具有解磷能力的相思根瘤菌的筛选

对海南、福建、广州、清新分离的根瘤菌和实验室保存的部分根瘤菌进行了解磷能力的研究,从200多株根瘤菌中筛选出40株具有解磷能力的菌株,通过测定根瘤菌在固体培养基和液体培养基中溶解无机磷和有机磷的能力,筛选出2株解磷能力较强的菌株G7-3和菌株DH001.菌株G7-3在无机磷和有机磷培养基中的解磷量分别是4.142、9.944 μg·mL-1,与其它菌株有明显的差异;在无机磷液体培养基中,菌株DH001微克菌体解磷量为0.086 7 μg,和其它菌株有显著差异.对筛选出的菌株进行了16S rDNA测序分析,确定筛选出的菌株除H1-1-1和H2-1-2外,其它菌株均为根瘤菌.     

板栗根际高效解磷菌的筛选

【目的】从板栗根际分离筛选高效解磷微生物,研究解磷微生物对板栗生长的影响。【方法】选用磷酸钙作为培养基中唯一磷源,采用透明圈法结合钼蓝比色法筛选菌株,对所筛选菌株的解磷特性进行初步研究,并回接至盆栽板栗组培苗根际土壤,研究其促生作用。【结果】培养6 d后,共筛选得到具有解磷能力的菌株7株。对比各菌株的解磷能力,结果表明,菌株P6在以无机磷磷酸钙为磷源的培养基上溶磷指数为2.00,可溶磷含量达到75.98 mg/L,确定菌株P6为高效解磷菌。通过形态观察、生理生化特性检测及16S rDNA分子水平鉴定,确定菌株P6为洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌Burkholderia cepacia。以有机磷卵磷脂为磷源对菌株P6进行液体培养,溶液中可溶磷含量为40.30 mg/L,碱性磷酸酶和酸性磷酸酶活性比CK分别增加了16.62、24.61 mmol/(L·h)。盆栽回接试验结果表明,接种菌株P6后板栗株高、茎粗分别比CK增加了60.70%、21.67%,植物地上部分和地下部分含磷量分别比CK提高了53.41%、52.33%,土壤碱性磷酸酶和酸性磷酸酶活性均显著增加,分别比CK增加了145.54%、449.27%,表明接种菌株P6对板栗解磷能力有明显的促进作用。【结论】菌株P6具有高效解磷能力,回接菌株P6能明显促进板栗组培苗的生长。     

红壤区油茶根际解磷细菌的筛选、鉴定及其解磷能力

研究油茶根际解无机磷细菌的解磷能力对提高红壤丘陵区土壤磷素利用效率具有重要的指导意义.本研究从油茶根际分离筛选出97株具有解无机磷能力的菌株,采用NBRI-BPB培养基进行复筛获得5株解磷能力较强的解无机磷细菌,并测定其在NBRIP培养基中有效磷含量,采用形态特征、生理生化、Biolog系统和16SrDNA序列分析鉴定细菌种类,确定WB38为耳假单胞菌(Pseudomonas auricularis),WB39(WB75)为杓兰果胶杆菌(Pectobacterium cpripedii),WB53(WB68)为路德维希肠杆菌(Enterobacter ludwigii).研究了解磷菌株WB38在不同条件对解磷能力的影响,结果表明:不同因子对该菌株解磷能力均有显著影响,其中温度对其解磷能力影响最大;该菌株培养的最适碳源和氮源分别为葡萄糖和NH4NO3;解磷细菌WB38解磷的最佳培养条件为A2B1C1D1,即温度28℃,初始pH值6.5,接种量1％,溶氧量25 mL.     

解磷芽孢杆菌的筛选及其解磷能力的测定

对鄂尔多斯沙漠中几种典型固沙植物根际分离所得的95株芽孢杆菌利用溶磷圈法初步筛选,得到具有解磷能力的菌株有41株,其中26株具有较高溶磷能力的菌株,经过钼蓝比色法测定其溶磷量,获得3株高效溶磷菌:NTGB-Ⅱ-GM-2,NTBB-Ⅳ-GM-3和NTGB-Ⅲ-G-11,其解磷能力分别为对照的9.25倍,7.48倍和7.2倍,明显高于其他菌株.通过分析发现这3株菌的溶解磷能力与pH值显著相关。相关方程式为Y溶磷量=-4203.893XPH 34426.346(n=15,0.05>P=0.038>0.01,r=0.54)。另外,综合分析两种方法测定芽孢杆菌溶解无机磷的能力发现,在固体培养基上生长出溶磷圈的菌株,都表现出了不同的溶解磷的能力,但是在液体培养基摇床振荡培养条件下测得的菌株溶解磷的能力与在固体培养基上采用透明圈观察法测定的结果不完全相同,液体培养可能更合理。     

红树林根际解磷菌分离、培养及解磷能力的研究

本实验从红树林根际分离出不同种类的解磷细菌,经过筛选获得一株解磷能力较强的菌株ZB0211,在纯培养的条件下,对这株解磷菌进行最适培养条件试验。结果表明:碳源以10g·kg-1的蔗糖最佳,氮源以1g·kg-1NH4Cl最好,10g·kg-1NaCl浓度为最适生长浓度,最适初始pH值为7 5。同时进行的解磷能力实验也表明pH值、菌数与解磷能力这三者之间存在一定的相关性。     

新疆核桃根际土壤中解磷菌的分离筛选及鉴定

为给核桃专用微生物肥的研制提供菌株材料,通过对新疆核桃根际土壤中解磷菌的分离纯化,筛选出对核桃树具有促生作用且能在其根际稳定定殖的优质高效解磷菌株。从阿克苏、和田、喀什等新疆核桃主产区的根际土壤中分离出解磷菌54株,采用溶磷圈初筛法和液体摇瓶复筛法对其解磷能力进行测定,筛选出解磷能力强的菌株14株。经耐利福平诱导后剩余13株,再进行大田定殖试验,最终筛选出11株解磷菌。经16S r DNA鉴定,得出这11株解磷菌归属于5个属,分别为假单胞菌属Pseudomonas,葡萄球菌属Staphylococcus,动性杆菌属Planomicrobium,微杆菌属Microbacterium,不动杆菌属Acinetobacter,其中,假单胞菌属为优势种群且解磷效果最好。     

相思根瘤菌耐酸性研究及耐酸菌株的筛选

对２２株相有瘤菌耐酸性的比较结果得出：大多数的相思根瘤菌不耐酸。在ｐＨ５．０条件下大多数根瘤菌生长不好,只有ＩＳ００４、ＩＳ００２、ＣＲ００２和ＬＲ００７菌株生长较好,在培养基ｐＨ３．８６条件下和在ｐＨ４．９土壤悬液中,ＩＳ００４和ＩＳ００２菌株的生长及存活率较其它菌株高,通过在酸性条件下生长与结瘤的试验,初步筛选出耐酸菌株ＩＳ００２。     

接种益生菌混合菌液对巨尾桉广林9号无性系苗木生长的影响

为探索固氮菌、解磷菌和解钾菌对桉树苗木的协同促进作用,用固氮菌、解磷菌和解钾菌按不同比例混合接种巨尾桉(Eucalyptus grandis×E.urophylla)广林9号无性系苗木进行育苗。结果显示,这些菌株混合液接种都能促进桉树苗木的生长。以固氮菌为主的组合(固氮菌:解磷菌:解钾菌=10∶1∶1),促生效果最好的是N6-1-1组合,苗高、地径分别比对照增加了56.41%和64.27%,同时高径比比对照减少0.39。以解磷菌为主的组合(固氮菌:解磷菌:解钾菌=1∶10∶1),生长效果最好的组合是1-P2-1,苗高、地径分别比对照增加了41.46%和45.71%,高径比比对照CK减少0.24。以解钾菌为主的组合(固氮菌:解磷菌:解钾菌=1∶1∶10),生长效果最好的是1-1-K1处理,苗木的苗高、地径分别比对照增加了29.07%和31.58%,高径比比对照减少0.16。     

解磷微生物研究进展

通过对解磷微生物的种类、分布、解磷机制的介绍,对研究热点讨论和研究进展的分析,得到了展望性的结论：1从分子方面去追寻;2通过转基因或分子、细胞杂交的方式,筛选出高效、生存能力强、变异率小、比较稳定的、无论在什么环境什么土壤中都能很好地生存的解磷微生物;3利用系统聚类的方式将解磷真菌和细菌的种属关系一一确定。最后,对解磷菌和其他的根际微生物的协同等相互关系、发生、发展进行了研究。     

松树根际高效解磷青霉发酵条件的优化

土壤磷素供应不足是导致松林地力衰退的重要因素之一,通过研制解磷微生物肥料来分解土壤中难溶磷是改善土壤磷素供应状况的有效途径.在分离获得两株解磷微生物(瓜纳卡斯特青霉JP-NJ2菌株和嗜松青霉JP-NJ4菌株)的基础上,通过正交试验分别对瓜纳卡斯特青霉JP-NJ2菌株及嗜松青霉JP-NJ4菌株的液体发酵培养基部分组分进行了优化,并对其适宜发酵条件进行了研究,得出JP-NJ2菌株适宜发酵培养基为蔗糖10 g+ (NH4)2SO4 0.3 g+MgSO4·7H2O 0.3 g+NaCl 0.3 g+KCl 0.5 g+FeSO4·7H2O 0.03 g+MnSO4·7H2O 0.03 g+卵磷脂0.4 g+CaCO3 5 g+蒸馏水1 000 mL,初始pH 5.0,发酵培养周期为9d,溶氧量为80％;JP-NJ4菌株适宜发酵培养基为蔗糖8 g+ (NH4)2SO40.5 g+MgSO4·7H2O 0.3 g+NaCl0.3 g+KCl0.7 g+FeSO4 ·7H2O 0.03 g+MnSO4 ·7H2O 0.03 g+卵磷脂0.8 g+CaCO3 5 g+蒸馏水1 000 mL,初始pH 6,培养周期为11d,溶氧量为90％.研究结果为两株解磷青霉工业化生产提供了参考.     

Influence of Microbial Inoculants on Seedling Production in Teak (Tectona grandis L.f.)

Abstract

An experiment was conducted in forest college campus, Mettupalayam, India with an objective of studying the influence of microbial inoculants on seedling growth of teak. The fruits were collected from the seed production area in top slip (Tamil Nadu) from 63-year mother trees. The microbial inoculants viz., Azospirillum, Azotobacter, phosphobacteria, AMF, Azospirillum + AMF, Azotobacter+ AMF, phosphobacteria + AMF and an uninoculated control formed the treatments. The inoculants were mixed sand and red soil at 1:1:3 ratio, respectively, for preparing nursery mixture for filling the poly pots. The seeds were sown into the poly pots @ two seeds per pot. The experiment was set up in a randomized Block Design with three replications. Biometric observations on various growth attributes were recorded six months after treatment and also their survival in the main field-tested for one year. Azotobacter gave best performance with respect to shoot length, shoot weight and leaf area and combined inoculation of phosphobacteria and AMF gave higher root length and biomass, dry matter production and fine root weight. The survival was better in seedlings that were inoculated with phosphobacteria and AMF. However, below ground biomass and out planting survival during early phase are critical in any tree species. Hence it is concluded that inoculation of phosphobacteria and AMF conjointly be done for better survival and growth of teak seedlings.     

菌肥对香榧等控根容器苗生长的影响

在香榧、山核桃、杨梅等控根容器苗培育过程中,选用固氮菌、解磷菌及其混合菌进行菌肥试验。结果表明:施菌肥3 a后,香榧容器苗解磷菌、混合菌处理苗高生长量比对照分别增加18.26%和18.06%,差异显著(P<0.05);山核桃容器苗固氮菌、混合菌处理高生长量比对照分别增加46.25%和47.23%,差异显著(P<0.05);杨梅容器苗混合菌处理苗高生长量与对照相比差异显著(P<0.05),明显优于它们单独使用效果;此外,不同菌肥对香榧等3种苗木地径生长也有一定的促进作用。由于不同的菌肥对各树种的苗木生长促进效果有明显差异,在苗木培育过程中,应根据不同的苗木合理选用菌肥。     

白灵菇菌丝生长因子的研究

研究了影响白灵菇菌丝生长的主要因素,比较了不同菌株在不同培养基含水量、酸碱度和温度条件下菌丝生长的情况。试验结果表明:白灵菇菌丝最适合生长的培养基含水量为65%~75%,Pl.n0028在最适合含水量的培养基中菌丝生长与其它菌株有差异,生长速度较快;最适合生长的培养基pH值为6~8,Pl.n0029在最适合pH的培养基中菌丝生长与其它菌株有差异,生长速度较快;最适合生长的温度为25~30℃,Pl.n0029在适合培养温度下菌丝生长与其它菌株有差异,生长速度较快。     

两株木麻黄内生菌培养条件和培养特征的比较研究*

自1978年Callaham等人首次从香蕨木(Comptonia peregrina)根瘤中成功地分离出Frankia内生菌纯培养后,许多学者已从赤杨属(Alnus)、胡颓子属(Elaeagnus)、沙棘属(Hippophae)、杨梅属(Myrica)和木麻黄属(Casuarina)等非豆科固氮树木根瘤中分离得到Frankia内生菌。但这些内生菌生长极其缓慢,这给大面积的田间应用带来许多困难。因此,作为Frankia菌应用研究的前提,需要更多地了解体外培养条件及其最适生条件。目前国内外已进行了很多这方面的研究。从已分离的内生菌株形态看,它们是极其相似的,都具有Frankia的典型特征;从培养条件看,也表现出许多共同性,但又有一些差异。本文报道了两株木麻黄内生菌培养条件和培养特征的比较结果,为Frankia内生菌应用于生产提供科学依据。     

Characterization of endophytic bacteria with plant growth promotion and biological control potential isolated from walnut trees

In this study, a total of 68 endophytic bacteria were isolated from different tissues of walnut trees. About 55% and 22% of the strains had the ability to produce indole acetic acid and gibberellic acid, respectively. The capability of isolates to solubilize phosphate, growth on N‐free medium, siderophore, protease and lipase production was varied. Based on phenotypic grouping and plant growth promotion properties, twelve isolates were selected and 16S rRNA gene‐based phylogenetic analysis revealed that strains showed 99%–100% similarity to Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Arthrobacter, Roseomonas and Streptomyces genera. Amongst the selected strains, PS12, KS54, JS66 and KS74 showed root and shoot growth enhancement of poplar cutting. NS70, KS54 and PL36 strains showed antagonistic activity against Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae;RR47, KS74 and NR69 strains had inhibition effects against Brenneria nigrifluens; and JS66 and RR26 strains had antagonistic activity against both phytopathogens under in vitro conditions. This is the first reported study to elucidate the endophytic bacterial diversity associated with walnut trees with beneficial attributes.     

不同粒径的桉树皮基质对桉树苗木的影响

以桉树皮为材料,通过对3种粒径桉树皮基质理化性质分析和苗木调查,研究不同粒径对基质理化性能和育苗效果的影响。试验结果表明：在育苗过程中,粒径〈2mm的桉树皮基质理化性质相对更稳定,苗木生长量最大,育苗效果最好;粒径2～5mm和5～10mm的桉树皮基质理化性质变化较明显,而粒径5～10mm的基质孔隙性变化最大,化学性质不够稳定,粒径对育苗基质和育苗效果影响较大。     

Comparison of bluestain fungi grown in vitro and in freshly cut pine billets

Both moulds and bluestain fungi cause serious economic losses and much research is aimed at finding environmentally and economically acceptable methods of control. Despite this, there has been little study of the growth of these fungi in freshly cut wood unaltered by drying or sterilization and which therefore resembles the substratum normally invaded under natural field conditions. Thus, the growth of six sapstain fungi was compared at 20°C in freshly cut pine billets and on three types of artificial media (MEA, TWA and Pine Sapwood agar). The fungi comprised Ceratocystis coerulescens, Leptographium wingfieldii, Ophiostoma minus, Ophiostoma piceae, Phacidium coniferarum and Sphaeropsis sapinea. The six species varied markedly in their linear growth rate on agar media. In pine billets, they extended at different rates in longitudinal, radial and tangential directions, showing different pathogenic ability and patterns of colonization. Some species appeared to be ‘xylem preferring’ while others colonized the phloem tissue more readily. The growth of C. coerulescens in pine billets was very rapid (19.4 mm/day) and on average was more than twice as fast as on MEA, suggesting it was strongly stimulated by living pine tissue. The fungi also tended to grow more slowly in logs cut between autumn and spring compared with those harvested in mid- to late summer.     

Effects of VA mycorrhizae and Frankia dual inoculation on growth and nitrogen fixation of Hippophae tibetana

Through biological inoculation technology, the joint symbiosis of Tibetan seabuckthorn (Hippophae tibetana) in pure culture was identified and the effects of dual inoculation with Frankia and mycorrhizal fungi on the host plants in pot cultures were investigated. The results obtained from the comparative study showed that H. tibetana could form nodules and VA mycorrhiza both in pot and pure cultures. VA mycorrhizae and Frankia can stimulate the growth and the nitrogen fixation ability of host plants, respectively, yet the stimulation of the dual inoculation on the growth and nitrogen fixation ability of the host plants was more significant (p<0.05): stronger nitrogen-fixing ability, higher VA mycorrhizal development and better growth of seedlings in VAH and HR16 dual inoculation.     

Aqueous leaf extract of Ligustrum vulgare inhibits ascospore germination and mycelial growth of Hymenoscyphus fraxineus

Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, the causal agent of common ash dieback, possesses a low level of genetic diversity in Europe. The introduction of novel strains of this fungus must be prevented, due to the possible emergence of new virulence alleles, which could result in the infestation of the small proportion of hitherto resistant or tolerant ash trees. More comprehensive knowledge of the host spectrum of H. fraxineus is necessary for preventing further introductions. It is possible that H. fraxineus manifests itself in hosts beyond the genus Fraxinus, though this proposition has received little attention thus far. Two in vitro experiments were set up to investigate whether privet (Ligustrum vulgare) could serve as a host: germination rate of fresh H. fraxineus ascospores and colony growth of H. fraxineus were tested on agar media containing leaf extracts of privet, common ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and manna ash (Fraxinus ornus). Two different media with leaf extracts were tested, one with high (60%) and one with low (12%) extract content. Barely any significant differences were recorded in the case of the media with low extract content. Significant effects occurred only at the higher extract content level: germination was completely inhibited on the privet medium. Mycelial growth on the privet medium was slower than on both the common ash and manna ash media and, in addition, one of the three H. fraxineus strains was completely inhibited. These observations indicate the presence of inhibitors in privet. It is therefore unlikely to be a suitable host for H. fraxineus.