雏鸡肠炎沙门氏菌抗体的血清学分析

目前,应用血清学方法检测鸡群肠炎沙门氏菌感染已有许多报道(Chart等1990)。该方法包括免疫印迹,EL SA和细菌凝集反应。从目前作者们的研究看,凝集试验最适于鸡血清中肠炎沙门氏菌O抗原的抗体的检测。将可溶性皂素与鸡白痢沙门氏菌抗原结合,能用于全血中凝集抗体的检测(Chart等,1990)。     

牛沙门氏菌病的实验室诊断

<正>牛的沙门氏菌病比较严重,尤其是犊牛,可引起很高的发病率和死亡率。沙门氏菌病的临床症状和剖检变化没有特异性,虽然可作为初步诊断的依据,但必须通过走患病动物进行病原菌分离或尸体剖检做出确诊。1活菌计数有肠炎症状的发病动物粪便排出大量病原菌,应进行活菌计数而非增菌培养。正因如此,应采取粪便样品而不是棉拭子取样,应在使用抗生素之前采样。从口腔分泌物和血样中也可能分到细菌,但这些样品的可靠性不如粪便培养,并且操作中必须     

鸭源沙门菌的分离鉴定及分型研究

为了解徐州地区鸭源沙门菌的感染情况,对徐州市场和超市300份样品(鸭肉及副产品)、6个养鸭场的380份样品(鸭泄殖腔肛拭子、粪便以及饲料和用具等)以及50例临床发病鸭的脏器组织样品(肝、脾、盲肠等)进行增菌培养,通过细菌分离培养特性、生化反应和血清型鉴定,成功分离到56株鸭源沙门菌。市场及超市产品共分离到6株沙门菌,分离率为2%,优势血清型为肠炎沙门菌;鸭场共分离到26株沙门菌,分离率为6.8%,优势血清型为肠炎沙门菌;临床发病鸭分离到24株,分离率为48%,其优势血清型为印第安纳沙门菌和肠炎沙门菌。对21株沙门菌进行ERIC-PCR分子分型,分成18类基因型,遗传相似性在59%~100%,结果显示出良好的多态性,获得了较好的指纹图谱数据。     

肠炎沙门菌SDBL-1分离株的生物学特性及传播途径探究

为研究肠炎沙门菌(S.enteritidis)的生物学特性和传播途径,选择1株来自于AA肉鸡的肠炎沙门菌SDBL-1分离株,探究其半数致死量、生长特性、药敏试验、毒力因子;将SDBL-1分离株定量至7.09×109CFU·mL-1,感染组灌服0.5mL,同时对照组和空气传播组灌服等量的生理盐水,在灌服后不同时间测定空气传播组、感染组和对照组血液常规、淋巴细胞亚群指标,运用细菌分离的方法分析鸡在灌服后0~20d排毒规律,同时对空气传播组口腔拭子、泄殖腔拭子、羽毛囊以及剖检脏器等分离与鉴定沙门菌,测定环境(饲料、饮水、蚊蝇等)中沙门菌;应用平板凝集方法测定空气传播组抗体变化。结果显示:1)血液指标方面,空气传播组、感染组淋巴细胞比率下降,粒细胞比率、粒细胞数量以及中间细胞比率上升,同时淋巴细胞亚群CD4+、CD8+以及CD4+/CD8+比例出现下降;2)脏器指数方面,空气传播组肝指数显著增大(P0.05),胸腺指数显著减小(P0.05);3)感染情况,空气传播组发生感染,感染鸡通过粪便间歇性排毒,其口腔拭子、羽毛囊、泄殖腔拭子和部分脏器分离到沙门菌,其中沙门菌在食道的分离率最高,空气传播组在感染后第4天初次检测到沙门菌抗体,在感染后第14天血清均呈现抗体阳性;4)环境沙门菌检出情况,水线及饲料中分离到沙门菌,但羽毛和蚊蝇中没有分离到沙门菌。可见SDBL-1分离株能通过空气传播并引起鸡的感染,导致机体炎症反应,造成免疫功能紊乱和器官不同程度损伤;感染鸡通过粪便、口腔、泄殖腔间歇性排毒,环境拭子(如料槽中的饲料、水线)可分离到沙门菌,本研究探究了肠炎沙门菌的生物学特性和不同传播途径,为控制、预防沙门菌的流行和传播提供借鉴。     

鸭疫里默氏菌一个可能新型的鉴定

用玻片凝集试验、试管凝集试验和琼脂扩散沉淀试验，对13个鸭疫里默氏菌分离株进行了血清型鉴定。玻片凝集试验中，这些菌株只与8型抗血清发生强凝集反应，试管凝集试验中，其代表菌株C882与8型参考菌株之间仅存在单向低度交叉凝集反应，且与1～19型中的其他18个血清型参考菌株无可见的交叉凝集反应；用C882吸收可消除8型抗血清与C882等菌株之间的交叉凝集反应，但不影响8型抗血清的同源凝集反应和沉淀反应能力。琼扩试验中，C882与1～19型参考菌株之间不产生可见的交叉沉淀反应。沉淀反应模式表明，以C882为代表的13株细菌的热稳定抗原具有同一性。结果表明，13株待检菌株可能属于一个新的血清型。     

我国华东地区大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌分离和血清学鉴定

作为我国兽医临床耐药性监测计划的一个起步,对目前畜禽耐药菌株流行情况调查分析.2001年在华东地区选择了5个鸡场和1个孵化厂,进行3次追踪采样和抗菌药使用情况调查,共得到样品254份(泄殖腔拭子165份,饲料、水、尘土57份、饲养员粪便32份).分离到大肠杆菌80株,其中泄殖腔拭子有72株,分离率为43.6%;饲料、水和尘土有4份,分离率为7.0%,饲养员粪便有4株,分离率为12.5%.大肠杆菌0抗原血清型有35种,优势型不明显,O15型最多有8株,占10%.多为每个血清型有1～2株.共分离到沙门氏菌2株,血清型均为O9.所有鸡场采样前均使用过抗菌药.这次调查初步了解该地区抗菌药使用情况及两种细菌在该地区的存在状况和血清型分布,为下一步耐药性检测打下基础.     

肠炎沙门氏菌的单克隆抗体检测系统

研制出两株能与鸡组织、鸡蛋和环境样品中肠炎沙门氏菌反应的单克隆抗体（以下简称单抗），并以此建立了能特异检测肠炎门沙氏菌的快速酶联免疫吸附试验和凝集试验。ＥＬＩＳＡ和常规微生物学分离定系统能检出１００％鸡蛋和９９．８％不同野外和人工接种样品中的炎沙门氏菌，滴定试验表明ＥＬＩＳＡ可检出１０＾４个细菌。     

泄殖腔棉拭子检测禽白血病病毒p27抗原作为净化指标的评估

为了彻底消灭禽白血病病毒(ALV)感染,北京市华都峪口禽业有限责任公司在2009~2016年期间对京红和京粉两个蛋鸡品种原种鸡群的6个配套系开展了全面检测和净化,蛋清、胎粪和泄殖腔棉拭子样品ALV p27抗原检测及血浆病毒分离率数据表明,在实施净化前,部分配套系在蛋清、胎粪的ALV p27抗原检测及血浆病毒分离三项指标上都出现一定的阳性率,但随着净化的实施,这三项指标的阳性率迅速下降,并在最近5年稳定保持在零检出。在此期间,泄殖腔棉拭子p27阳性率仅从12.1%缓慢下降,维持在3.5%~5.4%。在其他三项指标已连续多年维持在零检出时,泄殖腔棉拭子p27的检测阳性率极大可能为假阳性。比较不同采样人员、采样部位、样品处理方法对ALV p27抗原检测的影响表明,不同人员采集的泄殖腔棉拭子样品p27抗原阳性检出率不稳定;不同部位采集的棉拭子样品p27抗原检出率不同,泄殖腔棉拭子样品p27抗原阳性率比阴道棉拭子样品高31%;样品的处理方式对检测结果也有不同程度的影响,如p27抗原的检出率随样品稀释液用量的增加而降低,冻融样品阳性率显著高于未冻融样品的阳性率。综合以上结果表明泄殖腔棉拭子ALV p27抗原检测不适合作为禽白血病净化的检测指标。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染对蛋鸡生产肠炎沙门氏菌污染蛋和感染肠炎沙门氏菌敏感性的影响

为揭示球虫感染对蛋鸡的肠炎沙门氏菌敏感性及鸡蛋的肠炎沙门氏菌污染率的影响而进行了本研究。结果显示,柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染对蛋鸡生产肠炎沙门氏菌污染蛋及感染肠炎沙门氏菌的敏感性均具有增强作用。具体表现为：柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染可使肠炎沙门氏菌污染蛋壳显著增多（Ｐ＜０．０５）;球虫感染鸡所产蛋,无论是新鲜的还是贮存１周后的,其蛋内容物的肠炎沙门氏菌阳性率比仅感染肠炎沙门氏菌鸡所产蛋要高;球虫感染鸡盲肠中的沙门氏菌阳性率和沙门氏菌数显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０１）;球虫感染鸡输卵管中的肠炎沙门氏菌也有增多;球虫感染使泄殖腔拭子的肠炎沙门氏菌阳性率增加。研究结果表明,柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染可以增加鸡群中肠炎沙门氏菌的水平及其垂直传播的危险。     

北京地区健康肉鸡携带沙门氏菌状况调查

禽源沙门氏菌是一种重要的人畜共患病原菌和食源性病原菌。肉鸡作为人肠炎沙门氏菌感染的主要来源,目前国内对其沙门氏菌携带状况的研究资料较少。为了解北京地区健康肉鸡中沙门氏菌的携带情况,本研究共采集该地区28个肉鸡养殖场的盲肠或泄殖腔拭子样品1310份,进行沙门氏菌的分离和鉴定,总共分离出沙门氏菌54株。血清分型结果表明,肠炎和爪哇安那为两种优势血清型,所占比例分别为31.5%和25.9%;其次是禽伤寒,占比9.3%。本研究为北京地区肉鸡场沙门氏菌病的防控及首都公共卫生安全提供了基础资料。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.