黑龙江省五常市和双城市乙脑等相关虫媒病毒调查

虫媒病毒(arbovirus)是通过吸血节肢动物叮咬敏感的脊椎动物,使其发病从而传播疾病的一类病毒.虫媒病毒在节肢动物体内增殖但并不引发疾病,而虫媒病毒病绝大多数属于自然疫源性疾病.     

禽虫媒病毒感染的诊断和防控

虫媒病毒是节肢动物携带病毒的简写,病毒在节肢动物体内复制,然后通过吸血传播给其他宿主。随着我国对外贸易的深入,国外活禽或其肉制品的进口可能携带禽虫媒性病毒,我们要对国外,尤其是以美国为主要国家的北美地区的禽虫媒病的流行、诊断和防控措施,应有一定的了解,以供借鉴并做好防控工作。     

动物唾液腺功能组分研究进展

动物在长期进化过程中,其唾液腺经过不断演化而分泌具有各种生理活性的功能组分,并对机体产生多重作用.随着生物毒素成为新的研究热点,近年来对动物唾液腺分泌功能组分的研究也越来越深入.在吸血节肢动物、无颌类动物、有毒动物以及吸血蝙蝠的唾液腺分泌物中不断发现大量新的功能组分,其中包括抗凝、抗炎、抗肿瘤和抑菌等多种活性分子.除了...     

吸血性节肢动物在非洲猪瘟病毒传播过程中可能扮演的角色

非洲猪瘟自2018年冬季从国外传入,给国内的生猪产业造成毁灭性打击,已造成大量生猪死亡和众多养殖户恐慌。尽管非洲猪瘟已被世界动物卫生组织列为法定上报疾病之一,但是市面上尚无有效的治疗药物和疫苗,故国际上针对该病的防制措施仍停留于消灭传染源、切断传播途等物理防御。据文献记载,非洲猪瘟病毒可由某些吸血性节肢动物所传播,故清楚这些吸血性节肢动物在病毒传播过程中所扮演的角色对预防和控制非洲猪瘟的爆发和流行有着重大的意义。文章就国内几种常见的吸血性节肢动物在非洲猪瘟病毒传播中可能扮演的角色进行阐述,以便更好地切断其传播途径。     

人畜（牛,猪,马,羊）共患虫媒病毒病研究现况

虫媒病毒（Arbovirus）又称节肢动物病毒（Arthropod－borneVirVs）,是指能在敏感的节肢动物蚊、蝉、白岭、嫁等吸血昆虫体内繁殖但不致病,而通过吸血昆虫叮咬将病毒传播给人畜引起人畜严重疾病的一组病毒,所致疾病称为病毒性人畜共患病（ViralZoonoses）一虫媒病毒在自然界的循环是靠媒介昆虫来维持的,所以虫媒病毒病属于自然疫源性疾病（Diseaseof）atura1rocuS）－l虫媒病毒特点问）虫媒病毒种类多,到1998年底止在国际虫媒病毒中心注册登记的虫媒病毒已达546种,其中143种可引起人畜的严重疾病,（2）虫媒病毒分布广,遍及五大…     

家禽常见的外寄生虫

家禽的外寄生虫是属于节肢动物,它们寄生在禽的皮肤和羽毛之上或在其内。有些是自由飞翔,随时袭击进行吸血、叮咬和搔扰。由这些节肢动物引起的禽类的外寄生虫病,目前在国内各大、中、小型禽场或自由放牧禽只中都广泛地存在,造成一定程度的经济损失。至于近年我国迅速兴起的农村养禽专业户,因禽舍设施等较差,外寄生     

家禽主要体外寄生虫与预防控制

家禽体外寄生虫是指寄生于皮肤和羽毛上的节肢动物,还包括少数寄生于内部器官的种类。随着养禽业向集约化生产发展,有些禽类外寄生虫在标准化养禽设施中很少出现,如蚊、蚋、蠓等吸血性传播昆虫和螨、虱等外寄生虫。但在开发性鸡舍饲养的鸡群、鸭群中仍有吸血性传播昆虫和外寄生虫发生和流行,这能直接危害家禽机体,夺取营养,损     

羊蜱病的防治

<正>羊蜱病是指寄生在羊体表一类吸血节肢动物蜱所引起的疾病。蜱病也可寄生在哺乳类(包括人类)、爬行类、鸟类和两栖类脊椎动物的体表引起疾病。由于蜱传播的疾病较多,它是许多病毒、细菌、回归热螺旋体、原虫、钩端螺旋体等的媒介或贮存宿主。据资料统计,蜱病在全国各地均有发生,特别是在高密度养殖的情况下更容易发生。所以,应引起广大畜牧工作者及医务工作者的高度重视。     

春季放牧家畜应预防硬蜱侵袭

硬蜱属于吸血的节肢动物,俗称"草爬子",在平原、丘陵和山区普遍存在,是家畜和野生动物主要的体外寄生虫.它们不仅叮咬人、畜,吸食血液,同时释放毒素,引起宿主疼痛、皮炎、贫血、消瘦、麻痹,幼畜发育受阻,乳牛产奶量减少,而且还是人、畜许多严重传染性疾病的重要传播媒介.     

伊维菌素预混剂预防仔猪寄生虫病的效果观察

伊维菌素是一类具有抗寄生虫活性的大环内酯类抗生素,在养猪业上的推广应用取得了良好的经济效益.目前,我国猪群中寄生虫感染虫种主要是体内线虫及体外节肢动物类寄生虫(传统散养猪群仍有吸虫及绦虫感染),而伊维菌素对畜禽的体内线虫及体外节肢动物类寄生虫有良好的驱杀作用,其抗虫谱基本覆盖了猪群中主要寄生虫感染虫种.为验证北京中农华威科技有限公司生产的伊力佳(伊维菌素)预混剂防治猪寄生虫病的效果,特进行如下试验.     

Prevention educational program of human rabies transmitted by bats in rain forest preserved area of southern Brazilian coast

Guaraqueçaba city is a rain forest environmental protected area located on the southern coast of Brazil. Recently, the local Animal Health Service has noticed haematophagous bats feeding from humans and domestic animals, as well as bat colonies located in houses and public schools. In 2007, two non‐haematophagous bats were tested positive by direct immunofluorescence for rabies in a nearby city. Native fauna and environmental laws protect non‐haematophagous bats in Brazilian preserved areas such as Guaraqueçaba, making non‐haematophagous bat population control almost impossible. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to evaluate a simple and feasible educational protocol applied by a multi‐institutional task force in local elementary schools to prevent rabies transmitted by bats. Information was transmitted to children by video, lectures and oral question–answer section; evaluation was made by written questionnaires to teachers and students. Interinstitutional task force included public and animal health public services, a federal university and the city secretary of environment, of education, of agriculture and of animal health, and also participation of local community. Information was effectively absorbed by children when evaluated just after being given. As important, questionnaires showed that handling and playing with bats at day time was common in several elementary school students, exposing themselves to what may represent higher risk of rabies transmission than haematophagous bat feeding directly from humans. Training of teachers and students may effectively prevent rabies by bats in such communities. Insertion of this subject into science content of local elementary school educational programme was proposed in order to establish a continuing education programme on rabies transmitted by bats in environmental preserved areas.     

Molecular identification of Anaplasma marginale and rickettsial endosymbionts in blood-sucking flies (Diptera: Tabanidae, Muscidae) and hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae)

In an attempt to identify the main vector and possible transmission routes of Anaplasma spp. in a region of Hungary with high prevalence of ovine and bovine anaplasmosis, DNA was extracted from 316 haematophagous arthropods (individually or in pools), including 4 species of ixodid ticks, 6 species of tabanid flies and hornflies. Midichloria-like organisms were identified with PCR (amplifying a portion of the 16S rRNA gene) and sequencing from Dermacentor marginatus and Ixodes ricinus. Significantly higher 16S positive D. marginatus individuals were collected in March than in April, suggesting earlier questing of ticks that contain rickettsial agents (thus endosymbionts). Midichloria- and Wolbachia-like organisms were also found in randomly caught horse flies (Tabanus bovinus and T. tergestinus) as well as hornflies (Haematobia irritans), respectively, with 97-99% similarity to sequences deposited in the GenBank. Although all ticks were negative in the Anaplasma spp.-specific msp4 PCR, four individuals of T. bovinus collected near to grazing cattle were positive for Anaplasma marginale. The results of the present study provide the first molecular evidence for the potential mechanical vector role of T. bovinus in the transmission of A. marginale, and broaden the range of haematophagous arthropods harbouring Midichloria-like bacteria, for the first time in any Dermacentor or Tabanus species.     

Targeting arthropod subolesin/akirin for the development of a universal vaccine for control of vector infestations and pathogen transmission

Diseases caused by arthropod-borne pathogens greatly impact on human and animal health. Recent research has provided evidence that tick protective antigens can be used for development of vaccines with the dual target of controlling arthropod infestations and reducing their vector capacity for pathogens. As reviewed herein, protective antigens such as subolesin/akirin, which are highly conserved across vector species, show promise for use in development of a universal vaccine for the control of arthropod infestations and the reduction of pathogen transmission. However, further research is needed in critical areas towards achieving this goal.     

Molecular epidemiological analysis of bat rabies viruses in Brazil

A molecular epidemiological analysis was performed in 19 rabies viruses (RVs) isolated from haematophagous, frugivorous and insectivorous bats, in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The authors carried out RT-PCR for amplification of the RV nucleoprotein (N) gene, and determined 1,335 nucleotide sequences of N gene by direct sequencing method. Phylogenetic analysis, which was based on the N gene of Brazilian RV isolates identified presently and previously, revealed that RVs isolated from bats were genetically divided into four lineages had a tendency to depend on the host bat species. The first lineage consisted mainly of haematophagous bat (Desmodus rotundus) isolates, including frugivorous bat (Artibeus spp.) isolates. Other three lineages consisted of insectivorous bat isolates; mainly Eptesicus spp., Molossus spp. and Nyctinomops spp. isolates, respectively. These results indicate a possibility of that there are bat species-specific RV variants in Brazil.     

Francisella tularensis: an arthropod-borne pathogen

Arthropod transmission of tularemia occurs throughout the northern hemisphere. Few pathogens show the adaptability of Francisella tularensis to such a wide array of arthropod vectors. Nonetheless, arthropod transmission of F. tularensis was last actively investigated in the first half of the 20th century. This review will focus on arthropod transmission to humans with respect to vector species, modes of transmission, geographic differences and F. tularensis subspecies and clades.     

放牧方式对青藏高原高寒草地土壤节肢动物群落结构和多样性的影响北大核心CSCD

土壤节肢动物作为土壤生态系统的重要组成部分,对于周围环境的变化十分敏感,可作为环境变化的"指示剂"。放牧作为青藏高原地区高寒草地的主要利用方式,不仅影响土壤理化性质,同时会对生物多样性产生影响,进而影响到以土壤为主要生存场所的土壤节肢动物。为了明确不同放牧家畜及其混合比例对青藏高原高寒草地土壤节肢动物群落结构及多样性的影响,于2020年7月在青海省海北州海晏县西海镇"高寒草地-家畜系统适应性管理技术平台",设置中等放牧强度下牦牛单牧(YG)、藏羊单牧(SG)、牦牛藏羊1∶2混合放牧(MG1∶2)、牦牛藏羊1∶4混合放牧(MG1∶4)和牦牛藏羊1∶6混合放牧(MG1∶6)5个放牧样地,以无放牧(CK)为对照样地,采集0~5 cm、5~10cm、10~15 cm的土样,利用干漏斗法(Tullgren法)分离土壤节肢动物,并进行鉴定统计。结果表明:1)试验样地分离得到的土壤节肢动物优势类群为螨总科(Acaroidae)和甲螨总科(Oiibatida),分别占土壤节肢动物总捕获量的36.67%和41.14%,且在0~5 cm土层数量最多,具有表聚性;2)不同放牧方式对土壤节肢动物的组成、群落结构、密度及多样性存在不同的影响。与对照相比,放牧降低了土壤节肢动物优势类群螨总科的组成比例,而增加了甲螨总科的组成比例;无放牧样地与其他放牧方式样地土壤节肢动物群落结构存在明显差异;土壤节肢动物丰富度指数、多样性指数、类群数均表现为藏羊单牧放牧样地较高,而均匀度指数与之相反;3)土壤节肢动物均匀度指数与土壤全氮、全碳、速效钾呈显著负相关(P<0.05或P<0.01),而与有机质、pH呈显著正相关(P<0.05或P<0.01);土壤节肢动物丰富度指数与土壤pH呈显著负相关,而与土壤全氮、速效氮、有机质呈显著正相关;土壤节肢动物多样性指数与土壤pH呈显著负相关,而与土壤全氮、速效氮、速效磷、有机质呈显著正相关;土壤节肢动物平均密度、总类群数与土壤pH呈显著负相关,而与土壤全氮、速效氮、速效钾、有机质呈显著正相关;4)土壤全氮、全磷、全碳、速效氮、速效磷在藏羊单牧放牧样地较高;速效钾、有机质在无放牧样地最高;pH、土壤含水量在牦牛藏羊1∶6混合放牧样地最高。综上所述,在青藏高原高寒草地生态系统,藏羊单牧对于土壤节肢动物密度、群落组成以及群落多样性的提高具有正向作用。     

环状病毒的流行与传播

环状病毒是牲畜常见的重要病原体,主要包括有蓝舌病病毒、非洲马瘟病毒、马器质性脑病病毒和流行性出血热病毒等。这些病毒能够通过吸血性的库蠓传播。本文主要介绍了这几种病毒在世界各地的流行与传播情况。     

Response of arthropod communities to plant-community rehabilitation efforts after strip mining on the semi-arid west coast of South Africa§

Strip mining in arid ecosystems causes extreme ecological destruction that may take decades to recover. The present study examined the effect of different plant-community rehabilitation treatments on arthropods after strip mining in the arid Namaqualand region of South Africa. Vegetation cover and plant species richness were significantly lower at all rehabilitated sites compared with those at a reference site. Arthropod species richness did not differ amongst the different treatments and the reference site. Except for the most recently rehabilitated site, arthropod abundance in all guilds was higher at all treatments compared with that of the reference site. Overall arthropod abundance was positively correlated to plant cover and negatively correlated to plant species richness, but these vegetation characteristics had no effect on arthropod species richness. This may be explained by a high cover of pioneer plants at the rehabilitated sites, which offer ample food for generalist arthropod taxa. Arthropod community composition differed significantly between treatments. We demonstrate that rehabilitation of ecosystem function after mining in arid systems is a lengthy process, even after implementation of intensive rehabilitation protocols. We also show that arthropod communities provide additional insights into the level of ecosystem recovery otherwise obscured when only considering plant community data.     

Potential Pathogens Reported in Species of the Family Viverridae and Their Implications for Human and Animal Health

The Viverridae is a family of nocturnal carnivores including civets, genets and African linsangs. While a list of known organisms isolated from a species is an essential tool for population management, this review represents the first attempt to collate published reports of organisms isolated from viverrids. A wide range of organisms, including 11 viruses, eight bacterial species, one internal arthropod species, representatives from eight genera of protozoan, 21 genera of nematode, seven genera of cestode, eight genera of trematode and six genera of external arthropod (mites, ticks and louse), have been reported in literature spanning over a century of research. Many of these are capable of infecting multiple hosts, including humans. This is of concern given the anthropogenic factors that bring humans and domestic species into close contact with viverrids, facilitating transmission and spillover of organisms between groups. These factors include trade in viverrids for human consumption, captive management in zoos, rescue centres or on commercial breeding farms, and the increasing overlap of free‐ranging viverrid distribution and human settlement.     

荒漠草原区柠条林地地面节肢动物功能群对补播牧草和平茬措施的响应

以荒漠草原区25年龄人工柠条林为研究对象,调查了未平茬未补播(对照)、非平茬补播、平茬非补播与平茬兼补播处理柠条林地中地面节肢动物类群数和生物量,结合功能群划分,分析了柠条平茬和林带间补播牧草及其交互作用对柠条林地地面节肢动物功能群分布的影响。结果表明,调查样地共捕获地面节肢动物11目31科34个类群,划分为5种不同营养功能群:植食性、捕食性、腐食性、尸食性和杂食性,其中植食性动物是荒漠草原区人工柠条林地地面节肢动物区系的主要组成部分。非平茬补播处理可以显著增加植食性动物的生物量(P<0.05);平茬非补播处理可以显著增加植食性动物的生物量(P<0.05)、捕食性(P<0.05)和杂食性动物的类群数(P<0.01);平茬兼补播处理显著提高植食性和捕食性动物的生物量(P<0.05)。研究表明,荒漠草原区对柠条林地进行平茬和补播可以丰富地面节肢动物功能群数量和提高食物网的复杂性,有利于促进沙化草地生态系统有效恢复。