姬松茸辐射选育新株系数量性状的多元遗传分析

以9个姬松茸品种和辐射选育新株系为材料,对其进行数量性状的多元遗传分析。结果表明:遗传变异系数最大的数量性状为柄重,达到25.39%;其次为朵重,变异系数为17.70%;再次为盖重,变异系数为15.29%;变异系数最小为盖厚,只有6.14%。子实体中的各类氨基酸总量和农艺各性状之间存在一定的相关性,部分性状间相关性达显著至极显著。遗传主成分分析结果表明,14个性状可以缩减为4个主成分,遗传变异贡献率大小分别为44.21%、37.70%、8.47%、5.67%,总贡献率达96.05%。     

三个小麦新品种不同生育阶段抗旱性的综合评价

为了解三个小麦新品种西农538、西农556和西农558的抗旱性,以抗旱性不同的三个生产上大面积推广的小麦品种晋麦47、小偃22和西农979为对照,在大田自然干旱和人工灌水条件下,分别测定和分析了不同生育时期与抗旱有关的小麦生理指标(SOD活性、POD活性、CAT活性、丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量、可溶性蛋白含量、叶绿素含量、相对电导率、相对含水量)及农艺性状(株高、小穗数、穗粒数、穗下节长、穗长、单穗粒重、千粒重、小区产量),并运用主成分分析、隶属函数和聚类分析方法对六个品种的抗旱性进行综合评价。结果表明,干旱条件下,不同单项指标对小麦品种抗旱性的反映存在差异,不同指标间存在不同程度的相关性。通过主成分分析,在拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆期,将9个生理指标和株高转换为3个相互独立的综合指标;在成熟期,将9个农艺性状指标转换为2个相互独立的综合指标,四个时期的累计贡献率依次达到了93.67%、87.16%、92.29%和89.56%。通过对这四个时期的抗旱性综合评价值(D值)进行聚类分析,可将6个小麦品种分为三类,其中西农538与晋麦47属于强抗旱型品种,西农558与小偃22属于中等抗旱型品种,西农556与西农979属于弱抗旱型品种。     

8个人参果品种（系）的果实品质评价

对石林县现有栽培人参果的不同品种（系）开展果实品质检测与评价分析,为人参果产业发展提供指导依据。以石林县大田栽培的大圆果、圆果1号、圆果2号、圆果3号、石优1号、石优2号、石优3号和瑞玉8个主栽的人参果品种（系）为试材,测定可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、可溶性固形物、矿质元素、维生素C、纤维素和氨基酸7项果实品质指标,并对各项品质指标进行多重比较、相关性和主成分分析。果实品质指标多重比较结果显示：圆果2号的可溶性糖含量最高,大圆果和圆果3号的含量最低;石优2号的可溶性蛋白含量最高,石优1号和瑞玉含量最低;圆果2号的可溶性固形物含量最高,大圆果含量最低;石优3号维生素C含量最高,圆果3号含量最低;圆果2号的粗纤维含量最高,石优1号的含量最低;圆果2号的微量元素含量最高,圆果3号的含量最低;大圆果的氨基酸含量最高,石优2号的氨基酸含量最低。果实品质指标间的相关性分析结果显示：不同品种（系）的各品质指标之间存在相关性,其中可溶性糖和可溶性固形物彼此间存在显著相关性（P<0.05）。果实品质指标主成分分析提取了前3个主成分且累积贡献率达到83.955%,能够反映原品质指标的大部分信息。以提取主成...     

不同芒果种质果实品质性状多样性分析

对保存于中国热带农业科学院南亚热带作物研究所芒果种质圃的33份种质,采用方差分析、相关性分析和主成分分析方法,研究了芒果果实13个品质性状(可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、类胡萝卜素、果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、总糖、总酚、抗氧化能力、钾、钙、镁、铁)的多样性。结果表明,芒果果实品质性状变异非常丰富,变异系数在16.05%~70.24%之间,变异幅度以铁含量最小、蔗糖含量最大。一些果实品质性状之间存在显著或极显著的相关性,但多数品质性状具有相对独立性。主成分分析表明,13个品质性状可综合为6个主成分,累积贡献率达86.63%。其中,葡萄糖、果糖、总酚、DPPH、钙、铁、钾、镁8个性状是果实内在品质的主要性状。     

鹧鸪茶种质资源品质性状的多样性分析

针对海南省的92份鹧鸪茶种质为材料,采用主成分分析和聚类分析,对水浸出物、茶多酚含量、游离氨基酸含量、咖啡碱含量和氨酚比等5个主要品质性状进行多样性分析。结果表明,鹧鸪茶种质资源主要品质性状的遗传变异丰富。游离氨基含量的多样性指数最高,其次是茶多酚含量;咖啡碱含量的变异系数最大,其次是氨酚比。主成分分析表明,前2个主成分累计贡献率达77.70%,能够反映5个品质性状的大部分信息。基于各种质在5个品质性状上的差异,对92份鹧鸪茶种质进行聚类分析,发现第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类3个类群,第Ⅲ类群综合表现最好,抗氧化的保健功效突出,且咖啡碱含量最低,可作为良好的育种材料。本研究结果可为鹧鸪茶的开发利用以及优良无性品系选育提供科学依据。     

桂糖03系列新品种(系)抗旱性综合分析

探讨甘蔗主要抗旱性指标变化,以期为选育优良甘蔗品种(系)提供科学依据。在2015/2016榨季,于桶栽条件下对广西农业科学院甘蔗研究所选育的15个桂糖优良新品系和广西主栽品种ROC22号进行水分胁迫,检测甘蔗叶片叶绿素(Chlorophyll,Chl)、赤霉素(Gibberellin,GA)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)、可溶性蛋白(Soluble protein,SP)、丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)、相对质膜透性(Relative permeability of plasma membrane,RPPM)、超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)以及过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)共8个抗旱性相关生理指标在正常供水及水分胁迫下的变化。结果显示:水分胁迫下,Chl、GA和CAT含量有不同程度地降低,而SP含量、MDA含量、RPPM、SOD和POD有不同程度地升高,变化幅度因基因型而异;Chl含量与RPPM、MDA含量呈负相关,而与SP含量、GA及CAT呈极显著正相关,与SOD及POD呈显著正相关,RPPM、MDA含量与SOD、POD及GA呈负相关,GA和CAT呈极显著正相关;通过主成分分析选出了4个主成分,方差累积贡献率达到86.17%;在聚类分析基础上用判别分析选出Chl含量、SP含量、SOD、POD、RPPM及MDA含量等6个对品种抗旱性分类有显著影响的生理指标,并把16个不同基因型品种抗旱性划分为高抗、中抗、不抗3种类型。利用主成分分析法、聚类分析法和判别分析法与生产表现结合在一起来评价甘蔗品种(系)抗性更客观和准确。     

大豆种质表型性状鉴定与分析

以来自不同生态区的151份大豆种质资源为材料,对农艺、产量、品质等14个数量性状进行了2年的精准鉴定,并对其进行了方差分析、相关分析及主成分分析。结果表明:参试品种的表型性状两年变异系数分别为6.50%~52.03%和6.71%~50.90%,变异较大。不同品种间,除每荚粒数差异不显著外,其它各性状都达到了极显著水平;产量除与有效分枝数、蛋白含量相关性不显著外,与其它性状均呈显著相关关系;产量性状因子、生长发育因子、粒重脂肪因子和株型蛋白因子4个主成分累积贡献率达到78.088%,基本可以反映大豆植株的生长发育、产量及品质状况。     

中国樱桃不同品种（优系）果实品质分析

对中国樱桃果实品质进行分析,有利于选育适合区域发展的樱桃品种,为中国樱桃种质资源的保护奠定理论基础。本研究结合主成分分析、相关性分析和聚类分析,选取相同栽培条件下30个不同品种（优系）的中国樱桃果实进行内、外品质分析。结果表明：在相同的栽培条件下,不同品种（优系）的中国樱桃果实品质存在显著差异,综合性状评价得分排名依次为C78、C6、C14、C34和C32,C20（贵州玛瑙红）这一品种在各地栽培均表现优异,本次综合评价排名为11。9个果实内在品质指标存在不同程度的变异,变异系数为11.27%～36.32%。果实品质指标间存在相关系数,其中12项在0.01水平下极显著相关,17项在0.05水平下显著相关。主成分分析结果显示,前7个主成分的累计贡献率为88.196%,能够反映数量性状的基本特征。欧氏聚类分析结果显示,30个不同的中国樱桃品种（优系）初步聚为4大类。该研究得到的果实品质分析结果可以初步探索中国樱桃资源的遗传变异图谱,同时也可以作为新品种选育的参考依据。     

四棱豆种质资源农艺性状的主成分及聚类分析

对27份四棱豆种质资源的生育期、单株商品荚数、单荚重等22个主要农艺性状进行主成分和聚类分析,以探讨四棱豆种质资源的遗传差异性,为四棱豆品种选育和引种栽培提供理论依据.结果表明,27份四棱豆种质可以归纳为4大类;10个数量性状主成分可分为产量、生育期、粒重和品质因子,这4个主要因子对变异的累积贡献率达86.356％.     

主成分分析在甜高粱育种中的应用

对22个甜高粱品种(系)的8个性状进行主成分分析,确定了反映甜高粱性状的3个主成分,即产量因子、熟期因子、节数因子(累积贡献率达到85%以上)。通过各品种的主成分值选出综合性状优良的品种,其结果与品种的实际表现相一致。证明主成分分析在甜高粱育种中的应用是可行的。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.