黑龙江省主要大豆品种光周期反应差异及其稳定性

本文采用光周期差值百分数分析了７２个黑龙江省主要推广大豆品种光周期反应差异及其稳定性,结果表明,这些品种虽来源于纬度相近地区,但各品种对光周期反应差异较大;品种间出苗至开花阶段的光周期差值百分数变异幅度较大（２．２－２８．９％）,变异系数为６５．９％;出苗至成熟阶段变异幅度为２．０－１３．６％,变异系数为３４．７％;在供试品种中,大部分品种Ｖｅ－Ｒ１、Ｖｅ－Ｒ６阶段的ｐｄ值小于１０％;相邻纬度Ｖｅ     

大豆叶调位运动的研究：Ⅱ.大豆种质（品种）间叶向变化

本研究选用６个大豆品种质（品种）材料,在两个生长阶段（Ｖ９的Ｒ４）,每天不同时间,对复叶中间小叶和两边小叶的主,副倾斜角度的变化进行了研究。结果表明,种质（品种）间平均值叶倾斜角度的变化,Ｆ８９－１和东农４２倾斜角度阳高,绥农８和黑农３７次之,分枝豆和黑农３４较低。一日中不同时间叶倾斜角度的变化,在Ｖ９时期,９：００－１１：００时,Ｆ８９－１和绥农８倾斜角度最高,分枝豆和黑农３４次之,黑农３７和东     

黄淮海地区大豆品种新缘关系概势分析

黄淮海地区育成大豆品种的亲缘关系分析结果表明，７０．６％的品种分别归属于齐黄１号、莒选２３、新黄豆、徐豆１号、５８－１６１、晋豆１号、晋豆４号、科系８号、滑县大绿豆、商丘７６０８等２０个骨干系谱与小系谱。其中，有６１．９％的品种分布在前５个骨干系谱中。１０５个品种的细胞质来自干做为母本的莒选２３、齐黄、号、山东四角齐、５８－１６１、徐豆、号和科系８呈，占育成品种的４７．５％。９６个品种的细胞核来自     

1999年黑龙江省审定推广的大豆品种

１黑农４２号１．１品种来源黑龙江省农科院大豆研究所于１９８７年用Ｃｏ６０８０００伦琴处理黑农３３原原种风干种子，按大豆高光效育种程序和方法育成，品种代号哈９１－６０４５。１．２产量表现１９９６－１９９８年区试，平均公顷产量为２７８０．４６ｋｇ，比标准...     

大豆根系生长和活性特点的研究

本试验利用框架剖面法测定了大豆根系的生长动态和根系活性变化。结果表明：大豆根系生长过程呈Ｓ型曲线变化，形成慢生长（Ｖｅ－Ｖ３），快速生长（Ｖ３－Ｒ５）和衰老（Ｒ５），三个阶段，高峰值出现在Ｒ４－Ｒ５阶段。根系活性变化与根系生长特点相似，Ｒ１时期之前根系活性逐渐增强，Ｒ２时期之后根系活性下降。根系活性变化比根系生长提前。     

光照时间对红麻不同熟期品种和光钝感材料发育影响研究

不同熟期品种２年８－１６ｈ不同光照时间处理试验结果表明：早熟品种现蕾临界光长在１６ｈ左右，中熟品种在１４ｈ以上，晚熟品种则在１３．５ｈ左右，早，中，晚熟品种均感光性较强，其中以晚熟品种的感光性最强；自选材料ＱＱ１对光相对钝感；晚熟品种短光照处理４０天以上新现的蕾才脱落少；晚熟品种至多１０天短日处理便可诱导花芽分化并现蕾；红麻在自然条件下感应短日的器官为第１第１０片展开叶，并且在此范围内感应具有国积     

湘春豆14号

湘春豆１４号湖南省作物研究所杂交育成的早熟品种。主要特性：一是早熟，产量高，全生育期９５．８ｄ，是我省育成的第一个早熟春大豆品种。区试平均产量２２０８．０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，比泰兴黑豆增产３２．５３％，生产试验平均产量２０１６．０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，比鄂豆４号增...     

不同熟期大豆品种吸收和利用氮肥的差异

盆栽条件下，应用（１５）Ｎ示踪技术，研究了不同施Ｎ水平（每公斤土施用０．１克、０．２克氮）下，不同熟期大豆品种吸收、利用氮肥的差异。结果表明，植株全氮积累量：中晚熟品种＞早中熟品种＞早熟品种；施氮对增加各品种植株氮的积累有明显影响，其大小顺序为早中熟品种＞早熟品种＞中晚熟品种，而且增产作用显著，增产率分别为Ｎ１：２４．１％－４０．７％和Ｎ２１８．５％－６１．９％；植株中肥料氮占总氮的比例分别为２３．５％－４３．６％和５０．５％－６８．２％．其大小依次为早熟品种＞早中熟品种＞中晚熟品种；至成熟期，６８．８％－８１．８％肥料Ｎ转移到籽粒中，早熟和早中熟品种高于中晚品种．     

短日照处理大豆营养期各阶段的效应

选用光钝感品种科丰６号和光敏感品种耐阴黑豆，研究了短日照处理Ｖ１－Ｖ１２不同发育阶段所产生的效应。试验结果表明，Ｖ１开始处理对花期影响最大，随着处理时间的推移，对促进开花的作用逐渐变小，对促熟作用逐渐增大而后略有减小。Ｖ８－Ｖ１０开始处理对花后促熟影响较大     

夏花生矮化密植增产效果的研究

矮化处理低、中、高三个不同密度的夏花生，其株高比对照处理３个相应密度均矮１０ｃｍ左右。结实指数分别提高８．１４％、１０．２％和１８．８１％；饱果指数分别提高２．１４％、６．９３％和１０．３３％。总生物产量的分配，Ｖ／Ｒ率均＜１，经济系数均＞０．５５，经济产量依次提高８．２１％、１４．６４％和２２．７６％。实际荚果产量，矮化处理的以高密度（２２．５万穴／ｈｍ２）最高、中密度（１８．７５万穴／ｈｍ２）次之，分别比低密度（１５万穴／ｈｍ２）增产１５．０４％～１６．８９％和１４．０２％～１４．５４％；对照处理以中密度最高，高密度次之，分别比低密度增产１１．７１％～１２．４０％和５．３４％～７．９１％。矮化处理与密度有显著的连应效果，比对照处理依次增产７．５５％、９．６％和１６．５％。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.