麦套春棉麦棉双高产适宜的套种方式

麦套春棉麦棉双高产适宜的套种方式孙本普，王勇，张宝民，李秀云（山东省滨州地区农业科学研究所滨州２５６６１５）史维泽，马宪芬（山东省滨州地区农业局）本项试验旨在研究麦套春棉亩产小麦３００公斤以上，皮棉１００公斤的适宜套种方式。试验于１９９２～１９９３年...     

小麦套种早熟棉与晚熟棉的技术

小麦套种早熟棉与晚熟棉的技术高喜，逄焕成，陈阜，路盘根（中国农业大学农学系北京１０００９４）自８０年代以来，黄淮海平原麦棉套种面积不断扩大，对解决麦棉争地矛盾，提高粮棉产量发挥了重要作用。据统计，目前黄淮海平原麦棉套种面积占棉花播种面积的５０．６％，...     

麦套抗虫三系杂交棉邯杂301高产栽培技术

人多地少是我国的基本国情,近年来,粮棉争地矛盾越来越突出,在有限的土地面积上,大力发展杂交棉与小麦间作套种是确保粮食和棉花生产安全的重要举措。通过多年的试验研究总结集成出一套"8-2式"棉麦套种高产栽培技术,为棉麦套种在生产上的应用推广提供了依据。本文详细介绍了棉麦配套品种的选择、麦棉配置方式、播前准备、播种、田间管理措施等技术和方法。     

黄河流域棉区立体高效种植模式

麦棉套种模式是黄河流域棉区棉田的主要套种模式,对于解决麦棉争地矛盾起着重大作用。随着农业结构的调整,在市场经济条件下,棉田间套种模式多元化、多样化发展已成为提高复种指数和增加植棉效益的有效途径。现将该棉区立体高效种植模式介绍如下:     

麦棉套种对棉行太阳辐射和温度的影响

对３－２式麦棉套种预留棉行的小气候效应进行研究在明，小麦对预留棉行有根强的遮荫作用；致使齐穗期预留棉行中央的光合有效辐射较冠层减少３０％，太阳总辐射削减１９％；小麦黄熟前，预留棉行内风速较一熟棉田小，午后气温也较一熟棉田低；共生前期麦套露地棉田地温较一熟棉田低，小麦黄熟后较一熟棉田高，而麦套地膜棉田的地温一直较一熟棉田高。降低小麦株高，留足预留棉行，麦套棉地膜覆盖。加强小麦生育后期的水分管理，都有利于减轻麦棉套种的不利和小气候的影响。     

麦套短季棉与中熟棉高产模式的探索

就黄淮海平原精种高产区，在麦棉套种的基础上，进一步提高高产棉田的棉花产量，从种植方式角度，围绕提高棉花产量的种植方式及其棉花增产的机理等问题进行了探讨，研究得出：３—２—３—２式小麦套种短季棉与中熟棉模式是高产棉田再高产的有效种植方式。与常规３—２式麦棉套种方式相比，小麦产量不减，皮棉产量提高１７．２％；以２行短季棉替代２行中熟棉形成的短季棉与中熟棉复合群体能够充分发挥不同熟性棉花品种间在生育期、株型、蕾铃发育进程等生长发育特征特性的差异，利用它们在发挥群体中占据的时间、空间生态位上的差异，使复合群体结构动态趋于合理，在一定程度上解决了高产棉田生长后期群体发育过大造成冠层郁蔽，通风透光条件恶化，蕾铃脱落率高的不足，从而获得高于单作的超额产量；但是并非不同熟性的棉花品种任意搭配在一起就能增产。不适宜的搭配方式（如６—２—２式），不仅不能发挥早中熟棉生态特征特性方面的差异，反而会使其生态位重叠，加剧两者之间的竞争，导致不增产甚至减产。选择合理的短季棉与中熟棉配套种植方式是获得增产的关键。     

小麦田间套种的几种常见模式

以小麦为主的间作套种,是一项简单实用的农业增产增效技术,合理套种,能够增加土地复种指数,提高农民收益。下面介绍几种常见模式。1麦棉套种在棉区较常见,麦棉合理搭配,粮棉双获高产,经济效益显著提高,种植方式有几下几种：(1)100 cm一带：种三行小麦,一行棉花,小麦行距20 cm,     

麦棉套种对预留棉行光合有效辐射的影响

对东西行向、预留棉行为１００ｃｍ的三二式麦棉套种方式研究表明，在小麦抽穗后的麦棉共生期间，预留棉行上的平均光合有效辐射仅为一熟棉田的５０％～８０％，株高低和叶片枯黄时光照削弱较小；在麦棉间距相同的情况下，北行棉花接受的ＰＰＦＤ较多，而正午前后南行棉花易受荫蔽，南行棉花适当北移，保持麦棉间距在３０ｃｍ以上，降低小麦群体株高，防止小麦旺长，起垄种棉，都有利于棉花生长发育。     

江苏棉3号麦后播种试验

一我省实行棉麦套种的棉田,约占全省棉田总面积的75%左右。群众在长期生产实践中,积累了丰富的棉麦套种经验,棉麦产量不断提高。但是,随着生产形势的发展要求,棉麦套种在生产上还存在着这样一些问题:棉麦套种棉花,出苗后与三麦共生期约20天(大元麦茬)—35天(小麦茬),棉苗受麦株荫蔽,通风透光条件差,     

麦棉共生期间棉花根系的生理特性研究

以单作棉为对照,采取池栽试验方法,设置麦棉自然根系(根系和肥水均可相互通过)、麦棉纱网隔根(肥水可相互通过,根系不能相互通过)和麦棉塑膜隔根(根系和肥水均不能相互通过)3种麦棉复合根系群体,研究了麦棉套作对棉花根系生理特性的影响.结果表明,麦棉自然根系和纱网隔根复合群体降低了麦棉共生期的棉花根系活力,而麦棉塑膜隔根提高了棉花根系活力;麦棉套作,无论隔根与不隔根,均降低了麦棉共生期内的棉花根系内源保护酶活性及可溶性蛋白含量;小麦收获后,棉花根系内源保护酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量均比共生期有不同程度的改善,但麦棉隔根复合根系群体仍然低于麦棉自然根系.     

根钻和图像法测定棉麦套种及单种作物根长密度的精确性研究

【目的】研究田间根钻取样结合计算机图像软件分析方法测定棉麦套种及单种作物根长密度的精确性。【方法】结合田间根钻取样,分别用图像法(DT-SCAN图像软件分析法)和直尺法(常规人工直尺测量法)测量根长密度,通过2002―2013年试验获得的3423对根长密度数据分析图像法的精确性,使用根均方差描述图像法测定值(模拟值)与直尺法测定值(观测值)之间的一致性。【结果】2种方法测定根长密度的相关性较好,图像法的精确性较高。对可能影响图像法精确性的因素分析表明:(1)在不同种植模式下图像法的精确性表现为小麦单种模式棉花单种模式麦棉套种模式;(2)随着土壤深度增加,图像法的精确性增加;(3)在麦棉套种模式下图像法的精确性从麦幅到棉幅逐渐提高,在小麦单种模式下行上大于行间,在棉花单种模式下行上小于行间;(4)在棉花开花前图像法的精确性表现为棉花单种模式大于麦棉套种模式,在棉花开花后表现为棉花单种模式小于麦棉套种模式。【结论】田间根钻取样结合计算机图像软件分析方法测定棉麦套(单)种作物根长密度的精确性较高,该方法成本低、测定速度快,能更好地扫描并分析计算棉花的细小侧根,具有较强的先进性和较高的可靠性。     

单作棉和3-2式麦棉生态系统作物共生期的光温特点

种植模式影响到农作物生存的微环境,3-2式麦棉套种模式在小麦与棉花共生期间,由于小麦的遮挡作用,使得棉田土壤接受的太阳辐射减少,土壤温度低,且单作与套作种植模式的光合有效辐射(PAR)和土壤温度具有各自的时空变化,在麦棉复合种植模式中,地上10cm的PAR是:棉行间>棉行上>麦棉间>麦行上;而单作棉模式是:棉行间>棉行上。两种种植模式土壤温度也存在差异,在空间上存在垂直分异和水平分异,在时间上存在时间分异。土层深度是影响土壤温度另一个重要因子。上层土壤温度在一天的不同时段上差异比较明显。40cm的土壤温度波动很小,60cm处的土壤温度基本上平稳。     

枣麦间作巷道内间作物冬小麦灌浆期冠层光特性

为了探明枣麦间作系统中冬小麦灌浆期的冠层光合有效辐射及冬小麦产量的时空分布特征,以‘灰枣’与‘新冬20号’冬小麦间作的系统为研究对象,采用双因素裂区试验设计,研究了在4 种株行距模式下间作的冬小麦灌浆期时的冠层光特性及其产量的时空分布特征。结果显示,随着距枣树的距离增加,冬小麦灌浆期的冠层光合有效辐射及其产量不断增加,且西侧增加幅度大于东侧,整体呈现出“中间高,两侧低”、“西侧高,东侧低”的趋势;单位面积内,不同株行距的间作系统中冬小麦的有效穗数、穗粒数、千粒重及产量差异显著;相对于单作,3 m×4 m的间作系统中遮阴率及减产率最低。研究发现,株行距是影响冬小麦冠层光合有效辐射截获量的主要因素,光合有效辐射截获量直接决定了冬小麦单位面积上的有效穗数、穗粒数及千粒重,进而决定了冬小麦的产量。实际生产中,可采用3 m×4 m的模式间作生产,并适当增加东部枣树株距,即可有效改善间作系统内光照条件,提高冬小麦的产量。     

小麦收获期对麦套棉田捕食性天敌和棉花苗蚜的影响

2004-2005年在冀南棉区研究了小麦收获期对麦套棉田中捕食性天敌和棉花苗蚜的影响。小麦收获期共设3个水平,分别是6月5日、6月10日和6月15日收获小麦。结果表明:2004年3个时期收获小麦对棉田的益害比(天敌和棉蚜的比值)无显著影响(t>0.05);2005年6月5日收获小麦,显著增加了棉田的益害比(t<0.05),6月10日和6月15日收获小麦对棉田的益害比无显著影响(t>0.05)。说明在麦套棉田中,麦田天敌到棉田的有效转移受麦蚜-天敌-棉蚜三者发生高峰期的影响,不同年份天敌的转移情况有所不同。麦蚜发生高峰期早则小麦天敌向棉田转移早,并能有效控制苗期蚜虫的危害,在麦熟期收获小麦,对棉田天敌的数量影响不大;反之,若麦蚜发生高峰期晚,麦田天敌发生期也会相应延后,在麦熟期收获小麦则会引起棉田天敌的增加。因此,棉田天敌数量变化受小麦收获期的影响,但与麦蚜和麦田天敌的发生动态有直接关系。     

Recent Advances in the Enhancement of Agroecosystem Services and Functioning by Cotton-based Intercropping Systems

Cotton-based intercropping systems are one of modern agriculture farming systems aiming at improving overall economic profitability of cotton field, which not only release the competition for land between other crops and cotton and increase growing area and yield of both crops, but also represent a mechanistic approach to reconciling crop production and biodiversity conservation. Recently, cotton-based intercropping systems have been widely focused and applied. Here, we reviewed the potential of cotton-based intercropping systems to reinforce agroecosystem services and functioning, including promoted plant biodiversity, improved overall productivity and economic profits, increased light use efficiency, improved cotton quality, reduced pest and disease occurrence, and suppressed weed growth. Further, the underlying mechanisms behind the enhancement of agroecosystem services and functioning by cotton-based intercropping systems through niche complementarity, interspecific facilitation, and allelopathy between intercropped species were summarized in the paper. Finally, the research prospects were also pointed out.     

Effects of Cotton/Sesame Intercropping Patterns on Crop Growth and Yield

[Objective] Intercropping as an intensive planting method, could increase the utilization ratio of land and resources. The study aimed to explore the advantages and disadvantages of cotton/sesame intercropping, and then find out the best planting pattern of cotton/sesame intercropping. [Method] Equidistant row monocropping cotton (Tc₁), wide narrow row monocropping cotton (Tc₂) and monocropping sesame (Ts) were used as control. We designed three intercropping patterns as follows: 1-1 pattern (cotton row spacing was 80 cm, one row of sesame was planted in the two row spacing), 2-1 pattern (cotton grown in wide-narrow-row, one row of sesame was planted in the wide row spacing), and 2-2 pattern (cotton grown in wide-narrow-row, two rows of sesame were planted in the wide row spacing). The effects of different intercropping patterns on cotton/sesame yield, yield components, leaf area index dynamic change and dry matter accumulation were investigated. The land equivalent ratio was used as an index to assess the land use efficiency. [Result] The results showed that cotton/sesame yield were significantiy affected by different intercropping patterns. However, the seed cotton yield decreased only slightly in 2-1 intercropping pattern. Two years average showed that, the seed cotton yield, plant height, boll number of per plant and boll weight in 1-1 pattern were reduced by 17.3%, 7.9%, 19.7% and 7.9% compared with Tc₁, respectively. In the treatment of 2-2 model, which reduced by 16.4%, 5.81%, 14.8% and 6.2% in comparison with Tc_2. But in the intercropping systems, the mixed yield and comprehensive economic benefit of cotton and sesame were higher than those of cotton and sesame monoculture. The leaf area index of the group and the total amount of dry matter accumulation in unit area increased significantly under cotton/sesame intercropping systems. The land equivalent ratios in 2015 and 2016 were from 1 to 1.24 and 0.91 to 1.16, respectively. [Conclusion] Under different cotton/sesame intercropping systems, the mixed yield and total economic benefit were higher than that of monocropping cotton or sesame. The 2-1 cotton/sesame intercropping pattern occupied the most optimal production performance and easy to cultivate, which was the practicable intercropping patterns in sustainable development.     

Prevention and Controlling Effect of Intercropping on Pests and Diseases and Its Risk Control in Cotton Fields

Cotton is one of the major field crops which are seriously threatened by pests and diseases. In recent years, the ecological management of cotton pests and diseases with intercropping has become to be an interesting approach. Intercropping possibly increases the population of natural enemies and finally reduces the population density of pests as a result of changes in ecological structure and environmental conditions of farmland. Intercropping thus has been considered an important alternative in controlling pests and diseases. However, cotton field intercropping also has some limitations in controlling pests and diseases. Unreasonable intercropping system has many risks such as increasing labor input, increasing the difficulty of pests’ control, and aggravating pests and diseases. In this paper, the effects and the underlying mechanisms of cotton intercropping on cotton pests and diseases were reviewed. The possible risks and countermeasures used for ecological control of intercropping were also put forward, and the future and application of ecological management of cotton pests and diseases with intercropping were prospected.     

Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Soil Available Phosphorus in Wheat-Cotton Double-Cropping Systems

[Objective] Here, the spatial and temporal distributions of soil available phosphorus (AP) were investigated during cotton growth stages in wheat-cotton double-cropping systems in northern Henan, China. [Method] Using the spatial grid sampling and geo-statistical analysis methods, we analyzed the spatial and temporal distributions of soil AP in a cotton monoculture, wheat-cotton 3-1 intercropping system (3-1) and wheat-cotton 6-2 intercropping system (6-2) during the wheat and cotton co-growth stage and the key growth stages of cotton only. [Result] The AP contents were significantly influenced by the cropping systems on different dates. In the co-growth stage, the AP content in the cotton monoculture was higher than that in 3-1, at 20.98% on May 12 and 24.26% on June 7. After wheat was harvested (July 3 and August 4), there were no significant differences among the three cropping systems, and in the boll-opening stage of cotton, the order of the AP contents were as follows: cotton monoculture＞6-2＞3-1. In the vertical direction, the AP contents decreased as the soil depth increased, while in the horizontal direction, the AP distribution was influenced significantly by the cropping system. Based on the semivariance, there were strong spatial dependencies in the vertical direction in all three cropping systems. [Conclusion] Wheat-cotton double-cropping systems changed the distribution of soil AP, but had no influence on the spatial heterogeneity of the soil AP in the vertical direction. Geo-statistics provide a more intuitive method and guide to study the soil nutrients of the wheat–cotton and other double-cropping systems.     

麦棉套作技术之初步研究

1973～1978年的田间试验结果说明:小麦茬棉田以采用麦棉套作较好,套作的合理配置方式以小麦播幅占地40%,预留棉行占地60%(畦宽4.0尺,小麦播幅占1.6尺,预留棉行占2.4尺,以下同)较恰当。这种配置方式六年小麦亩产418.0～611.0斤,平均491.5斤,比单作(麦棉轮作)减产15.8%。麦棉套作又以套作移栽的棉花产量最高,1975～1978四年亩产