蛋白质含量、出粉率、粒度及损伤淀粉对挂面品质的影响

有关小麦粉品质对面包烘焙性的影响,报告很多,但对于挂面的则很少. 我们认为小麦粉品质一定会对挂面的颜色、光泽、强度和煮食面条的特性产生影响.据有关报告称,小麦粉确实能对面食的品质产生重要作用.为此,本研究特就小麦粉蛋白质含量、出粉率、粒度及损伤淀粉对挂面品质的影响进行调查.     

中国白盐面条色泽影响因素的研究

选用25个面粉色泽差别较大的小麦品种（系）,研究了白盐面条的色泽及其稳定性的影响因素。结果表明,鲜白盐面条和干白盐面条的L*值（色泽亮度）与面粉R457白度、面粉L*值均呈显著或极显著正相关,与面粉b*值、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量及类胡萝卜素含量均呈显著或极显著负相关。煮后面条L*值与各面粉品质指标的相关性均未达显     

小麦面粉、面条色泽与蛋白质组分的关系

明确面条白度与小麦蛋白质组分含量的关系有助于面条品质的改良。以21个小麦品种制成的面粉及面条为材料，分析了面粉及面条色泽与蛋白质组分含量之间的关系，讨论了蛋白质组分中单体蛋白含量、可溶性谷蛋白含量和不溶性谷蛋白含量对小麦面粉及不同工艺阶段面条色泽的影响。研究结果表明，面粉的颗粒度与面粉及面条的L值呈极     

冬小麦品质性状与面条品质性状关系的初步研究

测定了冬小麦28个品种(系)(31个样品)的面粉品质特性,并在实验室条件下,对不同品种的面条加工品质进行了仪器和官能两种方法评价,对小麦品质与面条品质的关系进行了初步探讨.干面条断裂强度与面粉蛋白质含量呈极显著正相关,同时受面筋强度的强烈影响.煮面韧性与面团强度呈极显著正相关,且受蛋白质含量的影响.而煮面的外观评价与面团强度呈显著的负相关.面团软化度是煮面品质优劣的较好指标.改良小麦品种面条加工品质的关键是提高蛋白质和面筋的质量.     

糯小麦配粉对主要淀粉特性及面条品质的影响

研究了不同比例的糯小麦粉添加到一定量非糯小麦粉后对淀粉粘度仪参数和面条品质的影响。结果表明,添加糯小麦粉后,以直链淀粉含量与直/支比变化为主,而蛋白质、湿面筋、支链淀粉等成分含量与沉降值等变化较小。高峰粘度、低谷粘度、最后粘度、反弹值、糊化温度、峰值时间等粘度仪参数与蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值、直链淀粉含量、直/支比等品质性状呈显著或极显著正相关,与支链淀粉含量呈极显著负相关,但这些品质性状都与稀懈值、搅拌值无显著相关。此外,还建立了面条品质预测的线性回归方程： 。     

小麦Wx基因近等基因系的创制及其对直链淀粉含量、面条感官品质的影响

为明确不同Wx基因对小麦直链淀粉含量的影响以及筛选面条品质优异的基因型,以糯小麦品系Caiwx (aabbdd)为3个Wx基因隐性突变供体亲本,以扬麦01-2 (AABBDD)为轮回亲本,利用连续回交结合花粉碘染、STS标记和同工酶标记检测方法,创制了8种Wx基因纯合基因型的近等基因系,其基因型分别为AABBDD、AABBdd、AAbbDD、AAbbdd、aaBBDD、aaBBdd、aabbDD和aabbdd。利用这些基因型探讨了不同Wx基因对直链淀粉含量及面条感官品质的影响。结果表明,各系的直链淀粉含量为0.9%~24.8%,系间差异显著;糯小麦型(aabbdd)直链淀粉含量最低,双缺失型和单缺失型其次,双缺失型中aaBBdd型含量最高,单缺失型中AAbbDD型含量最低,表明Wx-B1对直链淀粉的合成作用最大。糯小麦型面条的色泽、表观、软硬度、黏性、韧性得分以及总分显著低于其他类型及轮回亲本扬麦01-2;单缺失型面条的色泽、表观得分、总分显著高于轮回亲本扬麦01-2,其中aaBBDD型面条品质表现突出,与市售优质面条粉“雪花粉”制作的面条得分相当,而其他7种基因型及轮回亲本扬麦01-2的面条评分均显著低于雪花粉。说明可以通过遗传操作Wx基因培育优质面条小麦品种。     

不同土壤水分对强、弱筋小麦烘焙品质的影响

以强筋小麦济麦20和弱筋小麦宁麦9为材料,在防雨池栽条件下研究了不同土壤水分对强、弱筋小麦烘焙品质的影响。结果表明:随着土壤水分减少,强、弱筋小麦籽粒蛋白质含量显著增加。蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量及沉降值与小麦烘焙品质指标均呈显著相关,可以作为衡量小麦烘焙品质的参考指标。2个供试品种中,强筋小麦(济麦20)烘焙品质受土壤水分影响较大,在土壤相对含水量55%~60%条件下烘焙品质最好;而弱筋小麦(宁麦9)烘焙品质受土壤水分影响不明显。     

中国鲜面条耐煮特性及评价指标

以我国北部和黄淮冬麦区的46份主栽小麦品种和育成品系为材料, 分析了品质性状与煮熟面条冲洗水中总有机物含量(TOM)、干物质蒸煮损失率、面条吸水性和黏性等面条耐煮性指标的关系。结果表明, 小麦品种的磨粉品质、面团流变学特性、淀粉品质及TOM值、蒸煮损失率和黏性等面条耐煮性指标存在较大变异。拉伸面积和最大抗延阻力与TOM值呈显著负相关, 相关系数分别为-0.66 (P<0.01)和-0.56 (P <0.01); 稳定时间、拉伸面积和最大抗延阻力与面条煮6 min和10 min后鲜重的相关系数为-0.55~ -0.63 (P <0.01), 耐揉指数与二者的相关系数分别为0.67 (P<0.01)和0.69 (P<0.01); 糊化温度与面条煮10 min后鲜重呈极显著正相关(r = 0.60, P<0.01), 说明提高小麦面粉的蛋白质含量、面筋强度可以显著改善面条耐煮特性, 蛋白质特性是影响面条耐煮性的主要品质因子, 淀粉糊化参数对面条耐煮性也有一定影响。TOM值与面条煮6 min和10 min后鲜重呈显著正相关, 相关系数分别为0.66 (P<0.01)和0.69 (P<0.01); 面条煮6 min与煮10 min后鲜重也呈高度正相关(r = 0.86, P<0.01)。建议将10 g鲜面条煮10 min后的鲜重≤21.0 g作为优质鲜面条耐煮性的主要评价指标。     

面条小麦品种辅助选择指标的研究

以山东推广种植的20个小麦品种为材料,采用两种蛋白质分离方法,研究了不同分离方法所得蛋白组分及Wx蛋白与面条品质的关系。结果表明,正丙醇分离所得蛋白组分的5个指标及SDS分离所得蛋白组分SDS-GMP(SDS不溶性谷蛋白大聚合体)与面条评分显著或极显著正相关。Wx蛋白亚基的含量与面条评分呈极显著负相关。建立了面条评分依照     

添加花生粉和豇豆粉对制作中国面条品质的影响

用面粉以及添加7～21%脱脂花生粉和4～12%脱脂豇豆粉,制作中国面条.有16个不同的配比.对15种用添加法制造中国面条的配方和1个对照,进行蛋白质含量以及物理和感官品质分析.花生/豇豆粉的含量增加,面条蛋白质的含量也增加.面条色泽和成型     

酸改性麦麸挂面配方的研究

为改善挂面制品的营养保健功能,研发谷物加工副产物的深加工产品,将经过超声波-酸解法改性处理后的麦麸粉添加到面粉中用于制作酸改性麦麸挂面。通过单因素试验及正交试验优化确定酸改性麦麸挂面的最优配方。结果表明,在面粉100 g的基础上,酸改性麦麸粉添加量为6%（相当于面粉质量的百分比）、水添加量为56%、食盐添加量为3.5%、食碱添加量为0.4%、羧甲基纤维素钠添加量为0.4%,此条件下制得的挂面品质良好,且外观、适口性较好。     

Variation in quality traits in common wheat as related to Chinese fresh white noodle quality

The variation in grain compositional traits related to Chinese fresh white noodle (CFWN) quality was examined in 25 leading Chinese common wheat cultivars and advanced lines. Large variations were observed in flour yield, flour particle size, protein and ash contents, farinograph and rapid visco-analyzer (RVA) parameters, flour colour components, and polyphenol oxydase (PPO) activity. An improved sensory method was proposed for adequately evaluating CFWN quality of common wheat flour based on methodology used in the Japanese quality scoring system for white salted noodles, but with major modifications in the score weight given to each noodle quality parameter. Large differences in CFWN quality were observed among Chinese wheat cultivars. The correlation coefficients (r) between starch paste breakdown (RVA) and noodle viscoelasticity and smoothness were 0.63 and 0.59, respectively, suggesting that in breeding wheat for high CFWN quality, the starch pasting properties are of major importance. Low ash content was significantly correlated (r = – 0.66) with bright white noodle colour.     

南瓜挂面的研制

在面粉中加入一定比例的南瓜蓉,采用感官评定方法,通过单因素试验、正交试验确定了南瓜挂面的配方为南瓜蓉∶面粉为1∶7,以面粉100%为基数,水添加量为23%,魔芋粉添加量为0.15%,食盐添加量为1.2%。在此条件下得到的南瓜挂面面条笔直,无并条和扭曲;表面光滑,无毛刺、疙瘩,长度适中;产品呈淡黄色,颜色均匀一致,气味正常等;经最佳蒸煮时间6 min煮熟后,口感不黏、柔软爽口,面汤不浑。南瓜挂面质构参数中的硬度、胶黏性、咀嚼性、黏附性等特性与南瓜挂面的韧性、黏弹性、耐煮性等感官品质密切相关,质构指标能很好地定量反映感官评定结果。     

不同面粉对鲜白盐面条颜色的影响

为了研究不同面粉对鲜白盐面条颜色的影响，在澳大利亚商业面粉中添加一定量的淀粉、面筋粉和麦芽，配制了8种面粉，用其制成鲜白盐面条后，用Minolta在0和24h时分别测量其L*、a*、b*值。经分析，在0和24h时，8种面条的L*、a*、b*值都分别达到显著或极显著水平；在24h后，所有面条的颜色变差，其L*值降低，a*、b*值升高；经比较，在添加了淀粉的面条颜色较好，其中以面条CK+9%S（在面粉中添加9%淀粉）的颜色最好。结果建议育种家在优质面条小麦育种中，应注意选出的品种蛋白质含量不应高，而淀粉含量应较高和面条颜色稳定性好的抗穗发芽品种。     

Wheat quality traits and quality parameters of cooked dry white Chinese noodles

Dry white Chinese noodle (DWCN) is widely consumed in China, and genetic improvement of DWCN quality has become a major objective for Chinese wheat breeding programs. One hundred and four bread wheat cultivars and advanced lines, including 88from major Chinese wheat-producing areas, were sown in two locations for two years. Their DWCN quality, as evaluated by trained panelists, was studied to determine the relationship between wheat quality parameters and DWCN quality attributes. In general, the cultivars and advanced lines used in this study are characterized with acceptable protein content, but accompanied with weak-medium gluten strength and poor extensibility, and substantial variation is observed for all grain and DWCN quality characters. On average, Australia and USA wheat performed better DWCN quality than Chinese wheats. Simple correlation analysis indicated that both grain hardness and Farinograph water absorption were negatively associated with cooked DWCN color, appearance, smoothness, and taste. Flour whiteness and RVA peak viscosity was positively associated with all DWCN parameters, and their correlation coefficients (r) with DWCN score are 0.34 and 0.41, respectively. Their positive contributions to DWCN quality were mostly through improved color, appearance, smoothness, and taste. Farinograph mixing tolerance index (MTI) and softening were negatively associated with all DWCN quality parameters, and their correlation coefficients with DWCN score are –0.50 and–0.54, respectively. Further analysis indicated that association between protein content, Zeleny sedimentation value, Farinograph stability, and Extensograph extensibility, and DWCN score fit quadratic regression model significantly, with R² 0.12, 0.32, 0.22, and 0.20, respectively. The associations between Zeleny sedimentation value and DWCN's appearance and taste also fit quadratic regression model significantly. This suggests that to certain extent, increased protein content and gluten quality contribute positively to DWCN quality, mostly by improving palatability, elasticity, and stickiness. High flour whiteness, medium protein content, medium to strong gluten strength and good extensibility, and high starch peak viscosity are desirable for DWCN quality. Genetic improvement for flour whiteness, protein quality and starch paste viscosity would increase the DWCN quality of Chinese bread wheat cultivars. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

米粉凝胶强度与米粉品质指标的相关性研究

以市售米粉为研究对象,测定了其凝胶强度及质构参数,并分析了其凝胶强度与其蒸煮指标、质构指标以及感官评价之间的相关性。结果表明:米粉的凝胶强度与米粉的蒸煮损失、碘蓝值、熟断条率、硬度、弹性、咀嚼性以及感官指标中弹性、组织形态、糊汤性均存在显著相关性。在米粉的加工过程中,将米粉的凝胶强度控制在22.09~36.66 g·mm-2,大众接受程度会较高,在该范围内,米粉蒸煮损失<7%,熟断条率<2%,碘蓝值<0.300,弹性>0.89,米粉综合品质较好。因此,在米粉加工中,通过检测米粉的凝胶强度,并结合质构中硬度、黏性等指标的检测,即可反映米粉品质的好坏,无需再对米粉蒸煮损失、熟断条率等指标进行测定,有效地简化了米粉品质评价指标体系。