高氮条件下不同黄瓜品种氮素吸收利用的差异

为了研究高氮条件下黄瓜对氮素吸收利用的特性,以5个黄瓜品种为材料,在高氮地块中研究施氮和不施氮水平下黄瓜品种氮素吸收利用的差异。结果表明：施氮处理中黄瓜品种产量、干物质量及总吸氮量无显著差异,在氮素利用效率上有显著差异;在不施氮处理中黄瓜品种产量、干物质量、总吸氮量及氮素利用效率均有显著差异。相关分析及通径分析表明,土壤高氮情况下不论施肥与否,氮素利用效率对黄瓜产量起主导作用。     

吉林省绿豆品种形态性状分析

对吉林省21个绿豆品种的16个形态性状进行了分析,结果表明所有绿豆品种的生长习性、荚色、粒色无多样性,单株产量的多样性指数最高为1.520,荚形的多样性指数最低为0.736。基于形态性状的聚类分析可划分为6大组群。吉林省绿豆品种亲缘关系较近,群体遗传基础狭窄,应拓展亲本来源,改善群体结构。     

美洲黑杨无性系生长和材性性状遗传变异与选择

本研究为了解美洲黑杨无性系生长与木材材性性状遗传变异及相关性,以泗洪县陈圩林场11个美洲黑杨无性系为材料,通过方差分析、遗传参数估算和相关分析等方法,分析杨树无性系生长性状与材性性状的遗传变异规律及性状间相关性,并在此基础上开展杨树优良无性系生长与材性性状的联合选择。结果发现,生长与材性各性状变异在无性系间存在显著或极显著的差异。树高、胸径和材积性状的遗传力分别为0.735、0.760和0.764,遗传变异系数分别为9.14%、15.40%和32.33%,生长性状的变异主要来源于各无性系遗传基础的差异。基本密度、气干密度、抗弯强度、抗压强度和抗弯弹性模量性状的遗传力分别为0.818、0.708、0.635、0.238和0.320,遗传变异系数分别为6.15%、5.67%、6.30%、3.96%和4.82%,表明前3个材性性状变异主要来源于无性系遗传差异,后2个性状受环境影响较大。相关分析结果表明,美洲黑杨树高、胸径和材积之间正相关极显著;基本密度、抗弯强度和抗压强度等材性指标之间呈显著或极显著正相关;生长性状与材性性状间的相关性不显著。利用综合指数选择法开展了美洲黑杨11个无性系的生长...     

‘蜂糖李’栽培群体果实性状遗传多样性及数量分类分析

为深入了解‘蜂糖李’栽培群体的遗传多样性，对‘蜂糖李’栽培群体中的74个李单株的26个果实性状（12个数量性状和14个描述型性状）开展数量分类研究，并与‘蜂糖李’果实性状进行比较，旨在为贵州地方李资源科学保护和合理开发利用提供参考。根据《李种质资源描述规范和数据标准》，采用性状分布频率、变异系数、Shannon-Wiener信息指数、Simpson遗传多样性指数、表观聚类、主成分分析和显著性差异分析等方法进行分析研究。结果表明：（1）26个果实性状的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson遗传多样性指数的范围分别为0.3425～2.1838和0.1928～0.8775;14个描述型性状中，果核形状无变异类型，其余描述型性状平均变异类型2.9个；12个数量性状的变异系数为0.50%～31.92%，其中Vc变异系数最大，其次为单果重。（2）Q型聚类分析结果显示，在欧式距离为16.65时，可将74份材料分为A、B、C、D 4个组群，各组群材料数依次为16、12、28、18份。其中A组群、B组群、C组群与‘蜂糖李’亲缘关系较近，D组群与‘蜂糖李’的亲缘关系较远，且D组群与‘蜂糖李...     

群体大小和氮素营养对小黑麦子粒产量及品质的影响

试验采用裂区设计,3个密度水平,3个施氮水平,研究了不同密度和氮肥处理对小黑麦东农96026品质性状及产量的影响。结果表明,不同群体大小、不同氮素水平对子粒品质性状均产生较大影响,但不同品质性状的表现也不一致;东农96026在种植密度为450万株/hm²、施氮水平为150kg/hm²时产量结构比较协调,产量最高,品质最优。     

玉米杂交分离群体的膨爆特性分析

为了揭示爆裂玉米膨化性状的遗传特征,利用8个玉米自交系杂交组配的F₁分离群体为材料,测量了群体的膨爆特性以及百粒重、百粒体积等性状,通过相关分析和通径分析揭示各性状相互关系。结果表明：群体各性状变异系数均较大,变幅为16.56%~78.18%;膨化倍数与膨化体积、爆花率均呈极显著正相关,而与百粒重、百粒体积呈极显著负相关;膨化体积对膨化倍数有较大直接正效应,而百粒重对膨化倍数有较大直接负效应。本研究可为爆裂玉米膨爆特性遗传改良提供参考。     

氮素对燕麦冠层结构及光合特性的影响

为了研究氮素对燕麦坝莜1号的冠层结构、光合特性及产量的影响,用红外气体分析仪和冠层分析仪测定不同氮肥处理下群体的冠层结构和光合特性,同时分析了不同氮素水平下产量性状指标之间的差异性。结果表明:随着施氮量的增加,单株叶面积和叶绿素含量均显著增加,单株叶面积在整个生育期呈"M"型变化,叶绿素含量在抽穗期达到最大值。施氮量对叶面积指数和透光率的影响呈相反的变化趋势,随着施氮量的增加,叶面积指数变大,而透光率变小。随着施氮量的增加,燕麦坝莜1号旗叶净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率显著提高,胞间CO2浓度则降低。产量以N2处理(144.0 kg/hm2)最高。因此认为,合理的氮肥用量能显著改善燕麦群体的冠层结构,提高光合效率,是燕麦增产的重要农艺措施。     

黄淮麦区小麦苗期氮高效品种(系)的筛选

以黄淮麦区近年来育成的71个品种(系)为材料,采用液培法,设低氮、正常氮和高氮3个处理,对小麦苗期14个氮素利用效率相关性状进行鉴定,并以济麦22为对照品种,以苗氮素利用效率、根系氮素利用效率和总氮素利用效率3个性状为筛选指标,分别在3个氮素水平下筛选出37、27和25个氮高效品种(系),其中有14个品种(系)在3个氮营养水平下3个性状值均较高,可作为氮高效新品种选育的亲本材料。     

棉花短季直播栽培模式对产量构成及纤维品质的影响

为探索棉花短季直播高产栽培技术模式,2014年在湖南农业大学浏阳试验基地,采用"311"最优回归设计方案研究了播期、密度和施氮量对早熟品种JX0010的产量构成及纤维品质的影响。对不同处理的棉铃时空分布、棉花产量及纤维品质的分析结果表明:不同处理棉铃时间分布上以秋桃比例最大,空间分布上纵向分布以中下部成铃数所占比例大,横向分布以内围铃为主。根据结果,建立了3个栽培因子施氮量(x1)、密度(x2)、播种期(x3)与子棉产量的多项式回归方程:y=213.522+3.9331x1+6.414x2-21.4619x3-5.7541x12-4.321x22-7.5348x32~(-1)1.982x1x2-0.1645x1x3+3.5747x2x3。分析回归方程得出,单因子效应表现为播种期密度施氮量,交互作用表现为施氮量与密度的互作效应密度与播种期的互作效应施氮量与播种期的互作效应,根据回归方程得到子棉高产的最佳组合为施氮量202.35 kg·hm-2、密度6.20万株·hm-2、播种期5月19日,产量为5510.25 kg·hm-2。棉花纤维品质性状受影响的顺序为马克隆值断裂伸长率断裂比强度上半部平均长度长度整齐度指数。     

不同施氮量与优化烟叶结构耦合研究

为探索施氮量与优化烟叶结构耦合效应提高烤烟品质,以K326为材料,研究了不同施氮量与优化烟叶结构耦合对烤烟生长发育及产质量的影响。结果表明：施氮量和优化烟叶结构耦合能够影响烤烟的生育期,有利于上部叶采收成熟度的提高,烤烟农艺性状主要与施氮量有关。烤烟的经济效益随着施氮量的增加呈现先升高后降低的规律,优化烟叶结构能提高烤烟的经济效益。施氮量和优化烟叶结构耦合能够促进烤烟各部位烟叶的化学成分更加协调。综合来看,以施氮量在7.5 kg/667m2水平时进行优化烟叶结构的效果最佳。     

新疆、甘肃黍稷资源的遗传多样性与群体遗传结构研究

新疆、甘肃是我国古代丝绸之路的必经之地,同时也是黍稷的主要种植区。研究该地区黍稷种质资源的遗传多样性和群体遗传结构,对于开展黍稷起源进化研究,明确黍稷传播路径具有重要的意义。本研究利用103对SSR标记对来自新疆、甘肃的216份黍稷资源进行了遗传多样性分析,共检测到299个等位基因,平均每个位点产生2.9个等位基因,平均Shannon’s指数为0.7360,平均观测杂合度为0.6298,平均期望杂合度为0.5497,多态性信息含量指数为0.0688～0.7786,均值0.4714,具有中度多态性。216份黍稷资源的近交系数为0.5870,遗传分化系数为0.0383,遗传分化程度很小。甘肃资源的等位基因数、Shannon-Weaver多样性指数、Nei’s期望杂合度和PIC值分别为2.8252、0.7347、0.4501和0.4674,其遗传参数值均大于新疆资源,表明甘肃种质资源的遗传多样性较新疆更丰富。基于遗传距离的聚类分析将216份黍稷资源分为5个类群,类群I～IV共包含7份黍稷资源,与别的资源遗传关系较远; 96%的资源集中于类群V,在遗传距离为0.38处,类群V又分为4个亚群,亚群A和亚群D主要包含甘肃资源,亚群B和亚群C主要包含新疆资源,表明新疆与甘肃资源有明显分离和相互渗透现象。聚类分析与群体遗传结构分析结果相似,均与生态地理分布相关。     

应用ISSR分子标记分析裸大麦的遗传多样性

为研究裸大麦的遗传多样性,利用筛选得到的16条ISSR引物对收集的国内外102份裸大麦材料和1份皮大麦材料进行了遗传多样性分析,并分析了裸大麦地理分布与遗传多样性的关系。结果表明,16条ISSR引物共扩增出133条条带,大小在100~2000bp。不同引物扩增的条带数在3?15条,平均每条引物扩增出8.31条,多态性条带为113条,多态性的平均百分率为85.1%,103份材料的遗传相似系数(GS)在0.2817~6,提示裸大麦的遗传多样性较高。利用NTsys 2.1软件进行聚类分析,103份材料分为四大类,第一大类只分布在中国青海,第二大类分布在亚洲、欧洲、北美洲和非洲,第三大类分布在亚洲、北美洲和南美洲,第四大类仅分布在亚洲和北美洲,表明亚洲,尤其中国地区具有较高的遗传多样性。裸大麦的遗传多样性与其地理来源的相关性,为进一步研究裸大麦尤其是青稞起源提供了参考。     

陆地棉棉铃组分性状的基因型差异及与产量的关系

为了探明陆地棉不同产量潜力品种棉铃性状的特点,于2008—2009年比较了3个大铃基因型与3个小铃基因型棉铃组分性状的差异。结果表明,大铃基因型的单铃纤维重、单铃种子重及单铃种子数显著高于小铃基因型,单粒种子重和单粒种子纤维重差异不显著。简单相关分析表明,单铃种子数与公顷皮棉产量呈极显著正相关(0.660**),但偏相关系数或直接通径系数较小或为负值(0.179,-0.052);而单株种子数与公顷皮棉产量的简单相关系数、偏相关系数和直接通径系数均为显著或极显著的正值(0.771*,0.650**,0.917**)。因此,单株种子数可作为皮棉产量选择的可靠指标。单粒种子纤维重和铃壳率受基因型效应的显著影响,受年份效应和年份×基因型互作效应的影响均不显著。说明单粒种子纤维重和铃壳率主要受遗传因素的影响,受环境因素的影响较小。     

Characterizing the molecular and morphophysiological diversity of Italian red clover

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is the third major forage species in Europe, but there is limited information on the biodiversity and the genetic structure of landraces and natural populations which evolved in this region. The objective of this study was producing such information for Italian germplasm on the ground of molecular and morphophysiological diversity. The study included 16 Italian natural populations from a wide range of environments, four landraces representing the four traditional commercial ecotypes, and two varieties. Eight morphophysiological traits were assessed in a replicated trial under field conditions, whereas two AFLPs primer combinations with 140 polymorphic markers were recorded on a random sample of 13 genotypes per population. Ordination and classification results based on morphophysiological data clearly kept track of the type of germplasm (i.e. landrace or natural population) and its geographic origin, unlike results based on molecular markers. Euclidean distances among populations based on morphophysiological traits were not correlated with Nei’s genetic distances based on molecular markers according to Mantel’s test. Geographical distances among landrace or natural population material was correlated with distances based on morphophysiological traits but not with those based on molecular markers. The average within-population variation estimated via molecular markers was about 2.6-fold higher than that among populations, preventing an acceptable discrimination among most populations. On average, natural populations tended to have within-population variation similar to varieties and somewhat lower than landraces. Our results have implications for collection, conservation, exploitation and registration in a sui generis system of red clover genetic resources.     

陕西省野生大豆种质资源的SSR遗传多样性研究

为了研究陕西地区野生大豆的遗传多样性特点,利用SSR分子标记分析了陕西省6个野生大豆(Glycine soja)天然种群和1个栽培大豆(Glycine max)种群的遗传结构与遗传多样性。结果显示：13个位点共检测出113个等位基因,平均每个位点的等位基因数(A)为8.69个,等位基因数目范围为4~13个,有效等位基因数(N_e)范围为2.135(Satt590)~9.385 (Satt487),平均有效等因基因数为5.623;观察杂合度(H_o)变化范围为0.033~0.121,平均为0.080;预期杂合度(H_e)的变化范围为0.312~0.658,平均为0.482;种群平均Shannon遗传多样性指数(I)为0.657;野生大豆种群基因多样度比率(F_ST)为0.465。该研究显示,陕西省野生大豆具有较高水平的遗传多样性,野生大豆的遗传多样性普遍高于栽培大豆;随着海拔的不断升高,野生大豆遗传多样性变低;陕西中部、南部的野生大豆种质资源丰富、种群具有较高的遗传多样性,推测该区域为陕西省野生大豆的遗传多样性中心。     

群体构成方式对大豆百粒重全基因组选择预测准确度的影响

百粒重是大豆产量的重要构成因子,在一定条件下与产量呈显著正相关。百粒重是一个复杂的数量性状,用传统的育种方法其遗传增益不明显。本研究对280份大豆品种多年多点田间鉴定,通过混合线性模型预测获得品种百粒重的最佳线性无偏预测值。同时利用分布在大豆全基因组的5361个SNP标记鉴定参试品种基因型,结合随机回归最佳线性无偏预测模型和交互验证方法,探讨了群体构成方式对大豆百粒重的全基因组选择预测准确度的影响。结果表明,大豆百粒重的全基因组选择预测准确度变化范围为–0.15~ +0.75;群体构成方式对百粒重的预测准确度影响明显;亚群内的预测准确度(0.24~0.75)高于亚群间(?0.15~ +0.29);当群体间遗传距离由0.1566增加到0.2201时,预测准确度下降27.87%;相比随机构建的训练群体,基于群体遗传结构构建的训练群体能将百粒重的预测准确度提高2.34%。本研究明确了大豆百粒重的全基因组选择预测准确度,阐明了群体结构对大豆百粒重的全基因组选择预测准确度的影响,为大豆分子育种提供了新的思路和方法。     

马铃薯StDRO1基因的多态性鉴定及其与根系性状的关联分析

为鉴定与马铃薯根系性状相关联的StDRO1基因单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)位点,本研究对110份同源四倍体马铃薯材料StDRO1基因的编码区进行了克隆和测序,筛选其SNP,并对StDRO1的SNP位点与马铃薯总根表面积、总根体积和平均根系直径等主要根系性状参数进行了关联分析。结果显示,StDRO1第2外显子上检测到1个SNP位点,命名为G64C;第3外显子上检测到10个SNP位点,分别命名为G152A、A214G、A297G、C314T、A337T、T353C、T560A、C577A、C620A和C625A;在第4外显子上检测到1个SNP位点,命名为T793A。关联分析结果表明,StDRO1基因G152A位点在总根体积表现为GA类基因型>GG类基因型(P<0.05);C314T位点在平均根系直径表现为CC类基因型>CT类基因型(P<0.05); A337T位点在总根表面积、鲜重和干重均表现为AT类基因型>AA类基因型(P<0.05),而在平均根系直径则表现为AA类基因型>AT类基因型(...     

Adaptation of poplar leaf rust to Eastern cottonwood

Summary Genotypes of eastern cottonwood, Populus deltoides, from Kentucky or Mississippi were inoculated using a leaf disk assay with isolates of poplar leaf rust, Melampsora medusae f. sp. deltoidae (Mmd), from both locations to determine if pathogenic races differ at these locations. Disease severity measurements, including infection probability (number of uredia produced per uredospore), sporulation (number of uredospores/cm²), and the progeny/parent ratio (number of daughter uredia produced per mother uredium) were significantly higher when trees of southern origin were inoculated with isolates from southern locations as compared to isolates from northern locations. In addition, larger variation in disease severity measurements attributable to specific interactions, i.e. the variance due to isolates adjusted for virulence on a universal suscept, were found in northern than in southern isolates. These results suggest that isolates of southern origin have broader adaptation and are more virulent on local southern host genotypes than isolates of northern origin. However, the larger variance attributable to specific interactions in northern isolates indicates the potential for pathogen adaptation to resistant host genotypes in Kentucky.Journal series paper 92-8-81 of the University of Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station     

Assessing the importance of genotype × environment interaction for root traits in rice using a mapping population III: QTL analysis by mixed models

The phenotypic analysis of field experiments includes information about the experimental design, the randomization structure and a number of putative dependencies of environment and design factors on the trait investigated. In QTL studies, the genetic correlation across environments, which arises when the same set of lines is tested in multiple environments, plays an important role. This paper investigates the effect of model choice on the set and magnitude of detected root QTL in rice. Published studies on QTLs for root traits indicate that different results are obtained if varying genetic populations are used and also if different environmental conditions are included. An experiment was conducted with 168 RILs of the Bala × Azucena mapping population plus parents as checks under four environmental conditions (low light, low nitrogen, drought and a control environment). We propose a model that incorporates all relevant experimental information into a composite interval mapping approach based on a mixed model, which especially considers the correlation of genotypes in different environments. An extensive sequential model selection procedure was applied based on the phenotypic model, using the AIC to determine an appropriate random structure and Type 3 Wald F-tests for selection of fixed effects. In a first step we checked whether any of the fixed effects and random (nested) design effects could be dropped. Secondly, an appropriate covariance structure was chosen for genotype × environment interaction. In a third step Box-Cox transformations were applied based on residual analysis. We compared profiles of composite interval mapping scans with and without the inclusion of genotype × environment interaction and the experimental design information. Some distinct differences in profiles indicate that insufficient modeling of the non-QTL part can lead to an overly optimistic interpretation of QTL main effects in interval mapping. It is concluded that mixed model QTL mapping offers a reasonable way to separate environmental and genetic influences in the evaluation of quantitative genes and especially enables a more realistic assessment of QTL and QTL × environment effects than standard approaches by including all relevant effects.