车载磁悬浮飞轮电池动力学分析及悬浮研究

采用ADAMS对虚拟样机进行运动学和动力学分析具有准确、方便的特点,而MATLAB能实现对虚拟样机的复杂控制。利用ADAMS和MATLAB软件提出了一种简便的飞轮转子等效动力学模型和控制系统模型的建模方法,推导出飞轮转子系统的振动数学模型并进行了静态悬浮联合仿真。仿真结果表明,该飞轮转子动力学模型能够快速起浮响应并稳定悬浮,误差符合精度要求,验证了模型的有效性,可为研究车载飞轮电池转子动态特性提供理论依据和模型参考。     

液压传动技术在烟草打顶机上的应用

针对烟草中后期田间管理阶段的打顶及喷施抑芽剂时,作业人员劳动强度大、生产效率低,严重影响烟草产量和质量的现状,研制出高地隙三轮自走式全液压烟草打顶机。该机采用T型车架及高架式机体,液压驱动行走、转向、制动系统,以及液压操纵烟草打顶、喷施药剂系统。该打顶机液压系统传递功率大、结构紧凑、布置灵活,且易于实现无级调速及过载保护,便于控制、操作简便,可高效地完成烟草打顶及喷施药剂作业。     

基于PRO/E和ADAMS的伐区剩余物压缩装置的设计

利用PRO/ENGINEER软件绘制出直观的三维立体模型。将PRO/ENGINEER模型导入到ADAMS中,建立齿轮啮合力仿真模型。利用ADAMS对模型进行动力学仿真,得出速度、转矩和啮合力曲线。通过对仿真结果进行分析,在理论上确保传动机构的可行性和合理性,为压缩装置各项运动参数和结构参数的优化设计提供依据。     

YP2.0-A遥控跑车减速机构动态特性分析与仿真

以YP2.0-A遥控跑车的减速机构为研究对象,应用Solidworks软件对增速箱齿轮系统进行总体参数化建模。通过合理假设,简化复杂机构并对各零部件进行精确装配。合理设置仿真参数,结合动力学软件ADAMS领先的“功能化数字样机”技术,对遥控跑车传动机构的齿轮实体造型、数学建模、动力学及其他动态特性进行仿真分析。采用这样的仿真分析方法可以从根本上解决传统设计模式中的漏洞,避免多次试制物理样机的同时也提高了设计质量。     

铲斗装载机工作装置的动力学特性研究

结合铲斗装载机的实际作业特点,对其工作装置进行动力学研究,应用工程软件Pro/E建立其工作装置模型.将模型导入到ADAMS中对工作装置作业过程进行动力学和运动学仿真分析.     

自装卸式原木集运机抓木机构动力学仿真

针对目前多数原木集运机只能完成运输作业的局限性,采用抓木机构-集运拖车集成结构以提高原木装卸效率。通过构建自装卸式原木集运机的Creo三维模型,结合多体动力学理论,借助ADAMS/View动力学分析软件对自装卸式原木集运机抓木机构作业过程进行运动学与动力学仿真。仿真结果表明,自装卸式原木集运机抓木机构运动状态平稳、无干涉现象,木材抓具抵御瞬态力水平和动力特性良好,验证了模型的可靠性与仿真分析方法的可行性。     

齿轮倒角机刚柔耦合模型建模及仿真研究

采用混合建模的仿真分析方法,运用机械造型软件Pro-E和多体动力学仿真软件ADAMS建立倒角机的刚柔耦合虚拟样机模型,并对其进行具体的仿真分析。研究结果表明,使用硬质合金刀具,齿轮倒角机在工作时震动小,工作较平稳;仿真分析过程中,选择最少2个旋转分布的铣刀片已能得出仿真数据且保证其精度,增加铣刀数目会带来建模困难和降低仿真速度。该建模方法和仿真分析对齿轮倒角机结构的优化设计提供依据。     

汽车电子稳定程序控制策略的研究

利用ADAMS/Car软件建立某轿车的多刚体动力学模型,并分别提出滑膜变结构控制、PID控制、模糊控制三种控制策略,通过Matlab软件中的Simulink构建控制模块,联合ADAMS/Car建立的轿车多刚体动力学模型进行控制对比仿真试验。仿真结果表明：所采用的控制策略是有效的,可有效改善汽车操纵稳定性;同时,通过比较发现,三种控制策略各有优缺点,从控制效果来看,滑膜变结构控制相对要好一些,但PID控制模型简单,不需要精确的数学模型且易于实现。     

基于ADAMS的烟草移栽机用双曲柄连杆机构运动仿真分析

分析了烟草移栽机双曲柄连杆机构的工作原理,建立了该机构的运动学模型,采用ADAMS软件建立了该机构的虚拟样机模型,并测试其重要连杆和重要点的合成运动特性。仿真实验结果显示,双曲柄连杆机构的运动特性能够满足烟草移栽机的移栽运动要求。     

林火巡护与扑救车辆操纵稳定性研究

采用车辆系统动力学分析理论及MSC．ADAMS软件,建立了林火巡护与扑救车辆系统动力学仿真模型,并对其进行了操纵稳定性的仿真分析,模拟了车辆角阶跃输入试验和双移线试验,结果表明,该车辆的操纵稳定性能可靠,输出参数满足车辆性能要求。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.