中的表达及盐胁迫下外施不同甲基供体试剂处理下的表达进行分析。结果表明,ZmSAMS1在根、茎中均有表达,叶中信号较弱;盐胁迫外施甜菜碱、氯化胆碱、叶酸条件下该基因表达量不同,推测ZmSAMS1可能参与盐胁迫下玉米根茎木质化和栓质化过程。荧光实时定量PCR分析表明,ZmSAMS1在干旱和高温胁迫下表达量上调幅度较大,在盐、低温和ABA胁迫下表达量上调或下调幅度较小,揭示ZmSAMS1可能参与干旱、高温等逆境胁迫应答。     

花生中蔗糖合成酶基因AhSuSy在花生中的组织表达及对非生物胁迫响应研究

低温、高盐和干旱胁迫严重影响植物的生长和产量。本研究以花生品种花育33号为实验材料,根据cDNA文库中已知的蔗糖合成酶基因AhSuSy全长序列设计引物,通过RT—PCR克隆到该基因。通过荧光定量PCR分析了该基因在花生各组织中的表达及在低温、高盐等非生物胁迫下的表达。结果显示,该基因为组成型表达基因,在叶片和根中表达量较高,在花中表达量最低;AhSuSy基因在花生的叶片和根中对低温均没有明显响应,但在花生根中受高盐胁迫和干旱胁迫明显诱导,说明该基因可能参与了花生对高盐和干旱胁迫的适应性调控;AhSuSy在花生根中受ABA的明显诱导,说明该基因对花生非生物胁迫的调控可能是以依赖ABA的方式进行的。     

小麦 TaCP3基因的克隆及其参与非生物胁迫的表达分析

半胱氨酸蛋白酶(cysteine protease,CP)是植物中重要的蛋白酶家族之一,广泛参与植物的各种生理过程;TaCP3属于papain-like(木瓜蛋白酶)家族的半胱氨酸蛋白酶,在小麦的生长发育及抗逆中起到重要作用。为研究 TaCP3基因的结构特征,以及在干旱、高盐、低温和高温胁迫下的表达情况,从小麦抗旱品种西农538中克隆了 TaCP3基因,该基因仅含1个1125 bp的开放阅读框,编码374个氨基酸,在蛋白氨基端有一个28个氨基酸残基组成的信号肽,羧基端具有木瓜蛋白酶亚家族的保守结构域。生物信息学分析表明, TaCP3与大麦和山羊草半胱氨酸蛋白酶基因相似性最高。同时,本研究构建了pcold-TF/TaCP3原核表达载体,通过转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),成功表达了TaCP3重组蛋白,分子量约为40 kD。qRT-PCR结果表明, TaCP3的表达对干旱、高盐、低温和高温胁迫均有响应,初始都呈先降后升的趋势;且对干旱胁迫有强烈的正向响应。     

小麦类成束阿拉伯半乳糖蛋白编码基因TaFLA的克隆与表达分析

为研究类成束阿拉伯半乳糖蛋白编码基因Fasciclin-Like Arabinogalactan-protein(FLA)在小麦抗逆境胁迫和花药发育中的作用,利用同源克隆法从小麦中获得1个FLA基因,命名为TaFLA,并对其组织表达特性和逆境胁迫表达特性分别进行了分析。序列分析结果表明,TaFLA基因含有1个1 530 bp的完整开放阅读框,编码509个氨基酸;TaFLA蛋白含有预测的N-末端信号肽,两个Fasciclin结构域(氨基酸205-300、371-474)和两个N-糖基化位点(氨基酸369和487)。系统演化分析结果表明,TaFLA基因与二粒小麦处于同一分支,其亲缘关系最近。荧光定量表达分析结果表明,TaFLA基因在小麦根、小穗(除去雄蕊)、减数分裂前和分裂时期的雄蕊中均有表达,其中,小穗(除去雄蕊)中表达量最高;在低温胁迫处理下,TaFLA基因表达上调,而在干旱、高盐和ABA处理下,表达量均有所下降;温敏雄性不育系BS366在不育环境(低温)下,TaFLA基因在雄蕊发育关键时期(二分体时期)大量表达,约为可育环境(高温)下表达量的29倍。     

小麦microRNA167e的特征及表达模式分析

MicroRNAs(miRNAs)是一类在植物发育调控和逆境胁迫响应过程中发挥重要功能的小RNA,为了探讨miR167e在小麦中的生物学功能,以小麦品种中国春、豫麦18和矮抗58为材料,利用RT-PCR技术克隆了小麦miR167家族基因新成员 MIR167e,并采用qRT-PCR技术分析了其时空表达特性及其对渗透胁迫的响应模式。结果将小麦 MIR167e基因定位在第5同源群染色体的短臂上,将该基因A、B和D基因组的三个部分同源基因分别命名为 TaMIR167e-5AS、 TaMIR167e-5BS和 TaMIR167e-5DS。序列分析显示,该miRNA前体区域在所检测品种间高度保守,3个部分同源基因间仅存在SNP差异,在成熟tae-miR167e对应区域完全一致。时空表达特性分析显示,tae-miR167e在籽粒发育过程中表达呈上调趋势,在不同组织间的表达差异较大,其中在3叶期,叶片和根系中表达量较高,种子中次之,穗下节中表达量最低;在干旱胁迫条件下,该miRNA受胁迫诱导而上调表达,与中国春相比,矮抗58根系中该miRNA的诱导表达启动更快,在叶片中的表达水平更高;在盐胁迫条件下,该miRNA在根系中呈下调表达趋势,而在叶片中上调表达。推测tae-miR167e在小麦发育调控和渗透胁迫响应过程中发挥重要功能。     

小麦丙氨酸-乙醛酸转氨酶基因（ TaAGT2）的克隆、生物信息学预测及表达分析

光呼吸是植物细胞H_2O_2的重要来源,也是维持细胞氧化还原的重要成分,影响植物对生物和非生物逆境的应答,因此,挖掘与光呼吸有关的基因对提高植物的抗逆性具有重要意义。本研究以耐旱小麦品种青麦6号转录组数据为基础,通过RACE技术克隆得到小麦 AGT2基因的全长cDNA,将其命名为 TaAGT2,并对其进行了生物信息学预测及表达模式分析。结果表明, TaAGT2开放阅读框长1 434bp,编码477个氨基酸。该蛋白属于亲水性稳定蛋白,定位于线粒体中,二级结构以α-螺旋(42.14%)和无规则卷曲(32.91%)为主。 TaAGT2基因包含AAT-I基因族保守区域,与二穗短柄草 AGT2的相似性高达97%。通过qRT-PCR对基因 TaAGT2在不同组织中(根、茎和叶)及4种非生物胁迫(低温、ABA、干旱、高盐)下的表达特性进行分析,结果表明, TaAGT2在根、茎和叶中均有表达,茎中的表达显著高于根和叶,在不同胁迫条件下上调表达,表明该基因可能参与调控植物的抗逆反应。     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

先玉335、郑单958和京科968抗虫能力的比较研究

以先玉335、郑单958、京科968为材料,以玉米螟(Ostrinia furnacalis)、黏虫(Mythimna separata)和禾谷缢管蚜(Rhopalosiphum padi)为供试昆虫,探究玉米品系大喇叭口期对玉米螟和黏虫及抽雄期对禾谷缢管蚜抗性差异,测定其主要抗虫化合物丁布类物质的含量。结果发现,京科968对玉米螟及禾谷缢管蚜抗性均高于另外两个品系;对黏虫的抗性,郑单958和京科968高于先玉335。大喇叭口期京科968中丁布类物质含量最高,抽雄期郑单958和京科968中主要丁布成分含量均高于先玉335,上述组织中丁布合成相关基因在郑单958及京科968中的表达量也均高于先玉335。本研究揭示杂交玉米抗虫性与抗性相关化合物含量及其相关基因表达间存在正向相关关系,为抗虫玉米分子育种提供理论参考。     

Effect of a continuous hot water treatment of potato tubers on seed-borne fungal pathogens

Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive. Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk. Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d.     

Evaluation of fungicides to control Petri disease pathogens in the grapevine propagation process

The efficacy of fourteen selected fungicides against Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium aleophilum was evaluated in vitro by mycelial growth and conidial germination assays. Azoxystrobin, carbendazim and tebuconazole were the most effective fungicides against P. chlamydospora, while carbendazim and didecyldimethylammonium chloride were the most effective against P. aleophilum. An assay was also conducted with cubiet, hydroxyquinoline sulphate and didecyldimethylammonium chloride to determine their potential to prevent infections caused by these pathogens during the hydration stage in grapevine propagation. The results of this experiment demonstrated that P. chlamydospora and P. aleophilum were able to infect healthy cuttings during the hydration stage and showed that didecyldimethylammonium chloride was consistently the best treatment as a disinfectant soak for grapevine cuttings. Additionally, semi-commercial trials were conducted in two grapevine nurseries to evaluate the effectiveness of several strategies with carbendazim, flusilazole and hydroxyquinoline sulphate at different nursery stages. Soaking planting material in carbendazim during the hydration stage was the most effective treatment since neither P. chlamydospora nor P. aleophilum were isolated from planting material in either nursery.     

Evaluation of diploid potato clones for resistance to tuber soft rot induced by strains ofErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica,E. carotovora subsp.carotovora andE. chrysanthemi

Summary Tubers of clones from a diploid hybrid population ofSolanum phureja andS. stenotomum were screened for resistance to tuber soft rot caused by strains ofErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica (Eca),E. carotovora subsp.carotovora (Ecc) andE. chrysanthemi (Ech). Significant, positive correlations between resistance to the different strains and species were observed, indicating that screening for resistance to tuber soft rot could be accomplished by using just one of the three pathogens. Strains of Ecc and Ech were found to be much more virulent than strains of Eca. Inoculating with Ecc and Ech resulted in more distinct differences among susceptible, moderately resistant and resistant clones than inoculating with Eca.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

转小麦 TaPDI-A、 TaTRXh-A和 TaPP2Ac-D基因拟南芥植株的主要抗旱性研究

核氧还蛋白（nucleoredoxin,NRX）可通过还原目标蛋白的二硫键来调控其生物活性,在植物的生长发育和抗逆境胁迫中发挥着重要作用。蛋白质二硫键异构酶（protein disulfide isomerase,PDI）、h型硫氧还蛋白（h-type thioredoxin,TRXh）和蛋白磷酸酶2A催化亚基（protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit,PP2Ac）是小麦核氧还蛋白TaNRX1的互作蛋白。为了明确TaNRX1互作蛋白的抗旱性功能,本研究在拟南芥中过表达了小麦 TaPDI-A、 TaTRXh-A和 TaPP2Ac-D基因,对野生型和转基因拟南芥的表型和抗旱相关生理指标进行了鉴定。结果表明,干旱胁迫处理后,转 TaPDI-A、 TaTRXh-A和 TaPP2Ac-D基因拟南芥的根长、存活率、脯氨酸含量均大于野生型,离体叶片失水率、丙二醛（MAD）含量均小于野生型。二氨基联苯胺（diaminobenzidine,DAB）对H₂O₂组织定位染色结果表明,干旱胁迫处理后,转 TaPDI-A、 TaTRXh-A和 TaPP2Ac-D基因拟南芥的H₂O₂含量均低于野生型。上述结果说明,TaNRX1的互作蛋白基因 TaPDI-A、 TaTRXh-A和 TaPP2Ac-D增强了拟南芥对于干旱胁迫的抵抗能力。本研究可为小麦抗旱育种提供候选基因和理论基础。     

玉米灌浆期3种鳞翅目害虫的空间分布

采用网格式取样200株玉米,整株剖秆调查亚洲玉米螟、桃蛀螟和棉铃虫在玉米上的数量,用地统计学的方法分析和模拟它们在田间的水平分布;采用生态位理论分析3种害虫在玉米植株上的生态位和种间竞争。结果表明,亚洲玉米螟、桃蛀螟和3种鳞翅目害虫整体在玉米田中的水平分布分别适合球形、高斯、球形模型拟合,均属于聚集分布。Kriging插值模拟图显示,亚洲玉米螟和桃蛀螟为核心分布型;在垂直分布上,雌穗上3种害虫数量最多,占总虫量的69.82%。亚洲玉米螟的基础生态位宽度最大,在整株玉米上都可危害;桃蛀螟则主要在玉米中、上部;棉铃虫基础生态位最窄,只在雌穗附近危害。3种害虫在玉米茎秆上种间竞争激烈,异种害虫无法共存;雌穗上种间竞争程度小于茎秆,异种害虫可以共存。