樟子松根系分布特征及其生长适应性研究

通过民勤樟子松根系分布及生长调查分析表明 :樟子松根系分布集中 ,在 2 50cm范围内 0～ 2 0cm土壤层次中根量占调查根系总量的 50 %～ 6 0 % ;樟子松生长迅速 ,10龄树年高生长量达 6 0cm ,粗生长量达 1.0cm ,移栽苗木 2～ 3年后可达到原地苗的生长速度 ,樟子松适应性强 ,同时对温度、光照和水分等因子的敏感性较强 ,充足的光照、水分 ,有利于其生长 ,干旱、低温条件下 ,生长速度明显减缓     

敖汉旗沙地樟子松造林试验

为探讨樟子松在敖汉旗沙地的适生能力，进行了樟子松沙地造林试验，结果表明，24年生的樟子松林，表现基本稳定，生长较快，年平均树高生长量达0．22－0．38m，胸径生长量达0．34－0．59cm，比油松和小叶杨的生长量大。调查研究发现，影响樟子松林生长的主要因素是，当地的降水量较低，在干旱年分林分出现水分亏缺；部分地区的土壤下层有白土间层，水分和养分的含量低；有些林分密度偏大，林分出现枯死现象。     

辐射松、马尾松、长叶松与晚松人工林的生长规律比较研究

对九峰试验林场的辐射松、马尾松、长叶松及晚松人工林生长规律的研究结果表明 :长叶松生长最慢 ,而不宜大面积发展 ;辐射松、马尾松与晚松均表现较好 ,且辐射松与晚松材积生长速率高于马尾松 ,至 2 2a后 ,辐射松材积的生长速率将超过晚松 ;辐射松 4a时胸径连年生长量最大 ( 1 85cm) ,树高速生期为 1 2～ 1 6a,材积速生期为 1 4～ 1 7a,数量成熟龄在 40a之后 ;马尾松 4a时胸径连年生长量达最大 ( 1 30cm) ,1 3a树高连年生长量达最大 ( 3 5 0m) ,材积连年生长量 2 8a最高 ( 0 0 1 60 1m3) ,数量成熟龄为 35～ 40a ;晚松胸径连年生长量在第 3年达最大 ( 1 85cm) ,平均生长量 9a时达最大 ( 1 0 8cm) ,树高速生期为 3～ 8a ,材积速生期为4～ 1 5a ,数量成熟龄为 2 5a。     

36个落叶松家系苗生长变异规律研究

对甘肃省小陇山林业实验局林业科学研究所36个家系落叶松苗期（2年生）进行变异分析各家系间存在变异，变异系数在3．0％～29．0％，平均为13．6％。各家系间苗高生长量差异极显著，191号家系苗高生长量最快，为51．5cm，64号家系苗高生长量最慢，为35．2cm，生长最快的191号苗高比生长最慢的苗高快64．3％；通过家系间的选择方法，能够实现落叶松生长的遗传优良选育。     

火炬松干枯型枯梢病损失量调查

通过对正常生长区和发病区火炬松单株材积和当年生新梢生长量调查，经数理统计分析表明，正常生长区和发病区单株材积差异这极显著水平；当年生新梢生长量损失率达87．20％～94．94％，使5～6年生幼林每年每亩材积生长量较正常生长量（0．4～0．72m~3）减少0．35～0．66m~3。     

樟子松换床育苗技术

苗木通过移植,能增加营养面积,改善苗木的通风和光照条件,促进根系生长,是提高苗木质量的技术措施.一、换床育苗的时间春季樟子松二年生以上苗木生长的特点是萌动早.四月中、下旬,当月平均气温达6-8℃时,芽开始萌动.旺盛生长开始早,但高生长时间短,一般只有30-36天.高生长旺期在5月上旬-6月中旬,其中又以5月下旬生长最快,生长量常占年总生长量的60%以     

彰武松无性系早期生长的初步研究

为研究彰武松早期生长特性,对彰武松优树和优良型樟子松进行嫁接对比试验。研究表明,彰武松树高生长量显著地高于优良类型樟子松,１９９５～１９９７年３年彰武松的平均树高生长量是优良类型樟子松的１５６６％;在不同立地条件、不同年份,彰武松的树高生长量也有显著差异;通过对早期生长的彰武松生理指标进行测定,反映出彰武松比樟子松更抗旱。     

绥中县海滩沙地营造樟子松调查报告

绥中县海滩沙地营造樟子松调查报告韩辉，张怀福（绥中县林业局）绥中１９８３～１９９１年在海滩沙地引种模子松达１０００ｈｍ’，成活率９５％以上，保存率８５％以上，生长很好，胸径年平均生长量稍低于原产地，树高年平均生长量高于或近于原产地，与相同立地条件上的...     

樟子松种源家系苗木高生长变异规律研究

对林口县青山林场樟子松2年生苗木的高生长变异进行分析的结果表明，种源问种源内都存在丰富的变异，变异系数在21．1％～22．9％之间，平均值为22．3％。3个种源间苗高生长量差异达显著水平。古莲种源高生长较快，十八站种源高生长最差。各种源家系闻家系内存在丰富的变异，变异系数在12．8％～30．1％之间，平均值为19．38％；不同种源生长较快的前3个家系平均值为27．9cm，生长较慢的后3个家系平均值为19．8cm，前者高生长比后者快41％。     

樟子松不同更新位置幼树高生长规律的研究

在对调查数据统计分析的基础上,探索了4种更新位置樟子松5年生以上幼树树高生长规律,研究结果表明：4种不同更新类型樟子松幼树6年生以后,同龄幼树高都呈现樟子松林缘〉樟子松林隙〉银中杨林内、樟子松林缘〉小黑杨林内〉银中杨林内的趋势;樟子松林隙和小黑杨林内规律性不明显。不同更新位置同龄幼树当年高生长量,呈现樟子松林缘〉小黑杨林内〉樟子松林隙〉银中杨林内的趋势。樟子松林缘、樟子松林隙、小黑杨林内、银中杨林内5～10 a（11a）生樟子松更新幼树年均高生长量范围分别为10.8 cm（5 a）～33.6 cm（11 a）、9.4 cm （5 a）～30 cm（11 a）、9.2 cm（5 a）～26.5 cm（10 a）、9.0 cm（5 a）～25.3 cm（10 a）。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。