牦牛乳中上皮粘蛋白MUC1的遗传多态性研究

采用SDS－PAGE研究了108头麦洼牦牛和98头九龙牦牛乳MUC1的生化遗传特性，结果表明；牦牛乳MUC1呈现出多态性，表现为一条或两条迁移率不同的区带。SAS－PAGE分析发现4种分子量的MUC1区带，依次为A：208kd,B;200kd,C:196kd,D185kd，分子量大于荷斯坦牛。麦洼牦牛MUC1基因座受A、B、C、D4个复等位基因支配，有9种基因型；九龙牦牛乳MUC1基因座受A、C、D3个复等位基因支配，显示5种基因型，两品种牦牛乳MUC1基因型分布差异极显著（P＜0.01），并且均偏离哈代－温伯格定律（P＜0.01），麦洼牦牛乳MUC1基因座遗传变异程序大于九龙牦牛。     

执业兽医资格考试题型解析及复习策略

执业兽医资格考试分为四个科目（基础科目、预防科目、临床科目、综合应用）,共400道考题,400分,全部采用单项选择客观试题.考题采用A型题（最佳选择题）和B型题（标准配伍题）两大类型.A型题又分为A1题型（单句型最佳选择题）;A2题型（病历摘要型最佳选择题）;A3题型（病历组型最佳选择题）;A4型题（病历串型最佳选择题）.B型题只有B1型题.     

发酵床养殖模式对牦牛寄生虫病防治及生产性能的影响

为探讨发酵床牦牛养殖模式对寄生虫病的防治效果，将120头体重均匀、体况良好的牦牛随机分为3个组（A、B、C），其中A组对垫料进行堆积发酵处理，并在试验期内进行2次驱虫，B组只对垫料进行堆积发酵处理，C组为对照组，不做任何处理。对3个组分别在发酵处理前15 d(-15 d)、处理当天（0 d），及进牦牛后45、90、120 d，采集发酵床表层垫料及新鲜牦牛粪样，采用饱和盐水漂浮法、虫卵沉淀法、麦克马斯特氏法进行寄生虫虫卵定性和定量检测，同时测定各组牦牛的体长和体高；从垫料发酵开始，每天测量3组试验牦牛发酵床垫料表层下20cm处的温度，连续测量15d。结果显示：A组、B组垫料最高温度分别达到（60.1±0.2）℃和（60.1±0.3）℃，其中A组显著高于C组（P <0.05）,B组极显著高于C组（P <0.01），且发酵过程中A组和B组垫料的温度均维持在50℃以上；3组的垫料中都发现有蛔虫卵、吸虫卵、绦虫卵和球虫卵，但A组在牦牛进入后45 d时蛔虫卵和绦虫卵转阴，B组在试验期间始终能检测到虫卵，但有下降趋势，而C组在整个试验期间一直有虫卵存在，且数量呈持续上升趋势；A组牦牛的体...     

金川牦牛BCL2A1基因克隆及生物信息学分析

为探讨金川牦牛抗凋亡因子--B淋巴细胞瘤2相关蛋白A1（B cell lymphoma 2 related A1，BCL2A1）基因特点，本试验采用PCR方法以金川牦牛血液DNA为模板扩增BCL2A1基因，用DNAStar、ExPASy、ABCpred等生物信息学软件分析基因序列和蛋白质结构。结果显示，克隆获得的片段长622 bp，GenBank登录号：MG459158，开放阅读框为516 bp，共编码171个氨基酸，其中缬氨酸（V）、赖氨酸（K）的含量较多，分别为9.4%和8.8%。BCL2A1分子质量为19.46 ku，理论等电点为4.99，不稳定系数为17.44，具有跨膜螺旋结构域（Scores>500）。二级结构主要为α-螺旋，占60.82%，有一个BCL2结构域，三级结构模型与人BCL2A1同源性最高（72.79%），BCL2A1存在潜在的B细胞抗原表位。与野牦牛氨基酸序列进行比对显示，金川耗牛BCL2A1存在5个氨基酸差异位点。NJ法系统进化分析显示，金川牦牛与野牦牛同源性为98.5%，亲缘关系最近。本试验成功克隆了金川牦牛BCL2A1基因，其在哺乳动物中具有较高的保守性，为深入研究牦牛BCL2A1基因功能提供理论依据。     

九龙藏黄牛和九龙牦牛β-酪蛋白基因型分析

为比较九龙藏黄牛和九龙牦牛β-酪蛋白（β-CN）的遗传变异体,试验采用酸性尿素聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析了九龙藏黄牛（n=42）和九龙牦牛（n=17）β-CN的基因型。结果表明,在九龙藏黄牛、九龙牦牛的β-CN中共检测到4 种等位基因,包括A1、A2、B、C,其中在九龙藏黄牛中有7 种基因型：A1A1、A1A2、BB、A1B、A2B、A1C、BC,优势等位基因为A1（频率0.702 4）,优势基因型为A1A1（频率0.547 6）;在九龙牦牛样本中有2 种基因型：A1A2、A2A2,优势等位基因为A2（频率0.764 7 ）。试验表明,九龙藏黄牛与九龙牦牛β-CN均表现出多态性,但优势等位基因明显不同。     

几种新的动物及动物与人共患病简介（七）

（接上期）A型流感病毒及禽流感对人的感染1 概述 流感自古以来就是动物与人共患的急性高度传染性疾病。流感病毒属正黏病毒科的病毒，根据病毒核蛋白抗原的特点可分为A、B、C三型，而A型除感染动物外，还可感染人类。A型流感病毒目前已明确有15个HA（血凝素）亚型和9个NA（神经氨酸苷酶）亚型，每个A型流感毒株只有1个HA亚型和1个NA亚型组合。2 A型流感病毒的宿主及其对人的感染情况（见表1）3 哺乳动物和人感染禽流感病毒情况3．1 猪：由于猪的流感在其体内具有禽流感病毒和人流感病毒，因此，通常都把猪作为A型流感病毒的“中间宿…     

牦牛KAP1家族基因长度多态研究

试验旨在研究牦牛角蛋白关联蛋白1（keratin associated protein 1,KAP1）家族基因长度多态与重复序列特点。研究对牦牛和黄牛KAP1家族基因进行测序,并与绵羊已知序列进行比较分析。结果发现,牛KAP1家族位于19号染色体,根据绵羊KAP1家族基因在染色体上的位置与相似性,重新命名了牛KAP1家族基因B2D、B2A、KAP1-1和B2C为KAP1-4、KAP1-1、KAP1-2、KAP1-3（按照染色体上的基因顺序）。KAP1家族基因之间在3'和5'端区域高度保守,中间有重复序列长度差异,其中牦牛KAP1-KAP4基因发现有30 bp的长度多态。研究其蛋白序列发现5个氨基酸为基序的重复序列B（CCQTS）A₁（CCQPT）,以及一个新的重复序列C（SIQTS）。本研究结果说明重复序列是KAP1家族基因间和基因内的主要差异区域,这可能与其角蛋白结合螺旋数相关。     

玻璃化冷冻对牦牛未成熟卵母细胞发育能力及COC转录组的影响

旨在探讨玻璃化冷冻-解冻对牦牛未成熟卵母细胞发育能力及卵丘-卵母细胞复合体（COCs）转录组的影响，为完善牦牛COCs冷冻保存技术提供理论依据。本研究将未经成熟培养的牦牛COCs进行玻璃化冷冻-解冻后分为2组，A组：COCs体外成熟（IVM）后用普通牛精子进行体外受精（IVF），获得的受精卵在G-1胚胎培养液中培养72 h后转入G-2培养液培养96 h；B组：IVF后，受精卵在G-1培养液培养120 h后转入G-2培养液培养48 h；以未进行冷冻处理的新鲜COCs作为对照组（C组）：IVF后，受精卵在G-1培养液培养72 h后转入G-2培养液培养96 h。对牦牛新鲜COCs（n=3）和玻璃化冷冻-解冻的COCs（n=3）进行扩增、建库和转录组测序（RNA-seq）分析。结果发现，B组的卵裂率、囊胚率显著高于A组（P<0.05），但A组和B组的卵裂率、囊胚率均显著低于C组（P<0.05）。以|log₂（fold change）|≥ 2，Q<0.05为阈值，牦牛冻融COCs相对于新鲜COCs共筛选出851个差异表达基因（DEGs），其中上调846个，下调5个。GO分析表明，DEGs主要富集于生物过程、细胞组分和分子功能3大类；KEGG注释结果表明，DEGs富集到258条通路，其中16条通路显著富集（P<0.05）。研究表明，IVF后在G-1培养液中培养120 h可以提高牦牛玻璃化冷冻卵母细胞的后续发育能力；玻璃化冷冻影响牦牛COCs转录组，从而降低卵母细胞的发育潜力。该发现为完善牦牛COCs玻璃化冷冻技术提供了一定的理论基础。     

猪肾及肾段的解剖学观察

采用ABS铸型腐蚀法 ,观察了 4 0头屠宰商品猪的肾动脉及输尿管铸型腐蚀标本。结果猪的肾段可分为前背侧、前腹侧、后背侧和后腹侧四个主要肾段 ,以及前内侧、后内侧、中间背侧和中间腹侧四个次要的肾段 ,可分为五种类型。     

牦牛实验性棘豆中毒病理学研究

健康牦牛６头，随机分为毒草全量组（全量饲喂黄花棘豆和甘肃棘豆干草）、毒草半量组（棘豆干草和燕麦干草各半）和对照组（全量饲喂燕麦干草）。试验期间，定期称量体重和进行临床检查，４个月后，剖杀进行病理剖检、病理组织学及超微结构检查。试验发现，两实验组牦牛心、肝、肾、脑、脾及肠系膜淋巴结均有程度不同的病变，其中，小脑蒲肯野氏细胞，肝、肾实质细胞的空泡变性具有明显特征。电镜观察，空泡变性的细胞线粒体肿胀，嵴减少或消失呈空泡样。牦牛发生棘豆中毒的主要临床表现是体重明显降低。     

Analysis of Casts of the Kidney Collection System Anatomical Structure in the Yak

This work aims to study the anatomical structure of the yak kidney collection system. Twenty-four collecting system casting specimens, which were made by ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), were observed to study its anatomical structure. The results showed that the renal pelvis was present in all casts and is classified into 2 types, dilated or nondilated (58.3%), with or without the dilated origin of the ureter. All casts had 2 major renal calyces toward the cranial and the caudal poles. Minor renal calyces were connected to the major renal calyces by an infundibulum, which drained 1 to 5 minor renal calyces. The number of minor renal calyces in the caudal region was significantly more than that in cranial (P<0.01). The yak kidney collection system was classified into 2 types according to the character of drainage. The type A, which was composed of the collection system that presented two major caliceal groups and mid-zone drainage was dependent on these major groups, and type B, which mid-zone drainage was independent of the polar caliceal groups, the type A (70.8%) was more common than type B (29.2%) in the yak. The collection system of yak kidney was composed of 1 renal pelvis, 2 major renal calyces, and multiple (11-21) minor renal calyces. According to the characteristics of drainage, it was divided into 2 types, A and B, of which type A is more common.     

Anatomical relationship between the collecting system and the intrarenal arteries in the rabbit: contribution for an experimental model

Intrarenal anatomy was studied in detail to evaluate how useful rabbits could be as a urologic model. Only one renal artery was observed, which was divided into dorsal and ventral branches in all cases. Three segmental arteries (cranial, mesorenal and caudal) was the most frequent branching pattern found in both the dorsal and ventral division. There was an important artery related to the ureteropelvic junction in both dorsal and ventral surfaces in all specimens. The cranial pole was supplied by both dorsal and ventral divisions of the renal artery in 23 of 41 casts (56%). Although the cranial pole of the rabbit kidney could be useful as a model because of the resemblances with human kidney, the different relationship between the intrarenal arteries and the kidney collecting system in other regions of the kidney must be taken into consideration by the urologists, when using rabbit kidney in urological research.     

Development of the Bovine Metanephros

This study presents the gross and light microscopic features of the developing bovine metanephros. Thirty-six specimens, consisting of 19 whole embryos and foetuses, 15 foetal metanephroi, one calf kidney and one cow kidney, were examined. The development of the collecting duct system and nephron induction and formation were similar to those processes described for the human kidney but appeared to follow an accelerated time course. The bovine metanephros by 15–18 weeks gestation, had a well organized internal structure consisting of dilated major calyces, prominent minor calyces and papillae, and a definize cortex and medulla. Nephron induction started as early as 4–6 weeks gestation and was completed around 28 weeks.     

Ultrasound-guided percutaneous drainage for treatment of pyonephrosis in two dogs

Pyonephrosis refers to suppurative destruction of the parenchyma of the kidney with complete or nearly complete loss of renal function. In dogs, nephrectomy is still the most common treatment for pyonephrosis; however, in the present report, a method for percutaneous ultrasound-guided drainage of the renal pelvis in dogs with pyonephrosis that does not require local or general anesthesia was described, and results of the procedure in 2 dogs were reported. Briefly, dogs were positioned in lateral recumbency with the affected side up, and skin overlying the affected kidney was aseptically prepared. The dilated renal pelvis was punctured percutaneously, under ultrasound guidance, with a 22-gauge needle, and a sample of material was obtained for analysis. The needle was then replaced with an IV catheter, and as much pus as possible was removed from the renal collecting system. A povidone iodine solution was then used to lavage the renal pelvis. Ultrasound-guided drainage and lavage of the renal pelvis was repeated daily until the renal pelvis was so small that it could no longer be punctured. Both dogs recovered and were reported by the owners to be healthy after the procedure.     

猪肾段动脉与肾段的观察

通过对３７例猪肾动脉分支的观察，发现猪肾动脉较恒定地发出５支肾段动脉，即前内侧、前背侧、前腹侧、中间腹侧及后侧肾段动脉。相应的分布区即为具同名肾段。前内侧肾段位于肾门前内侧，前背侧肾段位于肾前侧半的背侧部，前腹侧肾段位于肾前侧半的腹侧部，中间腹侧肾段分布区呈狭长带形，位于肾腹侧中间处后侧，而后侧肾段分布区很广，可分为背、腹侧两个亚段。     

Macroscopic features of the arterial supply to the reproductive system of the male ostrich (Struthio camelus)

The macroscopic features of the arterial supply to the reproductive system of the male ostrich was studied in 16 pre-pubertal and eight sexually mature and active birds. The left and right cranial renal arteries arise from the aorta, between the cranial divisions of the kidneys. These vessels supply the cranial divisions of the kidneys, the testes, the epididymides and the cranial segments of the ducti deferentia. Accessory testicular arteries which arise directly from the aorta are present in 45.8% of the specimens. They supply the testes and cranial parts of the ducti deferentia. They are variable in number and origin, and four variants are identified. A cranial ureterodeferential branch originates from the cranial renal artery, supplies the cranial portion of the ductus deferens and ureter, and runs caudally to anastomose with the middle renal artery. The sciatic artery arises laterally from the aorta, just caudal to the acetabulum, and gives rise, ventrally, to a common trunk, the common renal artery, which divides into the middle and caudal renal arteries. The middle renal artery gives rise to the middle ureterodeferential branch which supplies the middle part of the ductus deferens and ureter. A few centimetres caudal to the kidney, the aorta terminates in three branches, namely, the left and right internal iliac arteries and the median caudal artery. The internal iliac artery divides into the lateral caudal artery and the pudendal artery; the latter gives off caudal ureterodeferential branches that supply the caudal segments of the ductus deferens and ureter. In addition, the pudendal artery gives off vessels that supply the cloaca, some of which continue to the base of the phallus, where they form an arterial network. In conclusion, the pattern of the blood supply to the reproductive organs of the male ostrich is, in general, similar to that of the domestic fowl and pigeon, although there are a few highlighted distinctive features.     

NONHUMAN PRIMATE EXCRETORY UROGRAPHY*

Survey radiographs have not accurately identified renal contour or location in nonhuman primates. Excretory urography using 786 to 1193 mg iodinelkg body weight resulted in dense opacification of the renal parenchyma and pelvis. Abdominal compression improved visu- alization of the renal pelvis. Interpretation of the nonhuman primate excretory urogram was compromised by several anatomic characteristics of this animal group. Superimposition of the kidneys on the lateral radiograph limited evaluation of the renal contour. Since the renal pelvis in most species of nonhuman primates does not possess diverticula (as in the dog and cat) or a caliceal system (as in the pig and man), the diagnosis of pyelonephritis or renal mass lesions was difficult. Severe irregularities in the renal contour, size of the renal pelvis, or areas of deficient concentrating ability were identifiable in nonhuman primate excretory urograms, but the diagnosis of small cysts was not possible in smaller nonhuman primates. The presence of a caliceal collecting system in the spider monkey (Ateles sp.) suggests this animal as a potential model for the evaluation of human renal disease.     

The Macroscopic Vascular Anatomy of the Equine Ethmoidal Area

The vascular anatomy of the ethmoidal area in six normal horses and two normal ponies was studied using vascularcorrosion casts. The major arterial supply to the ethmoidal area sterns from an intracranial source. The internal and external ethmoidal arteries anastomose on the rostral intracranial surface of the cribriform plate to form the arterial ethmoidal rete which arborizes and passes through the perforations of the cribriform plate to supply the ethmoid labyrinth. A minor arterial supply to the ventral portion of the ethmoid labyrinth sterns from a small caudal nasal branch of the sphenopalatine artery. Multiple parallel venules drain the ethmoid labyrinth rostrally to its apex then join the venous drainage from the surrounding sinuses.     

Renal Anatomy of the Pigmy Hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis): An Overview

The adult kidney of Choeropsis liberiensis is 74.8 % cortex and 22.9 % medulla. The neonatal cortex is relatively less. A single kidney has about 3 × 10⁶ glomeruli. These form 5 % of renal mass in the adult but more so in neonates.
The primary tubus maximus, TM₁, follows the lateral curvature of the kidney. It gives off, toward the hilum, dorso-ventrally paired secondary tubi maximi, TM₂. The tubi are a single layer of high cuboidal epithelium from which terminal collecting ducts arise throughout the surrounding inner medulla. The cranial and caudal limbs of TM₁, open at a diminutive pelvis which receives a small papilla in continuity with TM₁.
The medulla is continuous although variably distorted by folds of cortex at the lateral curvature of the kidney. The renal lobes project toward the medial border and consist of cortex, medulla and TM₂. The lobar cortex is continuous with the common cortex of the lateral curvature. The kidney, although strongly lobed, has no infundibula or rencules.
A main peripheral vein courses medial and parallel to TM. It is apparently a modified large arcuate vein and receives arcuate and interlobar tributaries. At the level of the papilla it joins the main renal vein.
The arterial supply is mainly by interlobar arteries but there are also sizeable external perforator arteries which branch from the main renal artery and perforate the cortex of lobes about the hilum. The sourse of the arteries is illustrated.     

ULTRASONIC DETERMINATION OF KIDNEY VOLUME IN THE DOG

Canine kidney measurements were obtained in vivo using ultrasound before and after anesthesia and were compared with direct caliper measurements at laparotomy. Following excision, the kidney dimensions were also measured ultrasonically in a water bath and the results were used to calculate kidney -volume by a modified parallel planimetric method and three variations of a prolate ellipsoid method. The calculated volume was compared with actual kidney volume determined by volume displacement. All methods were found to underestimate actual volume so that a linear correction of ultrasonically calculated volume was required to predict actual volume. The modified parallel planimetric method and a prolate ellipsoid method using height and width determinations cranial and caudal to the renal pelvis were the best models. The prolate ellipsoid model was chosen for subsequent kidney volume calculations because of its simplicity. The noninvasive calculation of kidney volume using ultrasound was sufficiently accurate to be clinically useful, particularly when serially evaluating kidney size changes in the same dog.