基于颜色分形的水果计算机视觉分级技术

通过对不同着色等级的水果分析,以各色度在水果表面分布的分形维数为特征进行分级,该特征值不仅考虑了各色度点的累计特性,而且考虑了色度点空间分布特性,使颜色分级更符合实际情况。将各色度域分形维数作为模式处理,建立了人工神经网络识别模型。学习后的模型分级正确率高,达到95%,能够满足计算机视觉实时分级水果生产线的要求     

基于模糊彩色聚类方法的西红柿缺陷分割研究

缺陷的检测一直是应用计算机视觉技术进行水果自动分级的难点。在HSL颜色模型的基础上，提出了基于模糊颜色聚类的缺陷分割方法。将RGB颜色模型转化为HSL颜色模型；用三角隶属度函数定义H、S、L模糊集，进而构成模糊颜色集；在模糊颜色的基础上，定义模糊颜色相似度测度，分析两种模糊颜色的形似性。将该分割方法应用于西红柿的缺陷分割，试验表明：准确率达96%。     

基于压力和图像的鲜玉米果穗成熟度分级方法

为实现鲜玉米果穗成熟度等级的客观评定,提出了基于压力传感器和计算机视觉技术的综合分析方法。研制了玉米果穗成熟度检测装置,提取纹理信息所得惯性矩和压力检测装置所得最大压力值作为鲜玉米果穗成熟度等级评定的特征参数,通过系统聚类分级研究,确定成熟度等级为3级。采用主成分分析法对11个颜色特征进行优化筛选,用第一、二主成分可综合反映11个颜色特征的分级信息,实现了参数的降维。试验结果表明：以最大压力值、惯性矩、颜色特征主成分分析第一、二主成分值作为构建概率神经网络的输入,进行鲜玉米果穗成熟度等级评定,正确率为96.67%。结合压力传感器和计算机视觉技术可实现对鲜玉米果穗成熟度的准确分级。     

用遗传神经网络方法进行苹果颜色自动检测的研究

该文通过计算机视觉技术获取苹果的色度直方图并提取其表面颜色特征，采用先进的遗传算法建立了一个多层前馈神经网络系统，从而实现了苹果成熟度的自动判别。实测表明，该方法准确率较高，并具有鲁棒性、灵活性和高速度。     

小麦生长信息计算机视觉检测技术研究

以计算机视觉检测小麦生长信息为目的，建立了计算机视觉系统以获取小麦图像。在分析小麦生长特性的基础上，提出了用小麦叶片和茎秆之间的叉点数来检测叶数；用色相表示小麦叶片的颜色，对小麦叶片的色相值进行了检测。并在中文Windows 98平台上用Visual C++6.0开发研制了检测软件。     

苹果品质动态无损感知及分级机器手系统

为了实现灵活高效的苹果多品质指标检测分级,基于机器视觉技术及可见/近红外光谱技术,开发了用于苹果内外部品质无损感知及分级的机器手系统。机器手系统采用六轴机械臂搭载自行研发的末端执行器,末端执行器上装载有光学传感器与抓取结构,可以抓取流水线上的苹果并同时采集苹果的光谱进行糖度检测。使用CMOS相机采集苹果图像,训练并使用PP-YOLO深度学习目标检测模型处理采集的苹果图像,计算苹果的坐标位置实现苹果的动态定位,并获取苹果的果径大小、着色度信息实现外部品质检测。采集苹果样本光谱,结合不同的光谱预处理方式,利用偏最小二乘（Partial Least-Square,PLS）方法进行建模分析。试验结果表明,使用PP-YOLO目标检测算法处理图像和计算苹果位置,其识别速度为38帧/s,极大地提高了检测速度。使用归一化光谱比值法（Normalized Spectral Ratio,NSR）作为预处理算法的糖度建模结果较佳。采用NSR+CARS（Competitive Adaptive Reweighted Sampling,竞争性自适应重加权算法）作为机器手的动态光谱模型效果较佳,该动态光谱模型相关系数Rv为0.958 9,验证均方根误差RMSEV（Root Mean Squared Error of Validation）为0.462 7%,与静态下建立的模型相比,机器手在动态状态下采集光谱对所建立的预测模型的预测效果影响较小。对整体机器手系统进行了试验验证,机器手在工作时能够无损伤地抓取苹果,给出果径大小、着色度、糖度3个检测指标并依据指标自动划分等级,然后依据等级信息分级。随后测定了3个指标的实测值与预测值进行分析,果径大小的预测相关系数为0.977 2,均方根误差为1.631 5 mm;着色度的预测相关系数为0.967 4,均方根误差为5.973 4%;糖度的预测相关系数为0.964 3,均方根误差为0.504 8%,预测结果与真实值均具有较强的线性关系和较低的预测误差,机器手系统分级正确率为95%,完成一颗苹果的定位、抓取、检测、分级和放置的时间约为5.2 s,具有较好的工作可靠性,研究结果为苹果多品质指标的高效检测提供参考。     

基于图像特征融合的苹果在线分级方法

苹果在线分级是提升苹果商品化价值的重要环节,需要同时满足分级准确度和速度要求。为进一步提高苹果在线分级效率,该文借助机器视觉技术动态采集苹果传输过程中的实时图像,提出改进的三层Canny边缘检测算法来提取苹果轮廓以克服采集图像中的光线噪声影响,通过分析苹果分级指标,采用判别树对苹果的果径、缺陷面积、色泽等特征进行初步分级判断,并采用粒子群参数优化的支持向量机对果形、果面纹理、颜色分布等特征进行模型构建与分级,最后,通过将两种分级判断结果进行决策融合来实现样本精确分级。同时,采取图像压缩和特征降维方法提高实时性。试验结果表明,基于图像特征决策融合的苹果分级准确率可达到95%,平均分级速率可达到4个/s。研究结果为水果的在线分级提供参考。     

苹果采摘机器人视觉系统研究进展

视觉系统是苹果采摘机器人最重要的组成部分之一,它在一定程度上决定了苹果采摘机器人完成采摘任务的质量及速度。为明确苹果采摘机器人视觉系统所面临的挑战及未来研究方向,该文首先对世界各国现有苹果采摘机器人的研究情况从视觉传感器类型、视觉系统硬件组成、采摘成功率及作业时间等方面进行了概述,然后分别对现有苹果采摘机器人视觉系统中苹果图像分割方法、受着色度、光照、表面阴影、振荡、重叠及遮挡等影响下的苹果目标的识别与定位方法、苹果采摘机器人视觉系统对枝干等障碍物的识别方法以及视觉系统中双目视觉技术立体匹配问题进行了综述,进一步分析了苹果采摘机器人视觉系统中存在的问题,指出视觉系统结构的优化、视觉系统中智能算法的优化、提高视觉系统的实时性、振荡苹果目标的识别与定位、视觉系统受振动影响时苹果目标的识别与定位及提高视觉系统的性价比等方面将成为未来重点研究方向,为深入研究苹果采摘机器人视觉系统提供参考。     

用遗传算法训练的多层前馈神经网络对番茄成熟度进行自动检测的研究

建立了计算机视觉系统获取番茄的图像，并将RGB值转换成HIS值，通过H值提取番茄表面颜色特征。采用遗传算法训练的多层前馈神经网络实现番茄成熟度的自动判别。实验表明：该方法准确率达到94%。     

基于机器视觉的苹果最大横切面直径分级方法

针对中国苹果产后分选率和分选精度均较低而影响其商品价值等现状,在GB/T10651-2008《鲜苹果》颁布的背景下,设计了一套基于机器视觉技术的苹果分选系统。针对红富士苹果,采用了一种利用RGB颜色模型R-B通道进行阈值分割和均值滤波后,通过行扫描提取出轮廓的方法。提出了2种对苹果进行大小分级的理论模型:一种以苹果轮廓线上两点之间的最大距离作为分级标准;另一种以苹果最大横切面直径作为分级标准,其中苹果最大横切面直径通过曲线拟合得出。利用VC6.0软件编程实现了上述2种分级模型的算法。通过40个苹果6次在线分级试验表明,模型一分级正确率为93.3%,模型二分级正确率为87.1%,双通道分级效率最高可达12个/s,达到了苹果在线分选商品化应用的基本要求,为近球形果蔬参照行业分级标准进行大小自动化分选提供参考。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.