园林废弃物覆盖对园林土壤理化性质的影响

为了综合了解园林废弃物在园林上的应用效果,将园林有机废弃物经过腐熟后覆盖在园林土壤上,覆盖厚度设3、6、9cm及对照(无覆盖),研究一定时间后不同覆盖厚度对土壤各种理化指标的影响。结果表明:园林废弃物覆盖可以显著降低表层(0～20cm)土壤体积质量,提高土壤渗透性,具有显著的保水作用;覆盖园林废弃物1a后土壤有机质和养分含量显著增加;覆盖厚度为6和9cm的土壤pH显著降低。     

城市园林绿化废弃物再利用的思考

分析了目前城市园林绿化废弃物被焚烧或填埋的处理现状,介绍了园林有机废弃物堆肥、绿地覆盖利用途径,提出了园林有机废弃物处理措施建议。     

园林有机废弃物的资源化利用途径及存在问题

针对我国园林有机废弃物的量越来越大及目前填埋或焚烧的处置方式造成环境污染与资源浪费的现状，介绍园林有机废弃物堆肥、绿地覆盖和产品开发的资源化利用途径，提出我国园林有机废弃物资源化利用有待解决的问题，为园林有机废弃物的综合处理提供借鉴。     

湖南常德市园林废弃物混合基质利用探索

园林废弃物通过处理后形成废弃物混合基质,能施入土中改良土壤,地表覆盖改善小环境,与黄土、谷壳灰配制成栽培基质栽植草花,用作扦插基质繁育苗。试验表明:用于地面覆盖能有效缓解土壤地表径流,减少杂草滋生,减少水分蒸发,增加土壤含水量;施入红黄壤中能增加孔隙度,改善土壤酸碱度,能培肥地力;替代日益减少的谷壳灰资源,广泛应用于花坛草花栽培;混合基质不宜做园林苗木扦插基质。     

重庆市巴南区园林绿地节水技术应用现状

从建设抗旱型绿地,采用节水灌溉技术如采用滴灌桶、可移动式滴灌袋、多孔式微喷带、自动喷灌、可移动喷灌等,埋设透气管,铺设透水砖等4个方面对重庆市巴南区园林绿地节水技术进行了阐述。最后对节水型园林绿地提出了系列建议,如将灌溉系统纳入园林绿地规划中,注重乡土植物运用,加大科技产品应用,搜集汛期降雨等。     

漯河市园林绿地主要杂草种类及发生、分布规律

对漯河市园林绿地主要杂草进行调查,初步探索园林绿地主要杂草的危害特征、分布及发生消长规律,为园林绿地杂草的科学系统防治提供科学理论依据。     

延安市园林绿地土壤肥力分析及管理对策

采集延安市典型园林绿地土壤,分析土壤的pH值、容重、孔隙度及土壤有机质、N、P、K有效养分含量,以摸清园林绿地土壤的基本性状及肥力状况。结果表明:园林绿地土壤与自然土壤pH比较接近;土壤容重偏大、总孔隙度偏小;土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效磷含量均偏低,速效钾在新建园林绿地含量高,旧建园林绿地含量中等;延安市园林绿地土壤肥力低下(钾除外);应做好园林绿地土壤的培肥工作,为园林植物正常生长提供良好的土壤环境。     

试从园林绿化的角度谈江门创建“节水型城市”

江门市园林部门在创建“节水型城市”活动中结合本行业的实际,从节流和开源两方面着手,通过合理配植园林植物,充分利用园林废弃物,在绿地中覆盖地膜和应用节水灌溉技术,以及利用“再生水”、雨水、河水和湖水浇灌绿地,节约了园林绿化用水。     

谈园林垃圾的资源化利用

随着园林绿植的增加,园林产生的废弃物也随之不断增加,例如枯叶、树枝、残花及杂草等。对于这类废弃物,我国通过采取焚烧的方式,然而,这不仅造成严重的空气污染,也将造成资源污染。因此,将通过研究园林垃圾的资源化利用,从而使园林废弃物能够变废为宝。     

探究秸秆腐解物覆盖对园林土壤理化性质的影响

随着我国经济的发展,城市绿化发挥着越来越重要的作用,人们越来越重视城市的生态系统建设。在园林绿化中,通过秸秆覆盖,可以有效增加土壤中有机物的含量,对改善我国园林土壤起着重要的意义和作用。通过深入分析秸秆覆盖对园林土壤产生的影响,以期改善我国园林土壤起到指导和促进的作用。     

Energy balance of six common landscape surfaces and the influence of surface properties on gas exchange of four containerized tree species

Gas exchange and growth of woody landscape plants is strongly affected by underlying surfaces. In urban areas, plants are subjected to energy balance characteristics of a variety of surfaces. We investigated energy balance properties of six urban surfaces: asphalt, gravel rock mulch, lava rock mulch, concrete, pine bark mulch, and turf. Each summer over a 3-year period, incoming global shortwave radiation, surface temperature, surface reflectivity (albedo), soil temperature below each surface, and soil heat flux were measured for each surface, and total incoming radiation, thermal conductivity, and longwave radiation emitted by each surface were calculated. Differences in surface properties were analyzed by regression analysis. Albedo was greatest for concrete and least for lava rock mulch, while thermal conductivity was greatest for asphalt and least for lava rock and pine bark mulches. Under maximum incoming total radiation, regression analysis indicated: soil heat flux was greatest under asphalt and concrete and least under lava rock and pine bark mulches; soil temperature below each surface was greatest for asphalt and concrete and least for pine bark mulch; surface temperature was greatest for pine bark mulch and least for turf; and longwave radiation flux of each surface was greatest for pine bark mulch and least for turf. This research revealed that more energy was conducted into the soil below asphalt and concrete, and that a greater portion of incoming radiation was prevented from entering the soil below pine bark and lava rock mulches than below other surfaces. Due to these effects, and the lack of evaporative cooling, surface temperatures were greater, and more longwave radiation was emitted from non-vegetative surfaces than from turf. In a concurrent study, we investigated if the energy balance of turf, pine bark mulch, and asphalt surfaces influenced gas exchange of four containerized tree species grown over each surface. On several occasions over a 2-year period, morning-to-evening measurements of stomatal conductance, leaf temperature, and plant water loss were made on containerized Bechtel crabapple (Malus ionensis ‘Plena’), Norway maple (Acer platanoides ‘Crimson King’), globe willow (Salix matsudana ‘Navajo’) and American plane tree (Platanus occidentalis). Leaves over pine bark mulch and asphalt intercepted more longwave radiation and generally had greater leaf temperature and leaf-to-air vapor difference than leaves over turf. As a result, trees over non-vegetative surfaces generally had lower stomatal conductance and water loss than trees over turf.     

Importance of different components of green roof substrate on plant growth and physiological performance

Green roof substrate is arguably the most important element of a green roof, providing water, nutrients and physical support to plants. Despite this there has been a lack of research into the role that different substrate components have on green roof plant growth and physiological performance.To address this, we assessed the importance of three green roof substrate components (organic matter type, brick particle size and water absorbent additive) for plant growth and plant physiological performance. Lolium perenne (Ryegrass) was grown in eight substrates in a controlled greenhouse environment with a factorial design in composition of (i) small or large brick, (ii) conifer bark or green waste compost organic matter, and (iii) presence/absence of polyacrylamide water absorbent gel (‘SwellGel?’).We found that large brick substrates had a lower water holding capacity than small brick (?35%), which led to decreased shoot growth (?17%) and increased root:shoot ratio (+16%). Green waste compost increased shoot and root growth (+32% and +13%) shoot nitrogen concentration and chlorophyll content (20% and 57%), and decreased root:shoot ratio (?15%) compared to bark. The addition of swell gel increased substrate water holding capacity (+24%), which increased shoot growth (+8%). Total evapotranspiration (a proxy for potential cooling) was increased by greater shoot biomass and substrate water holding capacity. Overall, this study provides one of the first quantitative assessments of the relative importance of commonly used green roof substrate components. It is clear that substrate composition should be considered carefully when designing green roofs, and substrate composition can be tailored for green roof service provision.     

Holzhäcksel- und Miscanthusmulch erhalten die Bodenfeuchte und fördern die biologische Bodenaktivität sowie vegetatives und generatives Wachstum junger Apfelbäume

Tree rows of a two-year-old apple (cv. ‘Topaz’) orchard in Klein-Altendorf near Bonn, Germany, were mulched with either a) shredded broadleaf tree trunks (5?cm; 29?t dm/ha) in January 2005, b) high (6?cm; 17?t?dm/ha), or c) low (3?cm, 7?t dm/ha) shredded stems of Miscanthus in July 2004 to conserve resources and achieve closed systems; uncovered soil served as control. The following results were obtained in this MSc thesis during the 2005 growing season:

1. Soil covered with any of the three mulches mineralised 7–14?kg less nitrogen per hectare throughout the growing season resulting in a more balanced nitrogen mineralisation. The reduction in nitrogen supply prevented late vegetative growth and contributed to good fruit colouration.
2. The largest soil respiration was recorded with wooden chips as mulch with a peak of 1.6?CO₂?m^–2?h^{– 1} in June/July, followed by Miscanthus mulch and the uncovered control, which indicates enhanced microbial activity in the summer as a result of medium C/N ratio, warming and better aeration of the wood chips.
3. The organic mulches preserved soil moisture with values of less than 53 centibars and with less fluctuation than in the control.
4. The organic mulches reflected ca. 10% of incident PAR 1?m above ground, i.e. more light than uncovered soil, all without affecting fruit colouration.
5. The two thicker (5?cm and 6?cm) organic mulches suppressed weed population by 63–67% relative to the control.
6. The two thicker (5–6?cm) organic mulches improved potassium uptake by the apple leaves with 1.5 % K relative to 1.3 % K in the control on a leaf dry matter basis, but reduced their calcium and magnesium content.
7. Wood chips as mulch improved vegetative growth of the apple trees during the growing season, measured as trunk diameter, of 4?mm, followed by 3.6?mm of the high Miscanthus and 2.8?mm in both the low Miscanthus mulch and the control.
8. The organic mulches enlarged apple fruit diameter from 78?mm in the control to 80?mm with a concomitant increase in fruit weight from 180?g in the control to 185–188?g.

     

Effects of Mulching on Soil Temperature,Scion Rooting,and Soil Moisture of Mounded Grapevines

Soil-hilling around grapevines is required in the eastern United States for winter protection of grafted and cold sensitive grape cultivars (Vitis vinifera). The effects of simazine-treated mulches (STM) on soil temperature, scion rooting, and soil water conservation were measured. Neither simazine nor interactions between simazine and mulches affected any variables measured in this study. Wood and straw mulches increased the minimum temperature of media around the graft union as effectively as hilled soil, reduced scion rooting by a factor of 2 to 75 compared with soil-hilling, and increased soil moisture content 45 to 75% at Wooster and 8 to 23% at Kingsville. These results indicate that mulches have positive attributes and should be considered as an alternative to traditional soil-hilling in vineyards for temperature mitigation around graft union.     

暗褐网柄牛肝菌是外生菌根菌吗?--暗褐网柄牛肝菌与思茅松和栲树的菌根合成

在野外生态调查中,笔者从未发现暗褐网柄牛肝菌(Phlebopus portentosus)和任何树木根系形成外生菌根的结构。为了进一步证实暗褐网柄牛肝菌是否为外生菌根菌,在温室条件下,用暗褐网柄牛肝菌栽培种和液体种对思茅松(Pinus kesiya var.langbianensis)和栲树(Castanopsis sp.)进行菌根接种试验。接种5个月后,思茅松一、二级侧根及吸收根表面上,均有大量暗褐网柄牛肝菌菌丝缠绕生长;菌丝有锁状联合,但是并没有菌丝套和哈氏网发育的迹象。接种10个月后有大量暗褐网柄牛肝菌菌丝也缠绕在栲树根的表面,有发达的菌索;菌丝有锁状联合,呈结晶体状,但没有任何菌根结构形成。在同样的温室条件下,思茅松和印度块菌形成了典型的外生菌根。结果表明,暗褐网柄牛肝菌在室内接种条件下也不能与思茅松和栲树形成外生菌根。因此,暗褐网柄牛肝菌可能不是一种外生菌根菌。     

Root zone temperature,plant growth and yield of broccoli [Brassica oleracea (Plenck) var. italica] as affected by plastic film mulches

Plastic film mulches are often associated with increases in plant growth and yield of vegetable crops. Few studies, however, report on the effect of plastic film mulches on root zone temperature on broccoli. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of colored plastic mulches on root zone temperature and broccoli plant growth and yield Broccoli (‘Packman’) plants were grown using plastic film mulch and drip irrigation. The treatments consisted of plastic film mulch (black, blue, gray on black, red, silver on black, and white on black mulches) and bare soil. Colored plastic film mulches affected root zone temperature and the accumulation of soil degree-days. Mean daily RZT, maximal daily RZT and degree day accumulation in the soil were highest in dark-colored mulches (blue, black, red, and gray) and lowest in light-colored mulches (silver and white), while minimal daily RZT was highest in silver mulch and lowest in white mulch. Silver mulch showed the smallest diurnal fluctuations in RZT among plastic mulches, with the highest RZT during the night and among the lowest in the afternoon. Colored plastic mulches also affected broccoli plant growth and yield, although the effect of mulches was more dramatic in the spring than in the fall seasons. Broccoli yield was linearly related to both the vegetative top dry weight and root dry weight of mature plants. Broccoli yield was little affected at mean RZT of <21 °C but increased with increasing mean RZTs above 21 °C up to 25 °C. Thus, broccoli plant growth and yield responded more favorably to dark-colored mulches than to light-colored mulches, suggesting that broccoli benefited from increased soil warming. No high RZT stress effects on broccoli plant growth or yield were observed in this study. Thus, this study suggests that plastic film mulches, particularly the dark-colored mulches, may be an option for spring broccoli production in areas with cool conditions early in the spring.     

Effects of different organic apple production systems on seasonal nutrient variations of soil and leaf

An organic apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) orchard was established to study the interaction effects of ground cover management systems (GMS) and nutrient sources (NS) on soil and tree nutrients in the Southern U.S.A. GMS mulches as follows: green compost (GC), wood chips (WC), shredded paper (SP), and mow-and-blow (MB). Across GMS, one of three NS treatments was applied: commercial organic fertilizer (CF), poultry litter (PL), and no fertilizer (NF). GC-treated plots had greater soil solution nitrate concentrations in year 3. GC plots also maintained greater seasonal soil organic matter and macronutrient concentrations during 3 years compared with the other GMS. Seasonal foliar nutrient concentrations grown under GMS in year 3 tended to follow nutrient concentration patterns similar to those observed in conventional apple orchards. GC and WC trees had overall greater leaf area, dry weight, and total foliar nutrient contents in year 3 than the SP and MB trees.     

Effect of different biodegradable and polyethylene mulches on soil properties and production in a tomato crop

The use of plastic materials for mulching is a very common practice for vegetable crops. Black polyethylene is the most widely used due to its excellent properties and low cost. However, the massive use of these materials supposes an environmental risk. In the last few years, the use of starch-based biodegradable films has been introduced as an alternative to conventional mulches. These materials can be incorporated into the soil at the end of the crop season and undergo biodegradation by soil microorganisms. A 2-year study was conducted to determine the response of a tomato crop to seven mulch materials (polyethylene and biodegradable) in open fields in Central Spain. Biodegradable films underwent early decomposition, but in general remained functional during use and did not affect yield and the fruit quality attributes (total soluble solids, firmness, dry weight, juice content and shape). The temperatures reached under polyethylene films were always higher than under biodegradable films, which could be a disadvantage in certain circumstances, especially in hot climates, although may be advantageous in cool conditions. The use of polyethylene films resulted in the lowest values of soil microbial biomass C and soil organic matter mineralization, probably due to the increase of temperature registered under mulches. The analysis of the marketable yield components indicates that the variability in yield mainly depended on the number of fruits, with mean fruit weight being practically constant in the different treatments and seasons, which suggests the strong varietal character of this parameter.     

园林大树移植树皮复原保活技术

介绍了园林大树移植过程中树皮复原的应用范围及其相应的植皮技术,以期对园林大树的移植养护管理起到指导作用。     

基于LoRa物联网的智能节水灌溉系统

针对园林与农业的水资源浪费问题,该研究介绍了一种新的灌溉系统用水管理方法,它可以应用于园林或农田,用LoRa无线传感器网络代替人工干预。传统的灌溉系统由于管理和配置不当,平均浪费了30%的用水。该种智能灌溉系统可以提高灌溉过程的效率,不仅为用户节省资金,而且节约水和电等资源,该系统可以实时检索数据,并利用这些数据确定正确的园林与农业用水量。运用该系统,当使用来自环境温湿度和土壤湿度的传感器数据时,可以节省多达33%的水,当仅使用温度输入时,可以节省多达25%。实测结果验证了该设计的可行性和有效性,能够满足园林与农业节水灌溉的需要。