无患子属种质资源种实性状变异及综合评价

【目的】对我国及越南无患子属3种1变种的天然种质资源进行综合评价并定向筛选最优种质,为无患子属良种选育提供理论支撑和选育材料。【方法】基于我国14省(市、自治区)及越南1地区的无患子、川滇无患子、毛瓣无患子及石屏无患子共200份无患子属种质资源,针对20个种实性状,利用相关性、聚类和主成分分析等统计方法,分析种实性状变异,量化评价各种质。【结果】 1)无患子属种实性状变异系数(CV)在5.46%~38.19%,平均变异系数为17.42%,以果皮皂苷质量分数(CV=38.19%)、种仁百粒质量(30.23%)和果皮百粒质量(30.29%)变异较大,果型指数(5.46%)和种型指数(5.70%)变异较小。种实性状多样性指数在1.47~2.04之间,平均多样性指数为1.95。2)果实百粒质量与果皮百粒质量( r^2=0.927)、种子百粒质量(0.768)呈极显著正相关;种子百粒质量与种壳百粒质量(0.863)、种仁百粒质量(0.635)呈极显著正相关,而油脂质量分数与果皮皂苷质量分数(-0.382)呈极显著负相关。3)聚类分析将种质划分为3大类群,类群Ⅰ为小果型,类群Ⅲ为中果型,类群Ⅱ为大果型。无患子主要属于类群Ⅰ,川滇无患子、毛瓣无患子、石屏无患子主要属于类群Ⅱ、Ⅲ。类群Ⅱ集中分布于贵州、云南区域。4)针对无患子产业油用、皂用及综合利用开展主成分分析,筛选出3类无患子属优良种质各10份,主要为无患子、毛瓣无患子种质,综合利用优良种质较平均水平增益36.85%。【结论】无患子属果皮皂苷质量分数、种仁百粒质量和果皮百粒质量为代表的产量指标变异幅度最大,为无患子良种选育提供了丰富的资源和极大的空间;无患子属对皂苷产物积累过程投入的增加要以减少对油脂积累的投入为代价,这体现了无患子属在特定生态环境中的权衡策略;筛选出油用、皂用及综合利用3类各10份无患子属最优种质,普遍分布于云南、贵州区域,推测这些区域拥有更适合发展无患子产业的优良种质和环境条件。     

Genetic diversity and association analyses of fruit traits with microsatellite ISSRs in Sapindus

Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. and S. delavayi Franchet are among the most valuable species in the genus Sapindus for their commercially exploitable plant oils and chemicals. However, few studies have addressed genetic variation and improvement for either species. We evaluated the genetic diversity of germplasm from selected plus trees within a wide region and established the relationship between fruit traits and molecular markers. An association analysis based on inter-simple sequence repeats(ISSRs)provided a genetic basis for studies of fruit traits. A total of 247 loci were detected by scanning 61 trees of S. mukorossi and S. delavayi using 16 ISSR markers. Genetic diversity parameters were estimated for selected superior trees(or germplasm) and S. mukorossi and S. delavayi were categorized into two main groups, as well as into four groups within S. mukorossi. An association analysis between the ISSR markers and 14 fruit traits used the TASSEL MLM model. A genetic structure analysis differentiated S.mukorossi and S. delavayi. Eighteen ISSR loci associated with 13 fruit traits(P<0.005) were identified, with 13, 1,and 4 loci associated with seed oil production, fruit saponin production, and fruit quality, respectively. Using this information, a core collection was selected with adequate genetic diversity and good seed oil characters. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of effectively estimating fruit trait associations in Sapindus using ISSR markers, and the method is applicable and valuable for select germplasm conservation. The markers obtained in this study are potentially useful for molecular-assisted breeding of Sapindus spp.     

油茶无性系及自然林选优调查分析

在江西省6个县进行油茶无性系及自然林选优调查分析,结果表明,长林、赣无、赣州油系列无性系优树整体表现出较好的经济性状,主要表现为鲜果含油率、平均冠幅产果量及产油量较高,高产优树较多,自然林优树整体表现低于无性系优树,但存在一部分表现高产的优树,无性系优树间、不同地区自然林优树间、同一地区自然林优树间经济性状差异较大,这为油茶选优工作提供了参考依据和空间。今后油茶选优宜重点从现行推广的无性系中进行优中选优,结合在自然林中进行一定的选择,以达到节约成本、提高效率的目标。     

Potential for genetic improvement of oil production in Melaleuca alternifolia and M. linariifolia

Variation in oil yields from plantations and natural stands of Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden and Betche) Cheel indicates considerable potential for improving plantation production through breeding. Some populations of the more widely distributed species, M. linariifolia Sm., produce a similar leaf oil and may provide opportunities to expand the genetic base of plantations. Growth and oil traits were assessed for 60 half-sib families, representing three chemical forms of Melaleuca alternifolia, and 10 half-sib families of the terpinen-4-ol rich chemical form of M. linariifolia, in a provenance/progeny trial in northern New South Wales, Australia. Differences in oil composition and coppicing between the terpinen-4-ol rich forms of the two species were significant (P < 0.05), while differences in growth traits and leaf oil yield were not significant. The difference in oil composition between northern and southern populations of M. linariifolia was as great as differences between the two species, suggesting the two regions should be considered distinct races for breeding purposes.Narrow-sense heritabilities in M. alternifolia of 0.67 for oil yield, 0.25 for plant dry weight, and 0.27 for coppice indicate substantial improvement would follow selection for single traits. However, negative genetic correlations between oil yield and plant dry weight indicate it is not possible to simultaneously achieve major gains in the two traits. Using combined index selection with a restriction on plant dry weight, expected gains of 17% in oil yield and 14% in coppicing are predicted from one generation of selection at an intensity of one tree in ten.     

Biogeographic divergence in leaf traits of Sapindus mukorossi and Sapindus delavayi and its relation to climate

To explore differences in leaf morphology between Sapindus mukorossi and Sapindus delavayi,and how the environment might drive these differences,80 germplasm samples from the Sapindus germplasm nursery in Fujian Province were selected.The study revealed a wide variation and diversity in 16 germplasm traits,both within and between species grown under the same conditions.On average,the relative contribution of intraspecific variability to total variability was more important(83%) than the relative contribution of interspecific variability(17%).PERMANOVA analysis showed differences in leaflet thickness,length,perimeter,length to width ratio,and leaf hairs or trichome density.Correlation analyses between leaf morphological traits and environmental variables indicated that leaves tended to be larger,longer,and thicker in wetter,warmer,and low-altitude conditions.Our analysis of the relationship between climate and leaf morphology revealed that S.mukorossi had a greater sensitivity to climate variation,particularly in response to mean temperatures of the coldest and warmest seasons,which led to differences in leaf traits and the distribution of the two species.These findings contribute to the understanding of leaf morphology variations in S.mukorossi and S.delavayi,and provide a basis for the collection of Sapindus germplasm resources,their cultivation and use to help address climate change.     

无患子皂甙不同提取方式试验

无患子（Sapindus mukorossi）为无患子科无患子属落叶乔木,果皮中含有大量的皂甙,是具有较大开发前景的表面活性物质.实验使用不同方法提取无患子皂甙,对比不同溶剂的提取效果,从安全生产、环保、成本控制等考虑,可选择纯净水作为提取溶剂（提取率50.96％）,浸泡时间为3天.     

甜樱桃新品系的选育研究

本试验以5~6 a生的红灯、大紫、抉择等甜樱桃品种的自然授粉的胚培苗为试材,通过对樱桃果实的大小、颜色、可溶性固形物、果肉质地、果汁含量、成熟度等经济性状的观察,明确了优质、自交可孕、不易裂果、耐贮运、适于机械采收、抗病虫、抗寒等现代育种目标,初步选育出几个优株:可溶性固形物高的I-6,平均单果重为2.66 g,最大单果重3.15 g,可溶性固形物为20%;果个较大,丰产性好的I-16,平均单果重为4.57 g,最大单果重6.14 g,可溶性固形物为16%;适于老年人鲜食的,软汁甜樱桃II-15,平均单果重为5.00 g,最大单果重5.71 g,可溶性固形物为17%以及晚熟、色黑果大的III-2,平均单果重为3.48 g、最大单果重3.53 g、可溶性固形物为16%。     

糠醛渣/木薯渣混合底物同步糖化发酵转化乙醇研究

研究了糠醛渣(FR)经不同强度绿液-过氧化氢预处理脱木质素后,与木薯渣(CR)混合进行同步糖化发酵生产乙醇,通过改变原料底物浓度、纤维素酶用量和添加无患子表面活性剂来优化混合底物同步糖化发酵条件,并分析了发酵过程中乙醇和副产物的浓度变化。结果表明,在糠醛渣预处理条件为:底物质量浓度5g/L、温度80℃、H_2O_2用量为0.6g/g、绿液用量为2mL/g(以糠醛渣计)预处理时间3h,在此条件下糠醛渣木质素脱除率可达56.5%。同步糖化发酵产乙醇条件为无患子皂素表面活性剂添加量0.5g/L,纤维素酶用量12FPU/g,纤维二糖酶用量15IU/g,预处理后的糠醛渣与木薯渣混合作底物(质量比为2∶1),底物质量浓度200g/L时,发酵120h最终乙醇质量浓度可达56.6g/L,乙醇得率为86.3%。同步糖化发酵过程中添加无患子皂素表面活性剂不仅降低了纤维素酶用量,还可延缓副产物乳酸的形成,减小甘油生产波动。     

AFLP fingerprinting of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus deltoides</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus </Emphasis>×<Emphasis Type="Italic"> canadensis</Emphasis> elite accessions

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) was used in genetic fingerprinting of 22 elite Chinese Populus deltoides and Populus × canadensis accessions. The results indicated that each of the nine AFLP primer pairs selected generated fingerprint profiles that were unique to each of the accessions. Therefore, each accession was definitively identified by any of the nine primer pairs. Furthermore, the inter-accession genetic relationships inferred based on 461 polymorphic fragments from the nine AFLP primer pairs were largely consistent with phylogenetic relationships based on morphologic traits. Bootstrap analysis showed that three AFLP primer pairs were required to obtain genetic similarity values with a maximum CV of 10% while 10 AFLP primer pairs could give a maximum CV of 5%. Thus, AFLP can readily be applied for a rapid and accurate evaluation of the degree of similarity between poplar cultivars. In this study, the number of AFLP fragments used was sufficient to establish a reliable estimate of genetic similarity among accessions, with a maximum CV of 5.12%. Therefore, the information on the genetic relationships among the poplar accessions generated in this study in connection with knowledge on agronomic traits may have an impact on poplar breeding and planting in China.     

Selection gains for essential oil traits using micropropagation of Eucalyptus polybractea

The value of eucalyptus oil for medicinal purposes is based largely on its cineole content, and the prime commercial species for pharmaceutical grade eucalyptus oil is Eucalyptus polybractea (blue mallee). This study applies a recently developed micropropagation protocol to selected elite oil yielding blue mallee seedlings and investigates the potential of a trial plantation based on micropropagated clones to increase cineole yields. The study aims to assess two micropropagated clones of blue mallee for growth and key essential oil traits in comparison to two related half-sibling families, and to assess consistency for oil traits within clones. After 23 months growth in a plantation, all ramets from the micropropagated clones appeared healthy and showed similar growth forms to the half-sibling saplings at the time of harvest. Total above ground biomass was significantly greater in the half-sibling families compared to their relative clones. Nevertheless, the foliar essential oil concentration and the proportion of the total oil as cineole was greatest in the clones compared to their related half-sibling families, reflecting the oil traits of the ortets. The oil composition profiles were very consistent within clones. This was particularly evident for cineole which had the remarkably narrow ranges of 90–92% in one clone and 92–94% in the other, suggesting strong genetic control of essential oil composition. Overall, the results suggest that micropropagation has great potential for the establishment of blue mallee plantations using genotypes selected for key oil traits. The application of the micropropagation protocol to older plants of blue mallee (for which both key oil and biomass traits are known) is likely to produce greater selection gains for cineole yield.     

海南省不同产区对越南油茶栽培性状的影响分析

为了探讨海南省不同产区的越南油茶在农艺性状和经济性状上的差异特点,本文对来自8个不同产区的越南油茶成年实生丰产树样本开展农艺性状和经济性状的调查和测定,比较不同产区间的差异。结果表明,不同产区的单株叶片和果实大小、果皮厚度等农艺性状差异显著,但叶片和果实形状无显著差异;种子数、百粒重、单位树冠面积产量等经济性状差异显著;各产区油茶油的过氧化值、皂化值和碘值差异显著,但酸价无显著差异;各产区油茶油的主要脂肪酸组成相似,但花生酸、花生-烯酸、硬脂酸这些小比重脂肪酸差异显著;理化性质和脂肪酸组成均符合《油茶籽油》(GB/T11765—2018)的质量要求,其中XS、HC、MN和HD等产区的油茶油各有表现特殊的品质因素;对全部样品作聚类分析,聚类结果打破了产区分布特征。可见,环境和基因型通过影响农艺性状如果实和种子大小等产量性状;海南不同产区的油茶油均为优质油,同时不同产区又有其特色;海南产区越南油茶的育种目标以丰产性、稳产性和抗性等的遗传改良为主。     

白榆研究利用现状及我国白榆良种化探讨与展望

白榆（Ulmus pumila）是我国分布最广、最重要的榆属树种,具有重要的经济和生态价值。然而,由于人们对白榆优良性状认识不足,近年来白榆在科研和生产等方面都未受到应有的重视。文中介绍了白榆资源地理分布情况及其生物学特性,综述了白榆研究（不同自然类型、遗传结构特性、扦插组培快繁、逆境生理响应、病虫害防治和天然活性成分分析）、利用（生态防护、用材、园林观赏和药用等）和我国白榆良种选育（种子园建设及种子区划、选择育种和杂交育种）的现状,提出了我国白榆推广应用的良种化建议,并对白榆未来的研究进行了展望,以期为进一步提升白榆的研究水平、提高白榆利用的生态和经济效益提供参考。     

Clonal variations in cone,seed and nut traits in a Pinus koraiensis seed orchard in Northeast China

Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis Siebold Zucc.)in Northeastern China has been genetically improved to increase seed yields in addition to timber.To assess seed yield variability and select highly productive clones,14 cone,seed and nut traits were measured and analyzed.Variance analysis showed that all clones were significantly different in various traits(P0.01).Phenotypic coefficients of variation and repeatability of traits ranged from 9.1 to34.4% and from 27.5 to 97.7%,respectively.Except for the cone layer and cone seed numbers,the other traits were positively or negatively correlated.Three principal components were identified.Seed and nut traits were the most important traits in the first principal component,and cone traits more important in the second.Using correlation and principal component analyses,cone number and other traits were selected to evaluate materials.Twenty-two clones were selected using a selection rate of 10% based on cone number independently or other combined traits.The genetic gain for different traits ranged from 6.2 to 24.3%.The selected elite clones can supply seedlings for reforestation and the selection method can provide a theoretical basis for selection in other conifer species.     

无患子果实发育动态及内含物含量变化

对无患子果实生长发育动态及果肉内含物含量变化进行研究,结果表明,无患子果实纵径、横径、侧径、鲜质量等性状发育进程呈现明显的S型生长曲线特征;以果实生长发育时期为横轴(x),分别以果实纵径、横径、侧径、鲜质量的均值为纵轴(y),构建的果实生长发育数学模型表明,无患子果实生长各性状与果实发育时期高度相关,数学模型可以正确地反映无患子果实生长发育动态变化规律。对无患子果实脱落规律、果肉含水量、可溶性糖含量、皂苷含量变化规律等综合分析表明,10月下旬,无患子果实发育成熟,生长性状趋于稳定,果肉含水量和可溶性糖含量从峰值下降至相对较低水平,而果肉皂苷含量相对较高,因此提出该时期为无患子果实采摘的适宜时期。     

Examination of the consistency of plant traits driving oil yield and quality in short-rotation coppice cultivation of Eucalyptus polybractea

The value of eucalyptus oil for medicinal purposes is based largely on its cineole content. The prime commercial species for cineole production in Australia is Eucalyptus polybractea (blue mallee). Despite the long history of blue mallee harvesting in Australia, there has been little research on the establishment of plantations of the species or on the efficacy of short-rotation coppice cultivation with respect to the consistency of oil yield and quality from rotation to rotation. This study aims to assess if subsequent coppice oil traits reflect sapling traits and if the coppice oil traits under short-rotation cultivation are consistent from one rotation to the next. A trial plantation was established in a key eucalyptus oil harvesting district in Victoria. Firstly, the oil-related traits of 20 saplings harvested 3.5 years after planting were compared with those of their subsequent coppice harvested after 12 months regrowth. Despite the expected differences in total biomass, the oil-related traits of blue mallee saplings were mostly well reflected in their subsequent coppice. Total above ground biomass and foliar oil concentration were significantly related between saplings and coppice, and cineole proportion showed a Pearson's correlation of 0.93 between harvests. Nevertheless, the mean foliar oil concentration in the coppice was 148 mg g⁻¹ dw compared with 107 in the saplings, and the coppice foliage, on average, showed significantly reduced cineole with a mean of 87% in the saplings (maximum of 95.6%) compared to a mean of only 80% in the coppice (maximum of 87.0%). Secondly, the oil traits of 20 coppice plants from one 12-month harvest rotation to the next were compared. Again, total above ground biomass, foliar oil concentration and cineole proportion were significantly related between the harvests, with cineole proportion having a Pearson's correlation of 0.90 between rotations. The coppice between rotations were remarkably consistent in terms of biomass and oil traits and indeed mean coppice cineole yields were 28.6 and 29.7 g in rotations 1 and 2, respectively. The results support the screening of key oil-related traits in saplings for the selection of elite genotypes for plantations, and the use of short-rotation cultivation of the plantations for continued oil harvesting. Furthermore, no relationship was observed between biomass and oil concentration in the blue mallee saplings or coppice, suggesting selection gains in a given key oil trait will not result in losses in another.     

Norway spruce emblings as cutting donors for tree breeding and production

In the Nordic countries, Norway spruce (Picea abies) is a major species in tree breeding. In order to facilitate breeding work and availability of highly bred forest regeneration material, the time required for breeding and implementation of results should be shortened. This could be done by accelerating production of clonal material for field testing, and possibly for planting stock, by combining production of rooted cuttings with somatic embryogenesis (SE). This would allow efficient production of numerous plants of the same genotype, with equal age and propagation history between genotypes. In the present work, we studied the rooting potential of cuttings from Norway spruce emblings. Altogether 36 clones from 12 families representing elite breeding materials and ornamental forms were examined under different rooting conditions (container type and rooting media) in 2015 and 2016. Our results show that Norway spruce emblings are good donors for cuttings. Best combination (peat–vermiculite mixture and Plantek 81f containers) resulted in 91% rooting, variation among the tested clones of elite breeding materials being 55–100% per treatment. The rooting variation between families is acceptable for breeding purposes. High rooting (87–96%) of ornamental forms indicates propagation potential with the combination of SE and rooted cuttings.     

基于种子含油量的无患子优异种质选择

为筛选种子含油量高的无患子(Sapindus mukorossi)优异种质,对福建、浙江、江西、四川和云南5省10县(市、区)的67株优树的种子含油量、地理位置、生长情况和种子性状进行调查、测定和分析。结果表明,不同种源无患子的含油量差异不显著,但优树个体间差异极大。总体平均含油量为27.69%,福建顺昌种源含油量最高(32.16%),浙江萧山种源含油量最低(23.69%),种子含油量和经度、纬度、树高、胸径、单果重和果核千粒重均无显著相关关系;通过聚类分析可以分为5类,sc02、xs05、jj09、xs04、sc01和jj10这6株优树含油量均在34%以上,其中jj10含油量高达36.40%,为平均水平的1.31倍,可作为无患子生物质原料林建设的良种加以扩繁利用。     

The influence of ontogeny on essential oil traits when micropropagating Eucalyptus polybractea

Eucalyptus polybractea (blue mallee) is the key species used in the commercial production of pharmaceutical-grade (>70% 1,8-cineole) eucalyptus oil in Australia. The establishment of plantations based on clones of selected, elite oil-producing plants has been recognized as the best means by which to increase oil and cineole yields. Blue mallee can be micropropagated using axillary bud proliferation of explants collected from the coppicing lignotubers of decapitated plants. To date, this has been successful for ortets from three different ontogenetic stages: 8-month-old ‘seedlings’, 4-year-old ‘saplings’ and ‘mature’, biannually harvested plants of indeterminate age. The issue of ontogenetic control of oil quality and quantity is an important consideration when selecting ortets for cloning and also when examining the success of a cloning programme. Our aim is to examine if clones derived from ortets of the three different ages reflect their respective ortets, in terms of oil quantity and quality (cineole proportion), and to appraise at what age the clones best reflect the ortets for these traits. Our results suggest that the age of ortets prior to explant collection does not influence micropropagation success or clonal consistency, and that clones generally exhibit the leaf oil traits of their respective ortets. Leaf oil quantity accumulation in ramets followed the ontogenetic trajectory of a relatively rapid increase to a maximum between 3 and 9 months, followed by a period of relative constancy for at least 12 months before beginning to gradually decrease after 21 months. Although oil quality of ramets reflected their corresponding ortets relatively well after 9 months, apparent ontogenetic constraints to cineole accumulation suggest that harvesting at a time between 9 and 21 months may better reflect the ortets for both traits. It appears likely that the proliferation of selected blue mallee genotypes using micropropagation will result in selection gains for key oil traits, thus potentially increasing cineole yields in future plantations.     

沙棘新品种HF—14、HF—4选育研究

1995年起,在齐齐哈尔市建立试验基地,收集引进沙棘育种材料,历经9 a观察研究,从63份沙棘育种材料(品种、品系、类型)中,初选出20个优良单株,通过多点栽培试验,筛选出HF—14、HF—4两个新品种。其适应性,生长势、结实量、营养成分含量等指标均接近或超过目前使用的俄罗斯沙棘原种。     

樟树良种繁育及栽培利用研究进展

樟树是国家二级重点保护野生植物,在我国有着悠久的繁育及栽培历史。樟树本身所具有的生物多样性保护功能、医药价值与工业原料等重要作用使得强化樟树的繁育与栽培工作成为当前林业建设与樟油提取生产工作的重点课题。本文拟通过介绍樟树的基本生物学特征,从樟树的选育过程、繁殖技术与造林技术等方面入手,对樟树良种繁育及栽培利用的具体对策措施进行进一步的研究分析,为樟树的培育工作提供有益参考与指导。