华南地区常用园林绿化藤本植物光合生理特性研究

采用Li-6400便携式光合测定仪对5种华南地区常用园林绿化藤本植物进行了光响应曲线的测定,并用非直角双曲线模型对其进行拟合,对比分析了5种藤本植物的光补偿点（LCP）、光饱和点（LSP）、最大净光合速率（Pn）、最大表观量子效率（ɑ）。结果表明：5种藤本植物对光照的响应存在着显著差异。使君子的LCP和LSP都比较低,能够充分利用弱光并具有较强的耐荫性;常春麻油藤的LCP和LSP高,对有效光能辐射的利用范围较宽。5种藤本植物的光合速率随光合有效辐射强度的增加出现先升高后平缓的趋势;气孔导度随光强的上升均呈现先上升后降低的趋势;叶片胞间CO2浓度随着光强增大均呈现先快速降低后趋于稳定的趋势;蒸腾速率呈现出线性平缓增长的趋势;而水分利用效率则呈现出先上升后下降类似抛物线的变化。     

8种藤本植物的观赏性及抗污能力分析

选择了藤蔓月季、长春藤、金银花、凌宵、扶芳藤、爬行卫矛、五叶地锦、爬墙虎等8种藤本植物作为研究对象,对其观赏性进行了全年跟踪观察,测定了8种藤本植物叶片中硫、铅、镉的含量并进行了分析研究。结果表明：8种藤本植物对环境污染物中的硫、铅、镉具有一定的吸收净化能力,并依污染物和植物品种的不同具有明显差异。对二氧化硫吸收净化能力高的藤本植物有：爬行卫矛、五叶地锦;对铅吸收净化能力高的藤本植物有：扶芳藤、爬墙虎;对镉吸收净化能力高的藤本植物有：爬墙虎、扶芳藤。     

不同肉桂品种光合能力差异分析

以东兴桂(Cinnamomum cassia)、西江桂(Cinnamomum cassia)、清化桂(Cinnamomum cassia var.macrophyll)3个不同品种肉桂为试验材料,使用Li6400便携式光合作用仪测定分析了光合生理指标光合速率(Pn)、胞间CO_2(C_i)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)及水分利用率(R_(WUE))对光辐射梯度的响应变化;并且比较了光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点(LCP)、最大净光合速率(P_(max))、表观量子效率(α)和暗呼吸速率(R_d)等光合特征参数。结果表明,3个品种的P_(max)均小于10.0μmol/(m~2·s),LSP小于或接近600.0μmol/(m~2·s).西江桂的LCP、LSP最小,表明西江桂耐弱光,但不耐强光。清化桂的P_(max)仅次于西江桂,LCP居中,LSP则最大,表明清化桂适应光环境的范围最广,且较耐强光。东兴桂的P_(max)最小,LCP最大,LSP居中,表明东兴桂耐弱光的能力最差,耐强光能力居中。通过比较不同肉桂品种的光合能力差异,发现西江桂比较耐弱光,更适合复层林经营或选择阴坡或半阴坡造林。     

藤本植物在滕州城市园林绿化中的应用

藤本植物是城市绿化中不可缺少的一大类别,尤其是用于垂直绿化、屋顶绿化。适合山东省滕州市的藤本植物有紫藤、凌霄、爬墙虎、葡萄、小叶扶芳藤、络石、藤本月季、蔷薇等乡土植物,还有近年引进的常春藤、五叶地锦、猕猴桃等。现分别介绍其生活习性。凌霄。落叶木质藤本,多皱缩卷曲,黄褐色至棕褐色,完整花朵长4～5厘米。萼筒钟状,长2～2.5厘米,裂片5,裂至中部,萼筒基部至萼齿尖有5条纵棱。气清香,味微苦、酸。花期长,开花数量多,花朵大,鲜艳夺目。适应性较强,性喜阳、温暖湿润的环境,稍耐阴。喜欢排水良好土壤,较耐水湿并有一定的     

扶芳藤特性及扦插繁育技术

扶芳藤(Euonyusfortunei[Turcz．]Hand-Mazz)，又称蔓卫矛、爬行卫矛，属卫矛科卫矛属植物，常绿藤状，枝条茂密，叶色油绿，富有光泽，叶脉色泽较浅，叶色入秋变红，冬季呈红褐色，枝叶连成一片，可谓庭院一景。而且扶芳藤有红叶、斑叶、白边、红边等变种，更具观赏效果。扶芳藤四季常绿，而且耐荫性强，具良好的抗寒能力，因此，在园林绿化美化特别是在垂直绿化方面     

不同遮光处理对2种园林植物光合参数的影响

以3a生小叶扶芳藤和三叶地锦幼苗为材料,用LI-6400型光合仪测定全光照、40%遮光和70%遮光处理下其叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用效率等光合参数日动态特征,分析比较不同遮光处理对小叶扶芳藤和三叶地锦光合特性的影响。结果表明:不同遮光处理下,三叶地锦叶片Pn日变化均表现为单峰曲线,小叶扶芳藤叶片Pn日变化在全光照和40%遮光处理下呈单峰曲线,70%遮光处理下呈双峰曲线。小叶扶芳藤和三叶地锦Pn日均值、日最大值均在全光照处理下达到最大,小叶扶芳藤在40%、70%遮光处理下Pn峰值分别比全光照下降57.80%、80.24%,三叶地锦叶片Pn峰值下降55.1%、76.86%。随着遮光处理的加重,小叶扶芳藤和三叶地锦叶片Tr均呈下降趋势,40%、70%遮光处理下小叶扶芳藤叶片最大Tr分别比全光照显著下降46.68%、55.60%,三叶地锦叶片最大Tr比全光照处理下降41.48%、74.00%;不同遮光处理下小叶扶芳藤和三叶地锦叶片水分利用效率日均值均表现为全光照70%遮光40%遮光。小叶扶芳藤和三叶地锦较喜光,但对弱光也有一定的利用能力,能有效运用于城市园林绿化。     

利用藤本植物治理石漠化的成效、存在的问题与对策

以湖南省桑植县作为藤本植物石漠化治理试验基地,采用常绿与落叶藤本植物相结合,大型与中小型藤本植物相结合进行试验。结果显示,利用藤本植物进行石漠化治理是完全可行的,常春油麻藤,凌霄,金银花,爬山虎类,薜荔,扶芳藤,络石,常春藤,过山枫,崖豆藤,雷公藤等藤本植物适用于石漠化治理,但在试验和观测过程中也发现了管护难度大、政府重视不够、基础研究不深等一些重要的问题。因此,需要加大管护力度,政府高度重视,加强基础研究,对加速植被恢复,改善生态环境,促进当地社会可持续发展具有十分重要的意义。     

基于AHP的15种藤本植物观赏价值的综合评价

根据藤本植物的生物学特性,运用层次分析法(AHP)对所收集的15种藤本植物的观赏价值进行综合评价。结果表明:I级包括百香果和使君子2种藤本植物,综合评分最高,观赏价值和应用前景最好;II级包括珊瑚藤、夜来香等7种藤本植物,观赏价值较高;III级包括非洲凌霄等4种藤本植物,观赏价值一般;IV级包括花叶络石和地锦2种藤本植物,观赏价值相对最低。该评价方法可为藤本植物在海南省城市道路绿化及园林景观中推广应用提供科学依据。     

地锦生理生态特性研究进展

上海农学院园林环境科学系经过4年的重复测定和对比试验，取得了墙面绿化材料地锦在暑期中的降温增湿效应的数据。利用人工气候室，通过CO2气体分析仪等仪器的测定，测得了地锦、美国地锦、青龙藤的补偿点，光饱和点以及光合强度与温度相互关系的数据。利用751分光光度计等仪器的测定，测得地锦、美国地锦、青龙藤的叶绿素a、叶绿素b的数据。从而为在本市大力推广垂直绿化对墙面绿化的树种的选择提供了科学依据。地锦生理生态特性研究进展@尚农     

土壤水分胁迫对胡杨、灰叶胡杨光合作用-光响应特性的影响

采用盆栽试验研究正常供水(土壤相对含水量70%～80%)、中度水分胁迫(50%～60%)和重度水分胁迫(30%～40%)条件下,胡杨和灰叶胡杨2年生幼苗光合作用-光响应特性.结果表明:胡杨、灰叶胡杨光合作用-光响应曲线符合非直角双曲线函数.在正常供水条件下,胡杨、灰叶胡杨的最大光合速率(Pn max)分别为24.59、16.68 μmol CO2· m-2s-1,表观光合量子效率(AQY)分别为0.059、0.036 μmol CO2·μmol-1photons,光饱和点(LSP)分别为603、517 μmol photons·m-2s-1,光补偿点(LCP)分别为42、41 μmol photons·m-2s-1、暗呼吸速率(Rd)分别为2.99、1.45 μmol CO2·m-2s-1.土壤水分胁迫能显著降低胡杨、灰叶胡杨Pn max、AQY、LSP,而对LCP及Rd无显著影响.无论在正常供水还是在土壤水分胁迫条件下,胡杨均表现出更高的光合活性,其Pn、Pn max、LSP、AQY及Rd值均比灰叶胡杨高,而LCP值,二者之间无显著差异.表明生长在同一生境中的胡杨对光照、土壤水分的生态适应能力高于灰叶胡杨.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.