火炬松建筑材林栽培模式研究阶段报告

１９９２～１９９４年的试验结果表明，在低丘中层红壤上栽植火炬松，施过磷酸钙０．５ｋｇ／株效果显著；但块状整地（１．２ｍ见方）与全面整地、４０ｃｍ×４０ｃｍ×３０ｃｍ穴与７０ｃｍ×７０ｃｍ×６０ｃｍ穴以及每年５月幼林抚育１次与每年２次的其生长差异均不显著。根据上述试验结果以及对浙江与皖东丘陵现有火炬林分生长分析，初步认为火炬松建筑材林合理栽培模式为：造林密度１６６５株／ｈｍ２，１ｍ见方块状整地，挖４０ｃｍ×４０ｃｍ×３０ｃｍ植树穴，施基肥过磷酸钙０．５ｋｇ／株，造林当年抚育２次，第２～３年每年１次。上述栽培模式经经济分析表明：造林成本不到旧栽培模式（全垦大穴、大量施肥、每年抚育２次以上，造林密度１０５０株／ｈｍ２）的１／２，而收入增加２／３，旧的栽培模式造林无盈利可言，而新的栽培模式主伐时可盈利１２７５０～２３２５０元／ｈｍ２。     

蓝桉、直干桉综合丰产技术试验示范

试验林采用正交设计，因素为树种、整地方式、密度、施肥，各因素取３个水平，３次重复。用生长量、生物量与投入产出进行评价。试验结果：３．５年生蓝桉、直干桉幼林最佳处理平均高９．５ｍ，平均胸径８．９ｃｍ，每ｈｍ２蓄积量７０．５１２６ｍ３，最佳处理比最差处理树高大２８．４％，胸径大３４．９％，蓄积量大１８３％。用已取得的技术成果营造的示范林，３．５年生平均高９．８ｍ，平均胸径６．５ｃｍ，累计产桉叶２．４３万ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，３年生左右，通过桉油及薪柴的收入可以回收全部造林及加工成本。     

菇耳专用林定向培育──人工促进阔叶林伐后更新试验

对参试的３５．６ｈｍ２天然阔叶林伐后迹地进行菇耳专用林定向培育，通过树种选择、清杂、去高桩、补植、抚育、施肥等措施，４年后，幼树密度由２２５０株／ｈｍ２增加到７５００株／ｈｍ２以上；活立木蓄积由１．５ｍ３／ｈｍ２增加到４２ｍ３／ｈｍ２，平均生长量达１０．１ｍ３／ｈｍ２·ａ。     

菇耳专用林定向培育：人工促进阔叶林伐后更新试验

对参试的３５．６ｈｍ＾２天然阔叶林伐后迹地进行菇耳专用林定向培育，通过树种选择，清杂，去高桩，补植，抚育，施肥等措施，４年后，幼树密度由２２５０株／ｈｍ＾２增加到７５００株／ｈｍ＾２以上；活立木蓄积由１．５ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２增加到４２ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２，平均生长量达１０．１ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２．ａ。     

银荆、墨西哥柏施肥试验初报

在昆明立地条件较差的宜林荒山上造林，定植塘内施基肥，间接地改善了土壤肥力条件，促进了树木生长。施肥与不施肥相比。银荆树平均每年高生长增加１０２．２ｃｍ，径生长增加０．６ｃｍ；墨西哥柏平均每年高生长增加２９．３ｃｍ，径生长增加０．３２ｃｍ，定植塘内施基肥的增效以施复合肥最好。最佳施用量每塘１００ｇ，２５０．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２。肥效排列顺序为：进口复合肥＞处理垃圾肥＞羊厩肥＞桐油枯。     

银荆,墨西哥柏施肥试验初报

在昆明立地条件较差的宜林荒山上造林，定植塘内施基肥，间接地改善了土壤肥力条件，促进了树木生长。施肥与不施肥相比。银荆树平均每年高生长增加１０２．２ｃｍ，径生长增加０．６ｃｍ；墨西哥柏平均每年高生长增加２９．３ｃｍ，径生长增加０．３２ｃｍ，定植塘内施基肥的增效以施复合肥最好。最佳施用量每塘１００ｇ，２５０．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２。肥效排列顺序为：进口复合肥〉处理垃圾肥〉羊厩肥〉桐油枯。     

内蒙干旱地区杨树人工用材林灌溉量与林木生长量

对内蒙古干旱河套黄灌区群众杨人工用材林的适宜灌溉量的研究表明，在林木生长后期增加灌水次数，可使胸径生长增加０．２５～０．４２ｃｍ。树冠生长指标和根系生长量均随灌溉量增加而增加，１５００、４５００、７５００、２２５００ｍ３／ｈｍ２·ａ灌溉量的平均叶面积分别是１９．３、２４．５、３０．５、４３．４ｍ２；平均叶干重分别是１．１、１．３、１．５、３．９ｋｇ；平均叶面积指数分别为０．９７、１．２３、１．５３、２．１８。林木蒸腾量随灌溉量增加而增加，年蒸腾耗水量分别为１２５９．７、１５２７．７、１９８８．４、４９８６．１ｍ３／ｈｍ２。在一定范围内，林木材积生长量随灌溉量增加而增加，年产材积量分别为３．０４、４．０８、４．５１、８．７３ｍ３／ｈｍ２。虽然２２５００ｍ３／ｈｍ２·ａ灌溉量的产材量最高，但材积需水系数最高，其耗水量是其它灌溉量的３～１５倍。在水资源日益短缺的内蒙干旱地区，杨树人工林的灌溉量以７５００ｍ３／ｈｍ２·ａ为宜。     

油麦吊云杉人工林生长量分析

油麦吊云杉，是四川盆地西缘山地主要优质用材造林树种之一，２８年生人工林主要林分因子胸径１３．４ｃｍ、树高１２．５ｍ、蓄积２８５．７９ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２，其林分胸径、树高和蓄积年平均生长量分别达到０．４８ｃｍ、０．４５ｃｍ和１０．２ｍ＾３／ｍ＾２．２８年生人工林林分养木层生物量为１７４．９６ｔ／ｈｍ＾２，平均净生产量达７８８０．８ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，ｙｅａｒ。这表明该树种人工林具有较高生产 在适生地区大力     

湿地松幼林施肥五年生长反应

在江西省永丰县恩江林场贫瘠的第四纪低丘红土立地进行湿地松林施肥试验，用以检验要对Ｎ、Ｐ、肥效的反应，和不同施肥期对幼林生长的影响，施肥后五年的生长统计分析表明：Ｎ、Ｐ配合施用效果最佳；施用量为Ｎ１００ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２、Ｐ２Ｏ５１００ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２时，立木蓄积达到４２．０１ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２，比不施肥增加９０％；单施肥湿地松幼林的生长反应也达到极显著水平。造林施Ｐ２Ｏ５５０－２００ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２时，立木     

不同整地马尾松工程幼林地水土保持效益的研究

１９９１～１９９６年,通过建立径流小区的方法,对广西桂平市不同整地马尾松工程幼林地的水、土、肥进行了连续的定位观测。结果表明：不同整地马尾松工程幼林地的年平均液体径流量为全垦（１３４８５０ｔ／ｈｍ２）＞带垦（１１３８３９ｔ／ｈｍ２）＞穴垦（１０９４９１ｔ／ｈｍ２）;年土壤流失量为全垦（９３１３ｔ／ｈｍ２）＞带垦（４０９０ｔ／ｈｍ２）＞穴垦（１９１７ｔ／ｈｍ２）;年平均水土养分流失量为全垦（１６６１７ｋｇ／ｈｍ２）＞带垦（７６２７ｋｇ／ｈｍ２）＞穴垦（３９８２ｋｇ／ｈｍ２）,分别是灌草坡（２０１４ｋｇ／ｈｍ２）的８２５１％、３７８７％和１９７７％。不同整地造林后第６年时的土壤养分含量（有机质、全Ｎ、水解Ｎ、速效Ｋ）比造林前存在下降趋势,下降的总频率为全垦（２０４％）＞带垦（１０６％）＞穴垦（５３％）。结果表明,穴垦整地（４０ｃｍ×４０ｃｍ×３０ｃｍ）马尾松工程幼林地具有显著的水土保持效益。建议在我国南方推广应用。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。