日粮中不同Mn,Zn水平对雏鸡卵黄囊中Mn,Zn转移的影响

５７６只新出壳ＡＡ分雏鸡分为两批分别用于Ｍｎ和Ｚｎ的试验。每批分为４组，每组随机地对应高Ｍｎ或高Ｚｎ、低Ｍｎ或低Ｚｎ、无Ｍｎ或无Ｚｎ和标准Ｍｎ或Ｚｎ４种日粮水平的一种。于２、４、６、８、１２、１６、２４、３６、４８、７２、９６和１２０时龄每组分别取雏鸡６只测定卵黄囊中Ｍｎ或Ｚｎ的含量。试验表明，雏鸡出壳２ｈ内卵黄囊Ｍｎ和Ｚｎ的含量分别为０．０１８ｍｇ和０．２２６ｍｇ。日粮中Ｍｎ水平对卵黄囊中Ｍｎ的     

日粮中不同钙、磷水平对雏鸡卵黄囊中钙、磷转移的影响

取自行孵化的新出壳AAA公雏鸡288只随机分为高钙—磷(Ca—P,下同)、低—P、无Ca—P和标准Ca—P 4个组。于2,4,6,8,12,16,24,36,48,72,96,120时龄每组分别取雏鸡6只,测定卵黄囊中Ca和P的含量,并进行方差分析和多重比较。试验表明,雏鸡出壳2小时内卵黄囊中钙(Ca,下同)的含量约为27mg,磷(P,下同)的含量约为45mg。不同日粮Ca、P水平对雏鸡卵黄囊中Ca、P的转移有影响。36～72时龄,低Ca—P(低于NRC标准50％)与无Ca—P处理使雏鸡卵黄囊中Ca、P转移有加快的趋势,并导致卵黄囊中Ca P含量在72时龄后显著低于高Ca—P(高于NRC标准50％)和标准Ca—P组(P≤0.05)。48时龄前,大约60％的Ca已从卵黄囊转移到雏鸡体内,而P在同期的转移量为75％以上。     

β-激动剂对鸭Ca、Mn、Zn代谢的影响

用芬茗和克仑特罗饲喂肉鸭２１ｄ,二者对鸭生产性能的影响基本一致。此时,鸭血清碱性磷酸酶（ＡＫＰ）活性和肌浆Ｃａ含量明显增高,而血清和肌浆Ｍｎ含量明显减少。在相同日粮条件下,芬茗处理鸭肌浆Ｃａ、Ｍｎ、Ｚｎ含量均高于克仑特罗处理者（Ｃａ、Ｍｎ达到Ｐ＜０．０５）。克仑特罗处理后引起鸭体内Ｍｎ、Ｚｎ元素丢失增加,这可能是畜禽的后肢乏力、跛行和蹄裂的原因之一。     

肉雏鸡日粮中不同钙、磷、VD_3、锰、锌水平的组合效应的研究

本研究应用５因子５水平部分实施的２次回归几乎正交旋转组合设计，采用玉米－豆粕型基础日粮和４３２只ＡＡ（ＡｒｂｏｒＡｃｒｅｓ）肉用公雏，研究日粮中锰（Ｍｎ）、锌（Ｚｎ）、钙（Ｃａ）、有效磷（ａｖ．Ｐ）、维生素Ｄ３（ＶＤ３）５因素不同添加水平的组合效应，探讨５因素与指标间的相互关系。结果表明，由二次响应面分析得出的生产函数二次曲线稳定点的预测值为３５８．７１，对应５因素组合的预测值分别为Ｃａ＝１．０１％，ａｖ．Ｐ＝０．４９％，ＶＤ３＝２１１０．７５１ＩＵ／ｋｇ，Ｍｎ＝１４１．２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，Ｚｎ＝１７５．８５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，Ｃａ、ａｖ．Ｐ、Ｚｎ是影响生长的主因素；肉雏鸡日粮中Ｃａ、ａｖ．Ｐ、Ｍｎ、Ｚｎ、ＶＤ３任一因素的添加水平过高都会影响其它４营养素的吸收和利用；Ｍｎ－ＳＯＤ、肝锰、肾锰以及血清钙和磷、肝锌分别是反映Ｍｎ、Ｃａ、ａｖ．Ｐ、Ｚｎ营养状况的敏感指标。     

雏鸡成髓细胞性白血病强毒感染后超氧化物歧化酶活性的变化

３日龄肉用ＡＡ雏鸡成髓细胞性白血病强毒（ｖＡＭＶ）人工感染后,鸡成髓细胞性白血病（ＡＭＢ）发病率８６．７％、死亡率７０％,脾脏、胸腺、法氏囊、心脏、肝脏、肾脏和性腺超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性与健康对照雏鸡相比,Ｔ－ＳＯＤ和Ｍｎ－ＳＯＤ活性于１０日龄时均极显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０１）,于１７日龄时则极显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０１）,以后日龄亦有明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０５,Ｐ＜０．０１）,而Ｃｕ,Ｚｎ－ＳＯＤ活性于１０和２４日龄无明显变化（Ｐ＞０．０５）、１７日龄时显著或极显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５,Ｐ＜０．０１）,３０日龄则明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０５,Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

不同锰源及锰水平对雏鸭肝脏脂肪沉积的影响

选用１日龄北京雏鸭３００只，研究不同锰源及其锰添加水平对雏鸭肝脏脂肪沉积和肝锰含量的影响。试验１随机分为７组，每组３０只试鸭，在基础饲粮中（含Ｍｎ１９ｍｇ／ｋｇ），钙源及锰添加水平依次为４５、８５、１３５ｍｇ／ｋｇ（试剂级ＭｎＳＯ＿４·Ｈ＿２Ｏ或ＭｎＣＯ＿３）。试验２随机分４组，每组３０只试鸭，在基础饲粮上（含Ｍｎ１９ｍｇ／ｋｇ），补锰水平依次为０、１１０、１０００、３５００ｍｇ／ｋｇ（试剂级ＭｎＳＯ＿４·Ｈ＿２Ｏ），试验３周。结果为：锰源不影响雏鸭肝脏脂肪沉积，肝锰含量和千克活体肝重（Ｐ＞０．０５），锰缺乏（含Ｍｎ１９ｍｇ／ｋｇ）或锰过量（补Ｍｎ３５００ｍｇ／ｋｇ）均影响雏鸭肝脏脂肪沉积和肝锰含量变化（Ｐ＜０．０５或Ｐ＜０．０１）。综合试验结果为：如以肝锰变化作为机体锰营养状况评定指标，则饲粮锰适宜添加量为８５～１３５ｍｇ／ｋｇ。     

雏鸡实验性锰缺乏症及高磷对缺锰影响的病理学研究

１５０只１日龄艾维茵（Ａｖｉａ）肉鸡随机分为５组，各喂以低Ｍｎ（基础日粮含锰１５．７ｐｐｍ），低Ｍｎ高Ｐ１（基础日粮＋Ｐ０．１５％），低Ｍｎ高Ｐ２（基础日粮＋Ｐ０．４５％）、补锰高Ｐ１（基础日粮＋Ｍｎ１００ｐｐｍ＋Ｐ０．１５％）和补Ｍｎ（基础日粮＋Ｍｎ１００ｐｐｍ）日粮，饲喂４周。低锰，低锰高Ｐ１、低锰高Ｐ２组第１周开始发病，第二周达高峰。发病症状为共济失调，跛行。单腿发病，病腿向外前侧伸展，严重     

0～4周龄肉仔鸡不同锰源锰需要量的研究

试验将３６０只１日龄ＡＡ（ＡｒｂｏｒＡｃｒｅ）肉鸡公雏随机分为添加锰０ｍｇ／ｋｇ,硫酸锰（ＭｎＳＯ４．Ｈ２Ｏ,下同）６０ｍｇ／ｋｇ,１２０ｍｇ／ｋｇ,１５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ和蛋氨酸锰（Ｍｅｔ－Ｍｎ,下同）４０ｍｇ／ｋｇ,６０ｍｇ／ｋｇ,６个组,６个组基础日粮组成及日粮营养水平相同。试验期为４周。结果表明,所有添加锰组体增重均均显著高于不加锰组（Ｐ〈０．０１）,添加锰６０ｍｇ／ｋｇＭｅｔ－Ｍｎ体增重显著高     

硒增强雏鸡对IBD抵抗力机制的细胞免疫研究

为了解硒对雏鸡传染性法氏囊病（ＩＢＤ）抵抗大的影响及其细胞免疫机制，自１日龄起给雏鸡分别饲喂基础（含硒０．０８６ｍｇ／ｋｇ）、补硒０．３ｍｇ／ｋｇ和０．６ｍｇ／ｋｇ的不同日粮，于４９日龄采用微量全血培养￣３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ掺入法测定其中自然发生ＩＢＤ后第１０天和正常对照雏鸡的Ｔ淋巴细胞转化率，并计算ＩＢＤ鸡死亡率。结果，两补硒组ＩＢＤ雏鸡死亡率显著低于基础日粮组ＩＢＤ雏鸡（Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＩＢＤ明显抑制雏鸡Ｔ淋巴细胞转化率（Ｐ＜０．０５；Ｐ＜０．０１）；补硒的正常对照雏鸡和ＩＢＤ雏鸡Ｔ淋巴细胞转化率分别高于各自基础日粮雏鸡（Ｐ＜０．０５；Ｐ＜０．０１）。结果显示补硒可提高雏鸡细胞免疫功能，从而增强雏鸡对ＩＢＤ抵抗力，降低雏鸡死亡率。     

不同硒营养状态下鸡体内甲状腺激素的变化

用不同剂量的硒添加饲料，饲喂亚发肉雏鸡，研究肉鸡体内甲状腺激素的代谢。结果表明，试验雏鸡３０日龄和６０日龄时，试验Ⅰ组（硒含量为０．０５ｍｇ／ｋｇ）、试验Ⅱ组（硒含量为０．２０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）与对照组（硒含量为０．０１４８ｍｇ／ｋｇ）相比，血清内Ｔ３水平上升而Ｔ４水平下降（Ｐ〈０．０５）。     

牛磺酸对肉仔鸡卵黄囊内微量元素转移吸收及生产性能的影响

本试验以Ross父母代肉仔鸡为对象,研究了日粮中添加0.1％牛磺酸对卵黄囊内微量元素转移吸收及生产性能的影响。结果表明:牛磺酸可显著提高肉仔鸡6日龄体重,降低0-45日龄的料重比66％的卵黄囊营养物质吸叫集中在24—72时龄。添加0.1％牛磺酸可使此阶段卵黄囊营养物质消失率提高77.94％,使114时龄卵黄囊营养物质的累积消失率提高16.01％,并显著提高了其中铁、铜、孟、锌、铬的消失率,从而使肝中微量元素铁、铜、锰、锌含量显著升高。     

幼龄鸡卵黄囊中^3H—VA的吸收代谢及其利用的研究

选用出壳后１２时龄的ＡＡ肉雏１４５只，采用放射性同位素＾Ｈ示踪方法，分别进行了饲养试验，屠补试验和代射试验研究表明，在全价日粮和无ＶＡ纯日粮条件下，雏鸡卵黄囊中的内源性３＾Ｈ－ＶＡ在体内发挥持续时间分别为２１天和１４天。卵黄囊（内源）３＾Ｈ－ＶＡ在鸡肠道中的吸收代谢，与饲料（外源）中营养物质相比，有着独自的特点。卵黄囊中内源３＾Ｈ－ＶＡ在雏鸡肠料中外源ＶＡ之间存在有动态交换关系，内源３＾Ｈ－ＶＡ主     

Yolk sac, body dimensions and hatchling quality of ducklings, chicks and poults

1. One-day-old chicks of Pekin duck, turkey, layer fowl and broiler fowl were examined for bacteria in the yolk sac and yolk fluid. 2. Whole hatchling, yolk-free hatchling and yolk sac weights were recorded for all species along with crown-rump length and beak-tip to toe-tip length. 3. Bacteriology revealed positive results for the whole yolk sacs of 43 to 64% of the birds in the sample of ducklings, poults and layer chicks. Broiler chicks had a 6.6% incidence of bacteria isolated from the whole yolk sac. By contrast, there were very few positive results from swabs of yolk fluid for any of the bird types. 4. The presence of bacteria in the yolk sac of hatchlings suggests that there is colonisation, rather than infection, of the yolk sac membrane during the hatching period or the first few hours post-hatching. Isolation of bacteria from the yolk sacs of young chicks might no longer be considered as solely indicative of yolk sac infection but further research is required to confirm this result. 5. Contrary to what is being suggested in commercial practice relationships between linear dimensions and hatchling weight suggest that measurement of chick length is at best a very crude measure of chick quality.     

日粮中添加氨基酸络合锌、铜、锰对蛋鸡产蛋性能、免疫及组织抗氧化机能的影响

试验选择216只3周龄海兰褐蛋鸡，随机分成3个处理组：A组蛋鸡饲喂生产中实用日粮(Zn、Cu、Mn分别为60、10、60mg／kg)；B组日粮为在A水平的基础上添加硫酸锌、铜和锰；C组日粮为在A的基础上添加氨基酸锌、铜、锰。B和C日粮组锌、铜、锰的添加水平分别为100、17、100mg／kg。结果表明，在实用日粮基础上增加有机微量元素锌、铜、锰能提高蛋鸡的存活率和鸡蛋品质，改善细胞免疫和体液免疫，增强肝脏和脾脏组织抗氧化能力，而增加相同剂量的无机盐对上述指标无明显有益的影响。     

IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—USE OF RADIOGRAPHY AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF A MINERALIZED YOLK SAC IN A BROWN KIWI (APTERYX MANTELLI)

A 12‐day‐old Brown Kiwi (Apteryx mantelli) was presented with anorexia, torticollis, head‐tilt, and coelomic distension. Radiographs showed an ill‐defined, fat‐opaque, coelomic mass displacing viscera craniodorsally. Curvilinear mineral opacities were superimposed over the ventral aspect of the mass. Computed tomography demonstrated the presence of mineral within the periphery of a fat attenuating mass consistent with a retained yolk sac. A deutectomy (yolk sac excision) was performed. Histopathology of the excised tissue confirmed the diagnosis of a retained yolk sac with multifocal mineralization.     

锰对种蛋受精率、孵化率及蛋中锰、铜、锌浓度的影响

选用1日龄星杂“288”鉴别母雏540只进行试验,以探讨日粮中不同水平锰对种蛋受精率、孵化率、蛋中锰、铜、锌浓度的影响,以及蛋中锰含量与受精率、孵化率之间的关系。结果表明:受精率以日粮含锰110mg/kg为最高(77.18％),对照组最低(64.16％),但各组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。受精蛋的孵化率以日粮含锰70mg/kg组最高(94.85％),对照组最低(80.36％),二者差异极显著(P<0.01):雏鸡在一周内脱腱症的发生率:对照组为11.80％,日粮含锰30mg/kg组为636％,其它四组未发现。当日粮中含锰70mg/kg时,不仅可获得最佳孵化率,而且可有效地防止脱腱症的发生。日粮锰含量增高时,对蛋壳、蛋清、蛋黄中铜、锌的含量及蛋清、蛋壳中锰的含量无显著影响(P>0.05),但对蛋黄中锰含量有显著影响(P<0.01).蛋黄中锰含量随日粮锰含量的增高而增加,二者呈极显著的线性相关(r=0.9370).y=0.0168x+3.3062,r为相关系数,y为蛋黄中锰含量,x为日粮中锰含量),日粮添加锰可以显著增加蛋黄中锰含量,而对铜、锌无显著影响。     

The effect of palm oil and safflower oil in the feed of parent fattening hens on fertility, hatchability and growth of progeny]

The aim of two experiments with broiler breeder hens was to evaluate the effect of diets containing palm butter or safflower oil (25 g and 50 g/kg feed, resp.) on fertility, hatchability and growth of progeny. Especially the incorporation of oleic and linoleic acid in egg yolk reflected the dietary fatty acid source. Eggs were collected and stored in the incubator at a hen age of 31, 40, 50, and 60 weeks. Hatched chicks were reared over 5 weeks. The number of fertile eggs (Experiment 1 and 2, 75 and 88%, resp.) differed between the experiments (P < or = 0.05). Neither embryonic mortality nor hatchability (Experiment 1 and 2, 76 and 78%, resp.) were significantly affected by fatty acid composition of yolk. No clear maternal dietary effect was recorded on chicken weight at hatching (Experiment 1 and 2, 43.3 g and 43.7 g, resp.) and at 35 days of age (Experimental 1 and 2, 1676 g and 1764 g, resp.) The fatty acid composition in the analysed egg yolk sac of chicks showed a different fatty level but corresponded to fatty acid composition of breeding eggs before incubation. According to a decreased level of docosahexaenoic acid in egg yolk due to increased incorporation of linoleic acid, the content of this fatty acid was also diminished in phospholipids of the brain of chicken on days 1 and 5 after hatching.     

SOME HATCHERY FACTORS INVOLVED IN EARLY CHICK MORTALITY

Observations made in a commerical broiler hatchery revealed that chicks hatched over a period of 48 hours. Chick mortality to 10 days of age was 3.2% for those hatched at the commencement of the hatch, 1.2% for those hatched at peak of hatch and 52.9% for those hatched at the end of hatching. Chicks hatched early were more prone to dehydration while late hatching chicks had a higher incidence of leg weakness. Chicks held for 48 hours in hatcher machines lost 12.5% to 21.7% of their hatching weight and 79.4% of the hatching weight of the yolk sac. Normal 10-day mortality from this hatchery in winter months was observed to be 2.4% but was reduced to 1.2% when staggered setting times of donor flocks was employed by removing chicks from the machines 3 hours after 100% hatch, but was increased to 5.6% by holding chicks in the hatchery in chick boxes for 24 hours at 70 degrees C.     

红辣椒提取物调控小麦型日粮鸡蛋蛋黄色泽的研究

选用365日龄体重相近、健康罗曼商品蛋鸡480只,随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复32只,饲喂5种日粮:小麦型基础日粮及在此基础上分别添加0.1%、0.2%、0.4%和0.8%的红辣椒提取物的试验日粮,探讨辣椒红色素对鸡蛋蛋黄着色的影响。试验结果表明:随着添加水平的提高,罗氏比色扇(RCF)值明显提高(P<0.01),最高添加量组(0.8%)在21天得到的RCF值为9.9;随着添加水平提高,红值(a)增大(P<0.01),亮值(L)减小(P<0.05),黄值(b)无明显变化;辣椒提取物能够提高蛋黄中类胡萝卜素含量(P<0.01),而且各添加水平之间差异极显著(P<0.01);辣椒提取物对鸡蛋常规品质和蛋鸡生产性能均无明显影响(P>0.05)。     

Effect of dietary manipulation and vaccination of turkey breeder hens on immunoglobulin levels of yolk,yolk sac and neonate poults

Two hundred turkey breeder hens and 24 viable toms of 30–35 weeks age of small white variety were distributed into two treatment groups having four replicates of 25 hens and three toms in each treatment. First four replicates were offered a turkey breeder diet (Diet A) (Nutrient requirements of poultry, 1994, National Academic Press, Washington, DC) and the rest four replicates were maintained on a higher plane of nutrition (Diet B) for 8‐week duration. After 6 weeks of experimental feeding, two replicates from each treatment groups were vaccinated with ND (R₂B) vaccine. Yolk sac of embryo from birds fed Diet B had a significantly higher (p < .05) IgG, IgM level and HI titre (log 2) than those fed Diet A. HI titre values of embryonic yolk sac from the vaccinated birds fed Diet B were significantly higher (p < .05) than that of the control groups. In addition, HI titre values were significantly higher (p < .05) in the day‐old poults of the birds fed Diet B than that of those fed Diet A. There was significantly (p < .01) positive correlation between serum IgG and IgM of the breeder birds and day‐old chicks. Similarly, there was significantly (p < .05) positive correlation between yolk IgG and IgM after 1‐month experimental feeding and yolk sac IgG and IgM. Positive correlation (p < .05) also existed between yolk sac IgM and day‐old chick serum IgM. Furthermore, the HI titres of breeder birds' serum at 14 days post‐vaccination were positively correlated with their egg yolk after 10 and 15 days post‐vaccination, yolk sac and day‐old chicks. Thus, the study envisaged that a higher immunity in neonate poults from turkey breeders maintained on a higher plane of nutrition may be elicited as there was maternal transfer of antibodies from the serum of breeder birds to their offsprings through their yolk sac.