红脂大小蠹成虫触角扫描电镜的观察

对红脂大小蠹雌雄成虫进行了触角扫描电镜的观察，观察结果表明红脂大小蠹雌雄之间触角形态没有显著差异，触角锤状部感受器的分布最为丰富，约占全部的94．5％左右，柄节感受器较多占全部的4％左右；鞭节的感受器较少，只占全部的1．5％左右。触角上的感受器可以分为4种：毛形感受器、刺形感受器、锯齿形感受器和芽形感受器。毛形感受器、刺形感受器和锯齿形感受器分别约占70％、24％和6％，芽形感受器非常少。锯齿形感受器着生于柄节和鞭节上；毛形感受器和刺形感受器只着生于锤状部；芽形感受器主要着生于柄节的基部。     

云南木蠹象触角感器的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜对云南木蠹象雌雄成虫触角上的感器进行观察和研究.结果表明:云南木蠹象成虫触角膝状,由柄节、梗节和鞭节组成,其中鞭节由7个亚节组成.在雌、雄成虫触角上均存在6种感器,即毛形感器、锥形感器、脚形感器、芽形感器、端指形感器和腔形感器,其中毛形感器和端指形感器的数量较多;此外,雌成虫触角还有双芽形感器,雄成虫触角上还有耳形感器.与端指形感器、脚形感器、双芽形感器结构相同的感器在鞘翅目已有的研究资料中还未见报道.是新发现的昆虫触角感器.对云南木蠹象触角不同种类感器的形态、分布以及雌雄间触角感器的分布和数量差异进行描述.     

桐花树毛颚小卷蛾触角的扫描电镜观察

为了解红树林主要害虫桐花树毛颚小卷蛾成虫触角感受器种类、形态和分布,应用扫描电镜(SEM)对桐花树毛颚小卷蛾雌、雄成虫触角进行观察.结果表明,桐花树毛颚小卷蛾触角由柄节、梗节和鞭节组成,其中鞭节由61～68个亚节组成,鞭节长3 500～4 200 μm,是表面感器类型最多的节.触角主要分布的感受器有毛形感器、鳞形感器、腔形感器、腔锥感器、耳形感器和锥形感器6种,其中毛形感器分布最广、数量最多.     

筛胸梳爪叩甲触角感器的电镜扫描观察

利用扫描电镜观测筛胸梳爪叩甲成虫触角的感器类型、数量、形态及分布特征,比较雌雄之间的差异。结果表明:筛胸梳爪叩甲雌、雄成虫触角由1节柄节、1节梗节和9节鞭节3部分构成。雌成虫包括8类触角感器,即毛形感器、刺形感器、锥形感器、弯膝形感器、鱼钩形感器、钉帽形感器、圆形感器和Bhm氏鬃毛,其中毛形感器又分2种亚型,锥形感器分3种亚型。雄成虫除上述8类感器以外还分布有1类凹槽钉形感器。在筛胸梳爪叩甲成虫触角上分布较多的前3种感器依次是毛形感器Ⅱ、刺形感器、锥形感器;除凹槽钉形感器外,其他同类感器在雌、雄成虫触角上的数量及分布差异不显著。基于各感器的形态、数量及分布,对筛胸梳爪叩甲各触角感器功能进行了探讨。     

杜鹃冠网蝽触角感器的扫描电镜观察

利用电子扫描显微镜,对杜鹃冠网蝽成虫触角感器进行观察,从而了解杜鹃冠网蝽触角感器的分布、种类和形态特征。结果显示:杜鹃冠网蝽成虫触角为丝状,分为柄节、梗节和鞭节。成虫触角上存在着5种化学感器,即毛形感器、刺形感器、锥形感器、腔形感器和Bhm氏鬃毛。雌雄个体之间触角感受器种类相同,不同类型的感器在触角各节上的数量与分布各不相同,其中,毛形感器数量最多、分布最广。同时对杜鹃冠网蝽触角与其相近种昆虫触角间的差异进行了比较,以期为杜鹃冠网蝽的行为学、形态学和电生理学等方面的研究提供基础资料。     

核桃举肢蛾成虫触角的超微结构观察

【目的】研究核桃果实害虫核桃举肢蛾的触角超微结构特征,为进一步利用触角代学通信系统开发新的防治技术提供参考。【方法】利用扫描电镜对核桃举肢蛾雌雄成虫触角、感受器及其鳞片细微结构分别进行观察。【结果】核桃举肢蛾触角为丝状,由柄节、梗节和鞭节组成,雌雄成虫鞭节分别由45和51个亚节组成。雌雄成虫触角上存在9种感器,即毛形感器、刺形感器、耳形感器、腔锥形感器、栓锥形感器、鳞形感器、B9hm氏鬃毛、锥形感器和钟形感器。其中毛形感器、耳形感器和腔锥形感器各有2种类型,即长曲毛形感器和长直毛形感器、Ⅰ型耳形感器和Ⅱ型耳形感器、具缘毛腔锥形感器和无缘毛腔锥形感器。不同类型的感器在触角各亚节上的分布与数量各不相同,感器主要着生于触角腹面,长曲毛形感器和钟形感器仅存在于雄虫触角上。雌雄成虫的B9hm氏鬃毛分布于触角基部,且形态上存在较大差异。触角柄节、梗节表面布满鳞片,鞭节除末端一节无鳞片外,各亚节背面和侧面均覆盖有鳞片,腹面无鳞片。鳞片上分布有小孔、纵肋、横梁和小梁等细微结构。雌虫各亚节鳞片上的纵脊间距、纵脊宽度、横梁长度和小梁长度均大于雄虫。小孔主要分布于触角柄节、梗节及鞭节基本的部分亚节上,小孔类型可分为单孔、双孔、三孔、四孔、五孔、六孔和七孔。不同部位鳞片上小孔的类型和分布存在差异,雌虫触角柄节鳞片上小孔类型比雄虫丰富,雄虫触角梗节和鞭节鳞片上小孔类型比雌虫丰富。【结论】本研究可明晰核桃举肢蛾触角感器类型及鳞片上小孔等超微结构特征,其具体功能还需结合电生理学、形态学、分子生物学进一步研究。     

盛冈纹瘿蜂(膜翅目:瘿蜂科)雌虫的超微形态

【目的】盛冈纹瘿蜂是在栎树上形成虫瘿危害的重要害虫。明确盛冈纹瘿蜂雌虫的超微形态,主要包括复眼、触角、口器、足和产卵器上感器的种类、数量和分布等,为瘿蜂综合防治与利用提供理论依据。【方法】运用扫描电子显微镜对雌虫的超微形态结构进行观察。【结果】盛冈纹瘿蜂的复眼由多个小眼组成,其间有锥形感器。雌虫触角由柄节、梗节和鞭节组成,鞭节分为11亚节,柄节呈漏斗状,梗节较短呈球状。鞭节1—3亚节呈长圆柱状,末节粗壮、端部渐尖,其余呈短圆柱状。触角上分布有毛形感器、刺形感器、锥形感器、板形感器和腔锥形感器5种感器,其中毛形感器的数量最多、分布最广泛。板形感器较为特殊,形状宽长,表面光滑,分布在第3—11亚鞭节上。口器为咀嚼式口器,下颚须发达,密被毛形感器。足上有许多毛形感器和刺形感器;产卵器上分布有毛形感器、刺形感器、锥形感器、耳形感器和火山形感器。【结论】盛冈纹瘿蜂雌虫复眼、触角、口器、足和产卵器上有各种不同类型的感器,感器的功能与瘿蜂栖息、取食、繁殖等一系列生理活动密切相关。     

竹斑蛾触角感器电镜扫描观察

利用扫描电镜对竹斑蛾雌、雄成虫触角感觉器的类型、分布进行了观察。结果发现:竹斑蛾成虫触角上有5种感器,分别是刺形感器,毛形感器,芽形感器,栓锥形感器,腔锥形感器;绝大部分触角感觉器位于触角的腹面和侧面.雌雄蛾触角上的感器种类大体相同,但也存在差异;雄蛾触角上没有发现芽形感器;另外,毛形感器的长度、数量在两性之间也存在差异。     

松六齿小蠹成虫触角感器的形态学观察

运用扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)技术分析了松六齿小蠹Ips acuminatus(Coleoptera:Scolytidae)成虫触角感器的外部形态和内部结构。结果显示:松六齿小蠹成虫的触角上有毛形感器、刺形感器、锥形感器以及少量的腺孔,它们着生在触角顶端3节缩短聚集成的平面上。在第3节膨大处着生有少量的锯齿形刚毛。     

2种胡蜂头部和触角表面感器扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电子显微镜观察平唇原胡蜂和黑盾胡蜂2种胡蜂头部表面和触角感器,以掌握其头部的额区、唇基、颚区、触角支角突以及触角柄节、梗节和鞭节的感器类型和分布情况,同时利用间距值测量了2种胡蜂单/复眼的OOD、IOD长度和比例,并描述其形态。结果表明,平唇原胡蜂头部表面有毛形感器Ⅰ、毛形感器Ⅱ、毛形感器Ⅲ、刺形感器、腔形感器、锥形感器计6种感器类型,单眼3个,OOD︰IOD为1.1-1.8,复眼呈五边形、六边形和七边形计3种形状,触角柄节和梗节有毛形感器Ⅰ、毛形感器Ⅱ、刺形感器计3种感器类型,触角鞭节有刺形感器、板形感器、Bhm氏鬃毛、钟形感器、腔形感器、芽形感器、毛形感器Ⅲ计7种感器类型。黑盾胡蜂头部表面有毛形感器Ⅰ、毛形感器Ⅱ、毛形感器Ⅲ、刺形感器计4种感器类型,单眼3个,OOD︰IOD为0.6-1.1,复眼呈六边形,触角柄节和梗节有毛形感器Ⅰ、毛形感器Ⅱ、刺形感器计3种感器类型,触角鞭节有刺形感器、板形感器、Bhm氏鬃毛、钟形感器、腔形感器、芽形感器、毛形感器Ⅲ计7种感器类型。胡蜂头部和触角感器类型的多样化可以为胡蜂准确通讯提供保障,而单/复眼的特殊结构也可以为不同时段飞行活动提供感光和成像保障。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。