华北北部地区二代棉铃虫成虫迁飞行为的雷达观测

迁飞习性是棉铃虫区域性灾变的生物学基础,明确棉铃虫的迁飞行为对发展预警技术有重要的意义.2000年7～8月华北地区棉铃虫大发生期间,利用昆虫雷达和空中诱虫灯在河北省廊坊市观测研究了棉铃虫成虫的迁飞行为.试验结果表明,与地面棉铃虫相比,高空棉铃虫具有明显的迁飞昆虫生理特征.棉铃虫成虫一般在日落后30 min（20：00）左右大量起飞,种群密度在1 h后达到峰值.此后,随着成虫的大量迁出,空中密度逐渐下降.棉铃虫成虫从低空到高空起飞过程中位移方向多呈顺时针旋转,借助夏季盛行风飞行.成虫飞行成层多集中在200～300m高度,最高可达1000 m.多数个体位移速率35～45 km/h,整个夜间的迁移活动持续7～8 h,迁移距离大约250～450km.     

棉铃虫一代成虫在渤海海面迁飞的考察

1996～1997年华北地区一代棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera (H(?)bner))成虫发生期间,乘客轮在渤海考察了棉铃虫的迁飞动态。在距海岸线20～80km处发现大量的棉铃虫、粘虫和龟纹瓢虫等昆虫向辽宁方向迁飞。对棉铃虫迁飞行为的观察结果表明,棉铃虫成虫于傍晚19:30左右起飞,凌晨4:00～5:00降落,共计在空中大约飞行8.5～9.5h。捕获的棉铃虫雌成虫卵巢发育1级占96％、2级占4％,交配率4％,具有迁飞昆虫的典型生理特征。     

浙江省双季稻区稻水象甲致害种群的形成

１９９４－１９９６年对浙江省双季稻水象甲Ｌｉｓｓｏｒｈｏｐｔｒｕｓ ｏｒｙｚｏｐｈｉｌｕｓ Ｋｕｓｃｈｅｌ春季迁飞的系统研究表明,以飞行肌发育起点温度１３．８℃以上的有效积温结合当地,当日起飞时段的天气情况预测越冬代成虫的行入峰期是完全可行的。越冬成虫的第１波下迁一般出现在效积温达７０－９０日度时,主迁峰刚行的。     

亚洲玉米螟越冬代成虫扩散行为与迁飞可能性研究

作者于1987和1988两年在河北省衡水市当地越冬代亚洲玉米螟成虫盛发期,采用人工标放回收方法对其扩散行为及迁飞可能性进行了研究。两年分别释放人工饲养的标记玉米螟成虫15万和Lipaphis erysimi(kaltenbach), diamondback moth60万头,在45.5km半径范围内分别回收到标记雄蛾461和2650头,首次明确了我国北方亚洲玉米螟越冬代成虫的田间扩散飞行规律,95％集中在距释放点4km半径范围内;部分个体可扩散到6—30km半径范围内,最远距释放中心45.5km。成虫扩散飞行受风力、风向和温度影响。结果表明,亚洲玉米螟虽有远距离迁飞的潜力,但至少在越冬代发生期基本不存在大量远距离迁飞的可能性。     

温度对草地贪夜蛾飞行能力的影响

为明确温度对草地贪夜蛾飞行能力的影响,采用昆虫飞行磨技术测定了不同温度处理的草地贪夜蛾的飞行能力。结果表明:草地贪夜蛾整个世代在5种不同温度(20、24、28、32和36℃)下饲养羽化的2日龄成虫吊飞10 h的飞行能力差异显著(P0.05)。其中24、28和32℃条件下饲养的个体飞行能力较强,32℃时达到最大值,其平均飞行距离最远,为(29.48±2.73)km,平均飞行时间最长,为(7.21±0.45)h,平均飞行速度也最快,为(4.02±0.19)km/h。飞行距离超过30 km的个体占40%,飞行时间超过8 h的占45%。低温(20℃)或高温(36℃)条件下饲养羽化的2日龄成虫的飞行能力均有不同程度的下降。吊飞温度对草地贪夜蛾飞行能力也有影响。28℃条件下饲养羽化的2日龄成虫在5种温度下(16、20、24、28和32℃)吊飞10 h的结果显示,尽管不同吊飞温度下成虫平均飞行速度和飞行时间均具有显著差异(P0.05),但平均飞行距离差异不显著(P0.05),这说明草地贪夜蛾适宜飞行的温度范围较广。试验结果为揭示草地贪夜蛾迁飞行为规律及预测预报奠定了基础。     

中华草蛉人工贮存越冬及打破休眠的研究

北京地区中华草蛉成虫在越冬期间大量死亡,春季发生量很低。研究结果指出秋季将田间采集或室内饲养的成虫充分喂以啤酒酵母饲料及清水,贮存在不加温的房中,至来年4月初,全黄型成虫的死亡率不超过7.5％。死亡率与贮存场所的温度、贮存时间、贮存开始时成虫的体色、贮存密度、及贮存前成虫的营养条件有密切的关系。在羽化后贮存前和气温回升后提供充足的饲料,更为重要。在不加温房中贮存51—80天,或15℃中贮存10天后移入27℃长光照定温室的成虫,分别在4—5天和10.5天后开始产卵。室内保护成虫越冬和人为地提早打破休眠的办法,为获得大量廉价天敌,接种释放后增加春季草蛉基数,及时控制害虫创造了条件。     

温度与取食对越冬后马铃薯甲虫飞行能力的影响

［目的］ 探明马铃薯甲虫的迁飞规律,为防止马铃薯甲虫的扩散提供依据。［方法］ 通过昆虫飞行磨系统测定温度和营养条件对越冬后马铃薯甲虫飞行能力的影响。［结果 ］马铃薯甲虫雄虫飞行能力稍大于雌虫,但无显著性差异。温度≤25 ℃时,越冬后饥饿3 d马铃薯甲虫的飞行能力大于越冬后补充营养3 d的成虫,在30 ℃和33 ℃时饥饿状态与补充营养的马铃薯甲虫飞行能力无明显差别,35 ℃和38 ℃越冬后补充营养的马铃薯甲虫飞行能力大于饥饿3 d的马铃薯甲虫。饥饿3 d的马铃薯甲虫在常温下更容易迁飞。［结论］ 温度对越冬后马铃薯甲虫的飞行能力影响较大,越冬后马铃薯甲虫起飞温度为23 ℃,25～33 ℃是越冬后马铃薯甲虫的最适飞行温度。     

蛾龄、温度和相对湿度对草地螟自主飞行能力的影响

为了更好地了解草地螟(Loxostege sticticalis L.)的迁飞行为规律,为改善和提高其监测预报技术提供进一步的试验依据,本文应用所在实验室研发的昆虫自主飞行测试系统,对不同日龄(1~5日龄)、温度(14、18、22、26和30℃)和相对湿度(20%、40%、60%和80%)条件下的成虫自主飞行活动(飞行倾向、时间和次数)进行了研究。所得的主要结果为:1~2日龄成虫的飞行活动较少,3日龄后明显升高,并随日龄增加而升高。其中4~5日龄的飞行活动显著高于1~2日龄的;在14~30℃条件下,成虫飞行活动随温度的上升而增加,在26℃下达到最大。当温度达到30℃时又下降;在20%~80%湿度条件下,成虫飞行活动随湿度的升高而增加,当湿度达到80%时达到最大,并显著高于其他低湿条件的。对3日龄成虫在22℃、80%湿度条件下持续10h的测试结果表明,测试开始后1h成虫的飞行活动频率相对较高,之后就逐渐下降,在第8h也相对较高,9~10h的飞行活动明显降低。本文就上述结果与草地螟迁飞的关系进行了讨论。     

草地螟迁飞路径的探讨

近几年,我国草地螟的研究工作,已取得了很大进展,特别是关于草地螟越冬基地的研究,为了解我国草地螟发生的虫源关系,分析迁飞路径,开展预测预报工作打下了基础。国内外有关昆虫迁飞过程的研究资料表明,迁飞昆虫住高空一般多呈被动飞行,其飞行的方向和速度和当时的气流相一致。本文就是根据这一结果,采用草地螟越冬虫源基地内,越冬代草地螟灯诱羽化蛾量与我国东北地区出现的较大范围的蛾量突增资料(1980—1983,以     

粘虫发生规律的研究Ⅴ——粘虫季节性远距离迁飞的一个模式

本文提出了一个粘虫季节性远距离迁飞的模式图。粘虫在广东、广西省1—2月間发生一个世代,为害小麦。这一代羽化的成虫(可能还有湖南、福建等地越冬幼虫羽化的成虫)于3—4月間向北迁飞:绝大多数迁到江苏、安徽、河南及山东南部地区,并在該地繁殖为害,产生第二代;一部分可能迁至河北、山东北部、山西、豫北等地,在这些地区也能繁殖一代,但因环境条件不适合,基本上不为害;一小部分甚至于可以迁至更北地区,如东北中北部,但在这些地区不能生存繁殖。在江苏北部、河南等地繁殖后的第二代成虫,在5—6月间又向北迁飞,这就成为东北地区的主要为害世代。在河北、山西等地,除了有这批迁移来到的蛾子外,尚有当地繁殖的后代,因而有世代重迭現象。在东北为害世代的成虫在7—8月間向南迁飞:一部分可能在东北南部(如錦州等地)再繁殖为害一代;但多数迁到河北、山东、山西等地。这一代的成虫在9月間再迁向南方,到湖南、福建、广东、广西等地,为害晚稻。在湖南、湖北、福建等地,该代的幼虫越冬,在广东、广西地区,再繁殖一代。一般说来,在粘虫迁飞后的地区,虫量大为減少,以至几乎不能找到,春季向北迁移与秋季向南迁移可能有所不同。在向北迁移中,每代迁移之后、数量都有增加;而在向南迁移中,数量增加是不显著的;这可能是由于迁移中有稀释或分散至更大地区的原因。根据这一模式图,許多有关粘虫发生的現象可以获得解释:如不同地区猖獗世代的不同,猖獗时間的不同,东北地区早春蛾子发生的特点,蛾子发生高峯的类型,各地区的世代数等。本文并根据这一模式图討論了对于数量变动及預测預报的意义。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.