预热处理对麦秆纤维板性能的影响

研究了麦秆在不同预热处理条件下，其纤维化学性质以及制得的中密度纤维板的性能，同时结合施胶量对不同预热处理麦秆纤维板性能的影响，探讨了在麦秆纤维/脲醛树脂胶中密度纤维板生产中施胶量对板性能影响的重要性。结果表明，采用预热温度为160℃左右、预热时间5～7min的处理条件获得的麦秆纤维在16%左右的施胶量时，可获得满足GB/T 11718-1999标准的麦秆纤维/脲醛树脂胶中密度纤维板。     

生物质聚氨酯制备中微波预处理对液化的影响研究

为提高液化效率,以水为介质,将麦秆纤维在不同的微波条件下进行预处理,研究微波处理对液化效率的影响,利用FT-IR、SEM、XRD等仪器分析方法对微波处理前后的麦秆化学结构、纤维形貌和聚集态结构等进行对比分析,研究了微波加速液化反应的机理。结果表明:其他条件相同时,微波预处理3 min可将液化反应时间由未处理时的60 min降低至处理后的40 min,效果明显;研究发现微波预处理不会改变液化反应的历程,但适当的微波作用使麦秆纤维的结晶度由未处理前的46.35%下降到30.7%,麦秆纤维表面变得疏松,可及度变大,因此反应活性增强。     

Effects of Microwave Pretreatment on Liquefaction in the Preparation of Biomass Polyurethane

为提高液化效率,以水为介质,将麦秆纤维在不同的微波条件下进行预处理,研究微波处理对液化效率的影响,利用FT-IR、SEM、XRD等仪器分析方法对微波处理前后的麦秆化学结构、纤维形貌和聚集态结构等进行对比分析,研究了微波加速液化反应的机理.结果表明:其他备件相同时,微波预处理3 min可将液化反应时间由未处理时的60min降低至处理后的40 min,效果明显;研究发现微波预处理不会改变液化反应的历程.但适当的微波作用使麦秆纤维的结晶度由未处理前的46.35％下降到30.7％,麦秆纤维表面变得疏松,可及度变大,因此反应活性增强.     

不同引发剂麦秆纤维化学接枝的表征

采用化学接枝的方法对麦秆纤维进行了改性研究，并对改性前后的麦秆纤维进行了红外光谱分析。结果表明，采用ＫＭｎＯ４、臭氧、臭氧－Ｆｅ＋２作为引发剂，均可以得到不同程度的麦秆纤维接枝产物；用臭氧－Ｆｅ＋２引发体系进行麦秆纤维丙烯酸接枝，在１７３０ｃｍ－１附近得到的－ＣＯＯＨ特征峰吸收强度要大于以ＫＭｎＯ４为引发体系所得到的特征峰吸收强度。     

木材表面等离子体刻蚀和沉积碳氟薄膜的超疏水性

【目的】具有超疏水性的木材可以抑制或减小木材表面对水分的吸收,从而延长并提高木材的使用寿命及性能,研究木材表面等离子体刻蚀和沉积碳氟薄膜的超疏水性,为等离子体环境下超疏水性木材的制备提供科学依据和参考。【方法】以糖枫木径切单板为试验材料,首先采用氧等离子体在放电功率150 W、工作气压66 Pa的条件下对其表面进行不同时间的刻蚀,利用扫描电子显微镜和激光扫描共聚焦显微镜分析刻蚀时间对木材表面形貌和粗糙度的影响;然后以五氟乙烷和氩气的混合气体在放电功率120 W、工作气压133 Pa的条件下将低表面能的碳氟薄膜等离子体化学气相沉积在刻蚀后的木材表面以制备具有超疏水性的木材,利用接触角测量仪、扫描电子显微镜和X-射线光电子能谱仪研究木材表面的润湿性、表面形貌、元素组成及其化学环境,同时利用椭圆偏振光谱仪测量不同沉积时间下的薄膜厚度。【结果】刻蚀时间小于30 min时,木材表面的平均粗糙度(Sa)、均方面光洁度(Sq)和最大高低差(Sz)均随着刻蚀时间增加逐渐增大,而当刻蚀时间延长至45 min时,木材表面的平均粗糙度略有减小;当沉积碳氟薄膜的时间固定为40 s时,刻蚀时间对木材表面静态接触角的影响并不明显,但滚动角则随着刻蚀时间增加逐渐减小,且顺纹方向的滚动角均小于横纹方向;未刻蚀木材表面的静态接触角随着薄膜沉积时间增加逐渐减小,水滴与木材表面之间均表现出较强的黏附性;椭圆偏振光谱仪测量表明,薄膜厚度随沉积时间增加线性增大;刻蚀时间固定为15 min或45 min时,增加碳氟薄膜沉积时间对木材表面静态接触角的影响并不明显,但滚动角均随沉积时间增加呈先减小后增大的趋势;刻蚀45 min并沉积碳氟薄膜40 s的木材样品,其静态接触角高达160.6°±0.4°,沿顺纹和横纹方向具有最小滚动角,分别为11.5°±1.2°和14.7°±2.5°;XPS分析显示,木材表面沉积碳氟薄膜后F元素含量接近50%,薄膜中富含—C—CF_x基团及—CF_3、—CF_2和—CF等碳氟基团,说明所沉积的薄膜发生了高度交联。【结论】木材表面经等离子体刻蚀并沉积低表面能的碳氟薄膜不但可以制备出具超疏水性的表面(静态接触角θ大于150°),同时所制备的木材具有较小的滚动角,可以有效防止水滴黏附于木材表面。     

等离子体刻蚀并沉积类金刚石膜制备超疏水木材

为使木材表面具备疏水性能,采用等离子体刻蚀并沉积亲水性类金刚石(DLC)薄膜的方法对糖枫木(Acer saccharum)进行表面改性研究,通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(LSCM)、接触角测量仪、椭圆偏振光谱仪、X-射线光电子能谱仪(XPS),分析和表征了处理前后木材表面的微观形貌、粗糙度、润湿性能、沉积薄膜的厚度及元素组成和化学状态。结果表明:刻蚀时间小于30 min时,木材表面的平均粗糙度、均方根光洁度和高低差均随着刻蚀时间的延长逐渐增大;当刻蚀时间延长至45 min时,表面的粗糙度略有减小。木材表面的接触角随着刻蚀时间的延长先增大后减小,当刻蚀30 min并沉积DLC薄膜1.5 min时,接触角最大可达157.2°;而延长刻蚀时间至45 min时,其接触角为152.3°。相同的刻蚀时间下,木材表面的接触角随着DLC薄膜沉积时间的延长逐渐减小。通过计算,DLC薄膜的沉积速率为(51.7±4.5)nm/min;沉积DLC薄膜后,表面氧元素的含量明显减少,出现了石墨特征峰sp2-C和金刚石特征峰sp3-C。     

硅对檀香紫檀苗木矿质元素吸收、微域分布及离子泵活性的影响

【目的】探索施加硅(Si)以提高檀香紫檀苗木抗寒性的矿质营养吸收与分配基础,为进一步Si营养提高苗木抗寒性的作用提供参考。【方法】以12月龄苗木为试材,测试分析2种施Si量栽培6个月的苗木体内8种矿质元素的含量变化,(-3±0. 5)℃胁迫下细胞内H~+和Ca~(2+)浓度,质膜和类囊体膜H~+-ATP酶、Ca~(2+)-ATP酶活性及类囊体膜蛋白含量与磷脂酶D活性的响应。【结果】施Si苗木S、Cl元素相对含量降低,K元素相对含量显著降低,Mg、P、Fe元素相对含量升高,Si、Ca元素相对含量大幅升高;施Si苗木质膜H~+-ATP酶、Ca~(2+)-ATP酶活性显著高于对照,低温胁迫下降低幅度小,特别是叶片质膜H~+-ATP酶;低温胁迫下,不施Si苗木类囊体膜蛋白质含量及H~+-ATP酶、Ca~(2+)-ATP酶活性下降幅度大、显著低于施Si苗木,同时,磷脂酶D(PLD)活性强、低温胁迫下显著升高。【结论】施Si改善檀香紫檀苗木对矿质元素的吸收、微域分布及平衡性,Si介导低温胁迫下苗木质膜和类囊体膜离子泵等生化组分及其功能的稳定性。     

松香醇聚氧乙烯醚的合成及其结构与性能关系研究

首次系统研究松香醇与环氧乙烷的加成反应。在低温条件下，此反应属于离子对机理，高温下为离子机理，得出较适宜的反应条件：催化剂KOH，用量为松香醇用量的0.5%-0.6%，温度150℃，压力0.2-0.3MPa，脱水条件100-140℃/1.33kPa,30min。测定了合成产品的表面物理化学性能：表面张力（δ）达到33.0-39.8dyn/cm；临界胶束浓度（CMC）在10^-4数量级；钙皂分散指数（LSDP）5.1%-13.5%；对松节油乳化力（EP）为64-185S；浊点（CP）26-77℃；HLB值8.9-16.2。研究了环氧乙烷聚合度（n）对产品表面物理化学性能的影响：随着n的增加，δ先下降，然后逐渐上升，CMC、LSDP、CP、HLB值逐渐升高，EP先升高，到n=10时，变化趋于平缓。     

工况和喷嘴喉部直径对引射器及制冷系统性能的影响

分别对采用拉法尔喷嘴和两段式喷嘴引射器的CO2跨临界两相流制冷系统在不同工况、几何尺寸下进行了实验研究。实验结果表明：在固定几何尺寸条件下，气冷器出口温度和蒸发温度分别为43℃和6℃时，拉法尔喷嘴引射器和两段式喷嘴引射器的引射比均随着气冷器出口压力的升高先增大后减小，分别在8．50M Pa和8．70M Pa取得最大值；两种形式喷嘴引射器的引射比均随着气冷器出口温度的升高而升高；气冷器出口压力和温度分别为8．50M Pa和43℃条件下，两段式喷嘴引射器的引射比在蒸发温度为4℃时取得最大值；两段式喷嘴引射器制冷系统的COP随着气冷器出口温度和压力的升高而降低，随着蒸发温度的升高而升高。     

仿生态栽培金线莲的指纹图谱与微量元素研究

利用化学指纹图谱技术及微量元素含量测定等方法,对不同栽培方式和不同生长阶段的仿生态栽培金线莲的指纹图谱和微量元素含量进行研究。结果表明:仿生态栽培金线莲的指纹图谱在不同生长阶段差异明显,仿生态栽培150 d后的谱图与野生金线莲最接近;仿生态栽培金线莲中B、Mn、Fe、Sr、Zn和Li等微量元素含量随栽培时间延长而升高,除B元素外,其余元素最终含量都接近或超过野生金线莲;聚类分析结果说明,仿生态栽培150 d的金线莲与野生金线莲归为一类,二者明显区别于组培和大棚金线莲。化学指纹图谱方法和微量元素特征可作为鉴定金线莲品质的技术手段。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。