0～3周龄肉仔鸡日粮中维生素E的适宜供给量研究

为了探讨０～３周龄肉仔鸡日粮中维生素Ｅ的适宜供给量,将一日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡９００只分成５个处理组,每组含６个供测定生产性能用的重复小组（各小组２２只,公母各半）和１个含公雏鸡４５只的小组,以便采血、屠宰取器官供测定α生育酚和硫巴比妥酸反应物质（ＴＢＡＲＳ）。各组的基础日粮相同,含α生育酚１３ｍｇ／ｋｇ,各组日粮中分别添加ｄｌα生育酚醋酸酯０、５、１０、５０和１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ。试验结果表明,０～３周龄肉仔鸡的玉米豆粕豆油型日粮中不同维生素Ｅ水平不明显影响采食量;维生素Ｅ含量达到１８～２３ｍｇ／ｋｇ以上才能维持肉仔鸡正常的快速生长及１１～２１日龄阶段血浆恒定的α生育酚含量,当日粮中只含维生素Ｅ１３ｍｇ／ｋｇ时,血浆和肝脏中α生育酚明显随鸡日龄增大而耗竭（Ｐ＜００５）。日粮中维生素Ｅ含量达到１１３ｍｇ／ｋｇ时,肉仔鸡肝脏组织的α生育酚含量在各日龄点明显最高（Ｐ＜００５）且较恒定,ＴＢＡＲＳ值在１１、１６及２１日龄时最低且与含维生素Ｅ１３ｍｇ／ｋｇ和１８ｍｇ／ｋｇ组的差异显著,说明抗氧化能力最强。     

0-3周龄肉仔鸡日粮中维生素E的适宜供给量研究

为了探讨０－３周龄肉仔鸡日粮中维生素Ｅ的适宜供给量，将一日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡９００只分成５个处理组，每组含６个供测定生产性能用的重复小组（各小组２２只，公母各半）和１个含公雏鸡４５只的小组，以便采血、屠宰取器官供测定α－生育酚和硫巴比妥酸反应物质（ＴＢＡＲＳ）。各组的基础日粮相同，含α－生育酚１３ｍｇ／ｋｇ，各组日粮中分别添加ｄｌ－α－生育酚醋酸酯０、５、１０、５０和１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ。试验结果表明，０－３周龄肉仔鸡的玉米－豆粕－豆油型日粮中不同维生素Ｅ水平不明显影响采食量；维生素Ｅ含量达到１８－２３…     

饲粮铜和维生素 Ａ及其互作效应对肉仔鸡生长性能及抗氧化功能的影响

本研究旨在探讨铜和维生素 Ａ及其互作效应对肉仔鸡生长性能及抗氧化功能的影响。试验选用 １日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡 ４４８只，随机分为 ８组，每组 ４个重复，每个重复 １４只鸡。采用４×２（铜 ×维生素 Ａ）完全随机设计，饲粮铜的添加量分别为 ０、８、１５０、２２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，维生素 Ａ的添加量分别为 １５００、５０００ＩＵ／ｋｇ，分为 ２个生长阶段，前期为 １～４周龄，后期为 ５～７周龄。结果表明：１）高铜（１５０、２２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ）抑制了全期肉仔鸡生长性能，提高了全期血清铜蓝蛋白（Ｃｐ）和后期血清总超氧化物歧化酶（Ｔ ＳＯＤ）活性（Ｐ＜０．０５）。２）５０００ＩＵ／ｋｇ维生素 Ａ组获得较好的生长性能，提高了全期血清 Ｔ ＳＯＤ活性，降低了前期血清 Ｃｐ活性（Ｐ＜０．０５）。３）铜和维生素 Ａ互作效应对前期体增重、血清 Ｃｐ和 Ｔ ＳＯＤ活性及全期料重比有显著影响（Ｐ＜０．０５），且二者间存在互补作用。铜（８ｍｇ／ｋｇ）×维生素 Ａ（５０００ＩＵ／ｋｇ）组与铜（０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）×维生素 Ａ（５０００ＩＵ／ｋｇ）组对前期肉仔鸡获得良好生长性能和提高血清 Ｔ ＳＯＤ活性均有促进作用，但对血清 Ｃｐ活性有显著降低作用（Ｐ＜０．０５）。由此可见，在基础饲粮铜水平为 １６～２３ｍｇ／ｋｇ时，铜的适 宜 添 加 量 为 前 期 ８ｍｇ／ｋｇ，后 期 ０～８ｍｇ／ｋｇ；全 期 维 生 素 Ａ 的 适 宜 添 加 量 为５０００ＩＵ／ｋｇ。     

不同形式铬对肉仔鸡生产性能、营养物质代谢和器官重的影响

本试验以肉仔鸡为对象 ,研究了３种铬源对肉仔鸡生产性能、营养物质代谢和组织器官重的影响。采用２８０只１４日龄ＡＡ肉仔鸡 ,随机分成１０组 ,每组４重复（公母各半） ,每重复７只鸡。其中１组为对照组 ,饲喂基础日粮 ,其余９组添加０．４ｍｇ／ｋｇ、０．８ｍｇ／ｋｇ、１．２ｍｇ／ｋｇ 水平的氯化铬、蛋氨酸铬、烟酸铬 ,试验期３周。结果表明 :①铬对３、４周龄肉仔鸡的采食量、平均日增重和饲料转化率无显著影响。０．４ｍｇ／ｋｇ 和１．２ｍｇ／ｋｇ氯化铬显著提高了第５周肉仔鸡的采食量（Ｐ＜０．０５） ;０．４ｍｇ／ｋｇ 蛋氨…     

饲粮不同维生素 Ｅ水平对鹅生产性能、胴体品质、血清生化指标和生殖激素含量的影响

本试验以 ０～１２周龄肝用型鹅为研究对象,通过探讨饲粮不同维生素 Ｅ水平对青农灰鹅生产性能、胴体品质、血清生化指标和生殖激素含量的影响,确定育雏、育成期鹅维生素 Ｅ的需要量。试验选择 １日龄青农灰鹅 １８０只,随机分为 ６个处理,每个处理 ３个重复,每个重复 １０只。试验鹅饲喂在玉米 －豆粕型饲粮的基础上分别添加 ０（对照组）、５、１０、２０、４０、８０ＩＵ／ｋｇ维生素 Ｅ的饲粮,试验期为 １２周。结果表明：１）与对照组相比,饲粮添加 ４０、８０ＩＵ／ｋｇ维生素 Ｅ可显著提高 ０～４周龄鹅平均日增重和平均日采食量（Ｐ＜０．０５）,饲粮添加 ４０ＩＵ／ｋｇ维生素 Ｅ可显著提高 ５～１２周龄鹅平均日增重和平均日采食量（Ｐ＜０．０５）。２）饲粮添加 ４０、８０ＩＵ／ｋｇ维生素 Ｅ可显著降低 １２周龄鹅胸肌剪切力和失水率（Ｐ＜０．０５）,饲粮添加 ８０ＩＵ／ｋｇ维生素 Ｅ可显著提高 １２周龄鹅半净膛率和胸肌率（Ｐ＜０．０５）。３）提高饲粮维生素 Ｅ水平可显著提高 ４周龄鹅血清尿素氮含量（Ｐ＜０．０５）,显著降低１２周龄鹅血清尿素氮含量（Ｐ＜０．０１）,饲粮添加４０ＩＵ／ｋｇ维生素 Ｅ可显著提高 ４周龄和 １２周龄鹅血清碱性磷酸酶活性（Ｐ＜０．０５）。４）与对照组相比,４０、８０ＩＵ／ｋｇ维生素 Ｅ组１２周龄母鹅血清中雌二醇含量显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）,促卵泡素含量显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）。２０、４０、８０ＩＵ／ｋｇ维生素 Ｅ组 １２周龄公鹅血清中雌二醇、睾酮含量均显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）,促卵泡素含量显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）。本研究结论如下：１）维生素 Ｅ对鹅的生产性能、胴体品质、血清中尿酸、尿素氮、生殖激素含量和碱性磷酸酶活性具有一定调控作用;２）根据建立的回归方程确定肝用型鹅饲粮维生素 Ｅ最适添加量为：０～４周龄４２．９８ＩＵ／ｋｇ,５～１２周龄 ３８．９２～４３．４１ＩＵ／ｋｇ;３）根据鹅血清中生殖激素含量的变化确定饲粮维生素 Ｅ最低添加量为２０ＩＵ／ｋｇ。     

日粮中添加高剂量铜对肉用仔鸡生长和肝,粪铜浓度的影响

用１６４只１周龄ＡＡ肉用仔鸡进行的两次试验结果显示，在含铜８－１４ｍｇ／ｋｇ的玉米－豆饼日粮中，添加１２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ铜，提高４－７周龄平均增重７．１－１０．８＾，提高１－３周龄平均增重２．１－２．５％或６．２％，降低１－３周龄饲料／增重６．３－１５．３％，添加１２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ铜，对胸肌含水量无影响，明显提高了肝铜含量，但度不太大，由对照组的１３．８ｍｇ／ｋｇ提高到２３．８ｍｇ／ｋｇ，而正常鸡肝含铜     

不同氟来源和不同氟水平对0～3周肉仔鸡脂肪代谢的影响

选用２００只一日龄ＡＶＩＡＮ肉仔鸡随机分成１０组,除对照组为３８只外,每组为１８只,研究不同氟源和不同氟水平对０～３周肉仔鸡脂肪代谢的影响。氟源有３种,分别为氟化钠（ＮａＦ）,添加水平为３５０、７００、１０５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ,氟化钙（ＣａＦ２）,添加水平为３５０、７００、１０５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ,磷酸氢钙（ＣａＨＰＯ４）,添加水平为２５０、３５０、５５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ。对照组则采用低氟磷酸氢钙配制,含氟为６０ｍｇ／ｋｇ。研究结果表明在同一氟源下,随日粮肉仔鸡氟含量的增加,肝氟含量增加（Ｐ＜０．０１）,而肝脂降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）;血清胆固醇和甘油三脂含量基本呈下降趋势（Ｐ＜０．０５）;不同氟源的日粮对肝脂、血清胆固醇和甘油三脂的影响程度存在一定的差别。ＮａＦ和ＣａＨＰＯ４使肝脂、血清胆固醇和甘油三脂下降趋势比ＣａＦ２更显著些。     

饲粮铬对0—3周龄肉鸡生长,血清生化特性和免疫功能的影响

用１日龄Ａｒｂｏｒ Ａｃｒｅｓ（ＡＡ）商品代肉公鸡３８４只,研究饲粮添加铬源与铬水平对００－３周龄肉鸡生长,血清生化特性和免疫功能的影响。试鸡按体重随机分成８组,分别喂以添加铬的玉米－豆粕型基础饲粮（含铬０．３４ｍｇ／ｋｇ）及这种基础饲粮分别添加０．４,２．０,１０．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ铬分别源于三氯化铬和酵母铬的饲粮以及２０．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ铬源于三氯化铬的饲粮。     

日粮钙,锌水平对肉仔鸡增重及胫骨状况的影响

选用１日龄艾力肉仔鸡２４０只，随机分为６组，分别给予６种日粮处理，即在玉米－豆粕型 添加两种钙水平，三种锌水平（０ｍｇ／ｋｇ、１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ及１０００ｍｇ／ｋｇ）。结果表明，日粮锌及钙锌互作对肉仔鸡增重有极显著影响，但高钙对肉仔鸡增重无显著影响；日粮钙、锌水平对肉仔鸡胫骨钙、锌含量有极显著影响，对胫骨长影响显著；但胫骨磷含量不受日粮钙、锌水平的影响。     

饲用左旋咪唑对肉仔鸡免疫功能调节作用的研究

试验用刚出壳的ＡＡ 商品代肉用公雏 ３７８ 只,随机分成 ３ 组,每组 １２６ 只分成 ９ 个重复。以玉米 豆粕型日粮为基础日粮,喂给三种日粮即无药组（１ 组或对照组）、添加左咪唑（ｌｅｖａｍ ｉｓｏｌｅ,ＬＥＶ）１０（２ 组）和３０ｍ ｇ／ｋｇ 饲料（３ 组）。检测肉仔鸡每周体重、耗料量,４ 和 ６ 周龄胸腺、脾脏和法氏囊重量及其免疫器官指数,以及外周血中 Ｔ 或Ｂ淋巴细胞对不同丝裂原的反应性。结果表明：（１）在肉仔鸡日粮中添加 ３０ｍ ｇ／ｋｇ 的 ＬＥＶ 可使胸腺、脾脏和法氏囊的重量及其指数明显增加（Ｐ＜ ０．０５）;添加１０ｍ ｇ／ｋｇ 的ＬＥＶ 对免疫器官重量也有一定的促进作用,但差异并不显著（Ｐ＞ ０．０５）。试验证明ＬＥＶ 对免疫器官的生长发育有明显的促进作用。（２）４２ 日龄时３ 组肉仔鸡外周血Ｔ 淋巴细胞对丝裂原 Ｃｏｎ Ａ刺激的反应性以及 Ｂ 淋巴细胞对丝裂原 ＬＰＳ刺激的反应性明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜ ０．０５）,说明添加３０ｍ ｇ／ｋｇＬＥＶ 会增强细胞免疫和体液免疫功能。（３）随着日粮中 ＬＥＶ 添加量的增加,肉仔鸡的增重速率和饲料转化率都有相应改善,添加 ３０ｍ ｇ／ｋｇＬＥＶ 对二者的改善程度分别为 ７．３３％ 和 ５．１５％ ,?     

Effects of dietary supplementation with vitamin C or vitamin E on cardiac lipid peroxidation and growth performance in broilers at risk of developing ascites syndrome

OBJECTIVE: To assess effects of high dietary amounts of vitamin C or vitamin E and oxidative stress on the heart and growth performance of broilers maintained at an altitude of 2,200 m above sea level. ANIMALS: 360 chicks (1-day-old broilers). PROCEDURE: Birds were randomly assigned to 3 groups (120 chicks/group). Each group of birds was fed a specific diet (control group, basal diet containing 12 mg of vitamin E (DL-alpha-tocopherol acetate)/kg of feed without additional ascorbic acid; vitamin E group, basal diet supplemented with 75 mg of vitamin E/kg of feed; and vitamin C group, basal diet supplemented with 400 mg of ascorbic acid/kg of feed) throughout the entire 7 weeks of the study. Feed consumption and body weight of chicks were recorded on a weekly basis. Nine randomly selected birds from each group were euthanatized each week. Remaining birds were euthanatized at the end of the study. Samples of cardiac tissues were obtained to measure thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), an indicator of oxidative stress. RESULTS: Vitamin E-supplemented diets resulted in better growth performance, lower rates of feed conversion, and lower TBARS content. Vitamin C-supplemented diets resulted in lower feed consumption and lower rates of feed conversion. When used separately, neither of the vitamins had any effect on mortality attributable to ascites syndrome. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: It is recommended that diets supplemented with vitamin C, vitamin E, or both be fed to broilers maintained at an altitude of 2,200 m above sea level to improve growth performance.     

Effects of supplemental vitamin E during the laying period on the reproductive performance of Taiwan native chickens

1. One-day-old Taiwan Native Breeder female chicks were fed on maize/soybean growing diets without supplemental vitamin E from hatch to 17 weeks of age. After 17 weeks the birds (n = 300) were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatments and fed on maize/soybean laying diets supplemented with 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 mg/kg of vitamin E (dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate), respectively, until 46 weeks of age. The variates measured included: age at first egg, feed consumption (FC), feed efficiency (FE), egg production (EP), egg weight (EW), egg specific gravity (ESG), eggshell strength (ESS), fertility and hatchability. 2. The addition of 120mg/kg of vitamin E lowered the first EW (P<0.05); however, there was no significant difference in the age or body weight (BW) of pullets at first egg or mortality rate to 46 weeks of age among the treatments. FE and egg mass were improved (P<0.05) in pullets fed 80 mg/kg of supplemental vitamin E. A significant increase in EP was observed after peak EP in pullets given 80 mg/kg of supplemental vitamin E. However, this favourable effect decreased as supplemental vitamin E exceeded 80 mg/kg. 3. From 17 to 46 weeks of age, egg quality (ESG and ESS) decreased with age. However, there was no correlation between age and fertility or hatchability during the experimental period, suggesting that egg quality is more age-sensitive than reproductive performance for breeder pullets. 4. Compared with the control, fertility and hatchability of all eggs set for the treatment with 80 mg/kg supplemental vitamin E increased by 7.7 and 13.4%, respectively. There was no difference in the hatchability of fertile eggs. 5. These results suggest that using supplemental vitamin E during the laying period can improve the reproductive performance of breeder pullets. The addition of 80 mg/kg of vitamin E obtained the best performance in EP, egg mass, FE (feed/egg), hatchability and fertility.     

Effects of supplemental vitamin E during the mature period on the reproduction performance of Taiwan Native Chicken cockerels

One-day-old Taiwan native male chicks were fed with maize-soybean rearing diets without supplemental vitamin E to 23 weeks of age. From 23 to 52 weeks of age, the cockerels (n = 90) were assigned at random to 5 dietary treatments and fed with maize-soybean diets supplemented with 0, 20, 40, 80 and 160 mg/kg of vitamin E (dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate). Pullets (225) of the same age were fed with standard diets throughout. They were artificially inseminated with one dose of 0.04 ml/bird intact and 5-fold diluted pooled semen at 31 to 43 weeks of age and at 49 weeks of age, respectively. The criteria evaluated included: semen quality, fertility and maximum and effective duration of fertility, blood characteristics, body and testes weight. Supplemental vitamin E did not affect cockerels' effective duration of fertility and percentage of fertility. However, when pullets were inseminated with diluted semen, supplementing 160 mg/kg vitamin E increased the maximum duration of fertility at 49 weeks of age. Cockerels receiving 40 to 160mg/kg supplements had higher sperm viability and motility after 39 weeks of age and those fed 80 mg/kg had higher sperm concentration at 39 weeks of age. Cockerels receiving supplements of more than 40 mg/kg vitamin E had higher body weight gain. Plasma cholesterol and testosterone were not affected by supplemental vitamin E. However, plasma luteinising hormone (LH) concentration was lower in cockerels fed 160 mg/kg. Lack of supplemental vitamin E over 39 weeks was associated with lower semen quality but did not reduce the proportion of fertile eggs laid by inseminated hens, perhaps because the insemination dose compensated for low sperm quality. We found that the maximum duration of fertility might be improved by supplementing 160 mg/kg vitamin E at 49 weeks of age.     

Dietary fish and evening primrose oil with vitamin E effects on semen variables in cockerels

Our aim was to determine the effect of n-3 (2%, wt/wt, fish oil rich diet) and n-6 (2%, wt/wt, evening primrose oil rich diet) fatty acid dietary supplementation and their combination with two concentrations of vitamin E (40 vs 200 mg/kg) on semen variables and on fatty acid and vitamin E profiles of spermatozoa in broiler breeders at 32, 42 and 52 weeks of age. The inclusion of fish oil in the cockerel diets increased the docosahexaenoic acid proportion in the sperm phospholipid fraction, which was almost threefold higher compared to the other two groups irrespective of vitamin E supplementation. In contrast, an increase in the proportion of total n-6 polyunsaturates, mainly 22:4n-6, was observed in the evening primrose oil group compared to the control only when the dietary content of vitamin E was increased to 200 mg/kg. Sperm concentration was decreased in the fish and evening primrose oil groups if vitamin E was 40 mg/kg, but such an effect was prevented in the fish, not the evening primrose oil group, by increasing the vitamin E to 200 mg. The proportion of motile spermatozoa was improved by the increased supplementation of vitamin E in all oil treatments.     

欧亚鲈幼鱼饲料中维生素C适宜含量的研究

选用初始体质量为(7.46±0.29)g的欧亚鲈幼鱼为试验对象,投喂6种不同水平的维生素C(0、50、100、200、400和800 mg/kg)的试验饲料,饲养8周,探讨欧亚鲈幼鱼饲料维生素C的适宜含量。结果表明,饲料中维生素C添加量从0.0升高到100 mg/kg时,鱼体增重率呈上升趋势,添加量为100 mg/kg显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但添加量继续增大,对鱼体增重率无显著变化(P>0.05);经折线模型分析表明,欧亚鲈鱼种达到最大生长时,饲料中的维生素C的最低添加量为93.58 mg/kg。欧亚鲈肝脏中维生素C含量随着饲料中维生素C(0～200 mg/kg)的增加而显著升高(P<0.05),但添加量继续升高,则肝脏中维生素C达到饱和状态,经折线分析表明,肝脏中维生素C达到饱和时,饲料中的维生素C的最低添加量为149.27 mg/kg。急性胁迫前,各组血糖之间无显著差异(P>0.05),急性胁迫后,血糖升高峰值最低和恢复最快的是饲料中维生素C为400～800 mg/kg。在本试验条件下,欧亚鲈幼鱼达到最大生长、肝脏维生素C饱和及抗拥挤胁迫的维生素C适宜添加量分别为93.58、149.27 mg/kg和400 mg/kg。     

肉仔鸡体内锌和维生素A互作效应及其对锌表观存留率的影响

本研究采用二因素多水平有重复实验设计 ,研究了日粮中不同锌和维生素A水平对肉仔鸡体内维生素A代谢、锌在肝脏和胫骨中的沉积及锌表观存留率的影响。锌的添加水平为40、80、120、160、200、320mg/kg;维生素A的添加水平为2700和8800IU/kg。结果表明 ,在相同的维生素A水平下 ,血清维生素A浓度随日粮锌水平的提高而提高 ,肝脏的维生素A浓度则相应下降 ,说明锌对动员肝脏维生素A入血有重要作用。但当锌的添加量为320mg/kg 时 ,血清、肝脏和肾脏的维生素A浓度均较高 ,说明日粮较高的锌水平在动员肝脏维生素A入血的同时 ,可能也促进了肠道对维生素A的吸收。日粮较高水平的维生素A(8800IU/kg)有促进肝脏和胫骨锌沉积的趋势。日粮锌水平对锌的表观存留率有显著影响 ,表观存留率随锌水平的提高先提高 ,而后又下降     

Influence of dietary rapeseed oil, vitamin E, and copper on the performance and the antioxidative and oxidative status of pigs.

We investigated the effects of dietary copper and vitamin E in diets containing 6% rapeseed oil on the performance and the antioxidative and oxidative status of growing pigs. The 10 dietary treatments consisted of a basal diet (9 mg of vitamin E/kg feed, 15 mg of Cu/kg feed), the basal diet + 6% rapeseed oil (Diet 1; 18 mg of vitamin E/kg feed, 15 mg of Cu/kg feed), and Diet 1 plus supplements of vitamin E (0, 100, and 200 mg of dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate/kg feed) and copper (0, 35, and 175 mg of Cu/ kg feed) in a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Eight or nine pigs were given ad libitum access to each diet from 25 to 100 kg of live weight. The inclusion of rapeseed oil tended (P < .10) to improve ADG and feed utilization. Compared with the addition of 35 mg of Cu/kg, the addition of 175 mg/kg improved growth rate and increased feed intake early in the experiment, but, over the total experiment, neither 35 nor 175 mg of Cu/kg affected performance. Compared with the addition of 100 mg of vitamin E/kg or no addition, the addition of 200 mg/kg reduced ADG over the total experiment (P = .05). The antioxidative and oxidative status of the pigs was evaluated in terms of blood and liver concentrations of antioxidants (alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, vitamin A, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase), prooxidants (Cu), concentrations of lipids (triglycerides and cholesterol), fatty acid composition, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), and clinical chemical (creatine kinase and glutamate-oxaloacetate-transaminase) and hematological variables that indicate the level of oxidative stress. There were no vitamin E deficiency signs or increased oxidative stress in pigs fed low dietary vitamin E levels, and no prooxidative effect of Cu was found. Increasing dietary levels of vitamin E increased the concentration of alpha-tocopherol in plasma and liver. Supplementation with Cu increased liver concentrations of Cu and alphatocopherol. The progression in liver TBARS was reduced by the addition of vitamin E and Cu. The addition of rapeseed oil changed the fatty acid composition of liver, increased alpha-tocopherol concentration in plasma and Cu concentration in liver, and reduced the rate of lipid oxidation in liver. In conclusion, even though the effects were minor, vitamin E, Cu, and rapeseed oil improved the antioxidative status of the live pigs.     

Effect of selenium and vitamin E content of the maternal diet on the antioxidant system of the yolk and the developing chick

1. The effects of selenium and vitamin E supplementation of the maternal diet on their transfer to the egg yolk and tissues of the newly hatched chick and on the development of the antioxidant system in the chick liver in early postnatal life were investigated. 2. One hundred Cobb broiler breeder hens were divided into 10 equal groups and housed in pens at 25 weeks of age. Each hen received 1 of the treatment diets which included 0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg selenium, 40, 100, 200 mg/kg vitamin E or their combination. After 6 weeks, the hens were artificially inseminated once per week. From week 8, eggs were collected and placed in an incubator. After hatching, chicks from each group were reared (under standard commercial conditions) to 10 d of age. The chicks were fed on a standard starter commercial broiler diet. At the time of hatching, and at 5 and 10 days old, 4 chicks from each group were sacrificed and blood, liver and brain were collected for the subsequent biochemical analyses. 3. The inclusion of organic selenium or vitamin E in the commercial diet significantly increased their concentration in the egg and in the liver of 1-d-old chicks obtained from the eggs enriched with these substances. A positive effect of such dietary supplementation was seen at d 5 and d 10 of postnatal development. 4. There was a positive effect of selenium supplementation of the maternal diet on glutathione concentration in the liver of 1-d-old and 5-d-old chicks. A combination of a dietary selenium supplementation with high vitamin E doses further increased glutathione concentration in the liver. Dietary selenium supplementation significantly increased selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GSH-Px) activity in the liver of the 1-d-old and 5-d-old chicks and decreased liver susceptibility to peroxidation. 6. It is concluded that the nutritional status of the laying hen determines the efficiency of the antioxidant system throughout embryonic and early postnatal development of the offspring.     

Effects of continuous supplementations of ascorbic acid, aspirin, vitamin E and selenium on some haematological parameters and serum superoxide dismutase level in broiler chickens

1. This study was conducted using male broiler chickens to determine the effects of ascorbic acid, aspirin, ascorbic acid+aspirin, vitamin E+selenium and ascorbic acid+aspirin+vitamin E+selenium supplementations on haematological parameters and serum superoxide dismutase concentration. 2. One hundred and twenty day-old male Hubbunt broiler chicks were randomly divided into 6 experimental groups of 20 chicks each and placed in different pens. Groups 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 were given a diet supplemented with ascorbic acid, aspirin (in water), ascorbic acid+aspirin, vitamin E+selenium and ascorbic acid+aspirin+vitamin E+selenium, respectively for 45 d while group 1 was given a commercial broiler diet. 3. There was no significant effect of ascorbic acid, aspirin, ascorbic acid+aspirin, vitamin E+selenium supplementations on any of the haematological parameters (red blood cell, haemoglobin, haematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular haemoglobin) in broilers but ascorbic acid+aspirin+vitamin E+selenium supplementation significantly decreased the white blood cell counts. 4. In addition to this, ascorbic acid, aspirin, ascorbic acid+aspirin and ascorbic acid+aspirin+vitamin E+selenium supplementations had no significant effect on the serum superoxide dismutase level, but vitamin E+selenium supplementation increased the serum superoxide dismutase level.     

Effect of supplementation of vitamin E, selenium and their different combinations on the performance and immune response of broilers

1. The effect of dietary vitamin E, selenium (Se) and their different combinations on body weight gain, food consumption, food conversion efficiency, leukocyte migration inhibition and antibody production was determined in broilers. 2. Chicks were fed on maize-soya bean based diets with concentrations of supplemental vitamin E varying from 0 to 300 IU/kg and selenium concentrations varying from 0 to 1 mg/kg either alone or in combination from 1 to 42 d of age. 3. The chicks were immunised for Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) vaccine at 21 d. Per cent leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) was studied on 42 d. Antibodies to NDV in serum were determined at 10 and 21 d post immunisation (PI). 4. Chicks receiving Se, 1 mg/kg and vitamin E 300 IU/kg had significantly higher cellular immune responses in terms of per cent LMI. 5. Maximum body weight gain and best efficiency of food utilisation were obtained in chicks fed diets containing 0.50 mg/kg Se and 300 IU/kg vitamin E. 6. Significantly higher antibody titres (HI and ELISA) at 10 d PI were attributed to 0.06 mg/kg and 150 IU/kg Se and vitamin E, respectively. 7. These data suggest that optimum growth and immune response may be achieved at supplemental level of Se of 0.06 mg/kg and vitamin E at 150 IU/kg. The vitamin E level is higher than that recommended by NRC (1984, 1994).