关于森林消防装备建设的思考

基于森林消防装备建设对我国森林防火工作的重要性,分析了我国森林消防装备业存在的起步晚、起点低、规模小、发展缓慢等问题,认为其产业规模、技术水平目前仍处在较低阶段,还远不能满足森林防火的现实需求.针对性地提出了加大资金投入,尽快实现森林消防装备转型升级;加大研发力度,推动前沿技术和前沿装备的开发引进;加大扶持力度,吸引和鼓励高资质企业参与森林消防装备生产;加大管理力度,加快森林消防装备质量标准建设等建议.     

实现森林消防特种车辆科学管理的主要对策

森林消防特种车辆建设是扑火装备机械化的重要组成部分,是专业扑火队实施快速机动和完成扑火任务的重要保证。本文通过对我国专业扑火特种车辆装备配备、使用和管理现状的深入调查研究,分析了其存在的主要问题,提出了森林消防特种车辆合理配备、科学管理的主要对策。     

广东森林消防输水灭火装备及其应用

文章介绍了广东省森林消防队伍使用的输水灭火装备的种类、型号、技术性能及使用方法。根据广东省森林消防以水灭火技术应用的现状,提出森林消防以水灭火装备的保养维护、森林消防队伍建设和输水灭火装备发展的问题和建议。     

海淀区举行山地森林灭火战法演练及消防装备展示活动

2013年11月15日，海淀区森林防火指挥部调动武警、公安、地方三方消防力量在凤凰岭地区进行了一场别开生面的山地森林灭火战法及消防装备展示活动。这次演练．海淀区森林防火指挥部调集了森警机动支队、凤凰岭公安消防中队与镇属专业扑火队三方消防力量，出动消防人员300余人，其中森警机动支队出动兵力150人、凤凰岭公安消防中队出动40人、海淀区专业扑火队120人。这是海淀区近10年来规模最大．出动警力、人力最多的一次森林扑火演练。活动中展示了包括背负式高压细水雾灭火机、SP-05森林灭火水雾喷射器等在内目前我国森林防火中较为先进的山地灭火、野外宿营、应急通信、特种车辆、警用器械、抢险救灾等6大类近70种各式装备，其中高压细水雾灭火机是在我市森林防火工作中首次运用，它具有灭火效率高和安全环保等优良特性，在扑灭地表火及小型树冠火中发挥着重要作用。     

舒兰市加强森林消防队伍建设的实践与经验

介绍了吉林省舒兰市森林消防队伍建设现状及所采用的一些做法.其做法包括:强化森林消防基础设施建设；不断更新森林消防装备配备,优化管理森林消防队伍.     

森林消防手套的研制

我国是森林火灾严重的国家之一 ,每年都有成千上万的人参与林火扑救。为了避免或减少扑火人员双手受到的伤害 ,提高扑火工作效率 ,研制森林消防手套是十分必要的。森林消防手套是森林扑火人员在进行扑救森林火灾作业时 ,防止双手烧 (灼 )伤的个人防护用品。经过几年来的不断改进 ,目前所生产的森林消防手套已成为我国森林扑火人员必须配戴的安全防护装备 ,并深受广大扑火人员的好评。1　研究方案的确定目前 ,我国林区扑火使用的工具为风力灭火机、二号工具和森林灭火手泵等。在扑火时扑火人员距离火源大约 1～ 2 m左右 ,所承受的辐射温度大…     

简述国内外几种林火扑救新装备

随着科技的进步，高科技在消防上不断应用。经过近几年的研究，一批新型的防火装备已逐步开发成功。它们具有多功能、自动化程度高、节能、使用方便等优点。这些新型装备投入使用后，必将大大提高扑火效率，增强扑火能力，使我国的森林消防工作水平进一步得到提高，逐步实现科学化、机械化、系统化。下面简单介绍几种最近国内外新研制的林火扑救新型装备。１多功能履带式森林消防车 由北京林业大学和北方车辆厂联合研制的新型森林消防车获国家科技进步三等奖。ＢＦＣ８０４型多功能履带式森林消防车特别适用我国北方和内蒙古林区。其整车技…     

森林防火装备专业化建设初探

根据我国森林防火装备专业化建设的现状，结合吉林省的相关具体情况，从森林防火装备专业化建设的必要性，当前森林防火装备专业化建设中存在的主要问题，装备专业化建设中应重点把握的几个问题，装备专业化建设的政策保障等方面探讨了我国的森林防火装备专业化建设。     

以项目建设为抓手 努力提升森林防火综合能力

辽宁省在《全国森林防火中长期发展规划》实施以来，相应的项目建设成效较为明显，森林火险预警监测系统初步形成，完成了防火线建设，防火通信的信息指挥系统建设已见成效，森林消防装备得到加强，物资储备库得到改善。但是，在项目建议中还存在资金配套等问题。     

新时期南方森林航空消防发展对策研究

我国日益增长的森林资源和严峻的森林防火形势对加快森林航空消防发展提出了迫切需求，南方森林航空消防的建设和发展面临着新的机遇和挑战，必须紧紧抓住影响南方森林航空消防发展的主要矛盾，理清思路，破解难题，从政策层面、经济层面、技术层面、管理层面、思想观念层面采取切实有效的对策和措施，从根本上解决制约南方森林航空消防发展的重点难点问题，逐步建立起科学化、标准化、规范化、现代化的南方森林航空消防体系。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.