云南省切梢小蠹种群结构及其演替规律

[目的]为明确云南省切梢小蠹种群结构及变化规律,指导切梢小蠹的防控。[方法]在云南蠹害林区调查采样并鉴定切梢小蠹种类,比较20世纪90年代和2010年代石林、安宁、丘北3地切梢小蠹种群结构及变化情况。[结果]共有4种切梢小蠹在云南发生危害,其中,横坑切梢小蠹占发生总量的38.1%,云南切梢小蠹占36.6%,松芽小蠹占19.7%,华山松切梢小蠹占5.6%。小蠹种群结构90年代与目前比较发生了显著变化,主要体现在横坑切梢小蠹和云南切梢小蠹,云南切梢小蠹所占种群数量由20世纪90年代的92.1%减少到目前的42.7%,而横坑切梢小蠹由20世纪90年代的7.9%,迅速增长到目前的57.3%。[结论]在云南,经过20年种群演替,之前云南切梢小蠹一支独大危害松林的局面,已转变为云南切梢小蠹和横坑切梢小蠹角力共同危害松林,预示当地松林尤其是云南松林正处于亚健康或不健康的状况,结果为云南省切梢小蠹的监测和防控提供了新的科学数据支持。     

横坑切梢小蠹林间危害与诱捕量之间的相关性分析

【目的】明确聚集信息素对横坑切梢小蠹诱捕量与不同危害程度的云南松林有虫梢率之间的关系,为横坑切梢小蠹种群监测与防治提供技术支持。【方法】采用随机抽样法,调查云南省祥云县普淜镇和下庄镇2个样地云南松林内切梢小蠹的危害情况,并在由梢部危害转至干部危害期利用聚集信息素诱捕横坑切梢小蠹成虫,分析横坑切梢小蠹在梢转干时期的种群变化规律及有虫梢率与诱捕量之间的关系。【结果】普淜和下庄2个样地横坑切梢小蠹和云南切梢小蠹是优势种。普淜样地中横坑切梢小蠹占49. 75%,雌雄比为1. 06∶1;云南切梢小蠹占50. 25%,雌雄比为1. 32∶1。下庄样地中横坑切梢小蠹占54%,雌雄比为1. 45∶1;云南切梢小蠹占46%,雌雄比为1. 88∶1。2样地中横坑切梢小蠹蛀梢期树冠有虫梢率从上到下依次降低,普淜样地有虫梢率约为下庄样地的10倍。2样地横坑切梢小蠹的诱捕量在整个梢转干期呈现相同的规律,成虫扬飞均始于11月中旬,终见于翌年5月下旬,扬飞高峰期是3月初至4月下旬。诱捕器中天敌种群数量与横坑切梢小蠹数量有明显的跟随现象。诱捕器中横坑切梢小蠹雌雄性比在1∶1. 09～1. 71之间,雄性个体数量明显多于雌性。横坑切梢小蠹林间有虫梢率(y)与诱捕量(x)之间呈线性正相关,其中在高虫口密度普淜样地拟合函数关系式为y=0. 002 4x+0. 060 1(R^2=0. 67),低虫口密度下庄样地拟合函数关系式为y=0. 003 2x-0. 004 3(R^2=0. 71)。【结论】了解高、低虫口密度下横坑切梢小蠹在云南松树冠中的分布规律,利用聚集信息素诱捕可作为监测横坑切梢小蠹种群变化的有效方法,且诱捕量与林间有虫梢率呈线性正相关,诱捕量可反应横坑切梢小蠹在蛀梢期的有虫梢率。     

云南松饵木、活立木林间引诱松小蠹的试验

1997～1999年，在不同试验点的云南松蠹害林分中设置饵木堆、整株饵木和活立木引诱松小蠹试验。研究结果表明，几种方法对松小蠹均有一定的引诱效果。设置的衰弱木饵木堆诱虫效果明显高于健康木饵木堆；在饵木堆上加置MBXS，（-）APX或（-）APX+YS复合剂，诱虫量比不加置这些聚集信息化合物的饵木堆增加4倍以上。试验所用窗式诱捕器以寄主天然化学气味物质为诱饵，对转干期成虫具有较高而稳定的诱捕量，且设置检查方便、价格低廉，适用于梢转干期林间松小蠹诱捕和种群动态监测；活立木上加置（-）APX+YS复合剂，对各时期松小蠹成虫均有一定引诱作用，可用于梢部小蠹种群动态监测。     

云南松饵木、活立木林间引诱松小蠹的试验

1997－1999年，在不同试验点的云南松蠹害林分中设置饵木堆、整株饵木和活立木引诱松下蠹试验。研究结果表明，几种方法对松小蠹均有一定的引诱效果。设置的衰弱木饵木堆诱虫效果明显高于健康木饵木堆；在饵木堆上加置MBXS，（－）APX或（－）APX＋YS复合剂，诱虫量不加置这些聚集信息化合物的饵木堆增中4倍以上。试验所用窗式诱捕器以寄主天然化学气味物质为诱饵，对转干期成虫具有较高而稳定的诱捕量，且设置检查方便、价格低廉，适用于梢转干期林间松下蠹诱捕和种群动态监测；活立木上加置（－）APX＋YS复合剂，对各时期松小蠹成虫均有一定引诱作用，可用于梢部小蠹种群动态监测。     

红塔山自然保护区切梢小蠹种群数量及危害调查研究

在红塔山自然保护区的灵照山片区和徐家山片区的云南松林中设置调查样地29个,对切梢小蠹种群、生物学特性及危害特征进行调查研究。结果表明,红塔山自然保护区发生的切梢小蠹主要有云南切梢小蠹和横坑切梢小蠹2种,在种群数量分布上以横坑切梢小蠹占优势,平均占78.30%。2种切梢小蠹同时存在于同一林分中形成交叉危害,对枝梢危害长度和树干危害部位存在明显差异。建议在切梢小囊蛀梢期及转干繁殖前及时采取措施降低虫口密度。     

聚集信息素诱捕松纵坑切稍小蠹成虫试验初报

试验表明,聚集信息素诱捕器是一种先进的诱杀松纵坑切稍小蠹与无公害监测的测报防治工具,松纵坑切稍小蠹危害轻度以下松林内诱捕量大,在虫情监测、测报防治方面发挥着重要作用。     

云南松林纵坑切梢小蠹灾害遥感监测的初步研究

以云南省曲靖市沾益、陆良县遭受纵坑切梢小蠹危害的云南松林为样区,应用NOAA/AVHRR、LandsatTM、CBERS-1 CCD和EOS/MODIS 4种卫星遥感数据,对其受纵坑切梢小蠹的重度危害区和健康林分进行了光谱信息的分析。据此,初步提出了两种监测模型,差变率(DR)模型和灾害指数(DI)模型,可用于区分典型的云南松健康林分和遭受纵坑切梢小蠹重度危害的林分。表明若DR值较大,云南松林的健康状况较好;反之DI值越大,林分受到纵坑切梢小蠹危害的程度越重。     

松小蠹综合控制技术研究

为达到持续控制纵坑切梢小蠹(简称松小蠹)危害的目的，进行了松小蠹与云南松林分之间的关系、抚育间伐控制蠹害效果、蠹害木清理技术、聚集信息化合物引诱剂筛选及林问引诱技术、生物防治、化学防治等系列松小蠹综合控制技术研究。通过研究，初步探明了云南松林分与松小蠹危害之间的关系及受害林分内害虫的演变情况；证实了松小蠹生活史中姐妹代的存在，摸清了姐妹代各虫态出现的时期、种群数量，为松小蠹的防治提供了科学依据；筛选出4种效果较好的引诱剂配方及两种可供推广的诱捕器，研究了引诱剂林间引诱、测报方法及应用粉拟青霉菌杀虫剂防治扬飞期成虫技术，提出了一套完整的松小蠹综合控制措施。     

应用聚集信息素监测与防治纵坑切梢小蠹效果初报

为了防控纵坑切梢小蠹对红松的危害,在抚松县林业局红松母树林利用人工合成信息化学物质———聚集信息素对纵坑切梢小蠹进行监测与防治,结果表明:利用聚集信息素诱捕器对纵坑切梢小蠹的诱捕数量比人工调查查获数量提高50倍以上,监测准确率可达到100%,持续防治4 a后的林间诱集量下降率为81.6%。纵坑切梢小蠹在抚松县的扬飞期从5月中旬开始,高峰期出现在6月中旬,至7月中旬扬飞量明显减少,至9月上旬扬飞期基本结束。     

辽阳地区松纵坑切梢小蠹防治试验

本文对松纵坑切梢小蠹防治技术进行了较为系统的防治试验,结果表明:采取营林措施预防,平均梢被害减退率可达到73.5%;林间设置饵木诱杀,平均越冬虫口减退率可达到56.7%;利用聚集信息素诱捕器诱捕,平均梢被害减退率可达到82.2%;根部喷施8%氯氰菊酯微胶囊水剂200倍或1.5%对硫磷粉剂,杀虫效果均在95.0%以上;在平均气温20℃条件下,利用56%磷化铝颗粒剂12 g.m-3熏蒸饵木,第5天的杀虫效果达到100.0%。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。